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i ta n ae v s in 1758 described the tirst species of this fami ly giving it the nam e Ch 13so-1nela coccinea. P a n Z e r in I 793 erected the genus Eudon chus for the Linnaean species C. coccinea, and a few additional genera were proposed by vario has students of the earlyn ineleentii Centui 3'. Most of the species described in this early period, ho xv ever erere feri ed to su Ch genera a S Erodilrιs, Galleruca, Ch somela and Tritonia , Stepheias fir si est ablis hedthes iami Endonarchidae in 18 31 but it was not untii 1857 that a generat sui vey of the sumi ly wos accomplis hed by G e r S tae Cke i , who followed this preliminary study with a more thoi ough treat mentthe folio ing year. Guerin - Mene Villes publislied in 1857 a considerable treati se on the fami ly butthe work of Gersiae cher has been accorded priori ty by subsequent avori et S. Our modern knowledge of the Endomychidae may be sa id to have iis basis in the monograph of e r A t se C k e r. Noadditionat works of wide scope have appoared since except for tuto catalogues h3 C s i k i and a workby Arrow on the Endon chidae of Hritisti India. This last author, in addition to the work cited, preSented in I92O a tengthy Paper Containing the des cliptions of many new species anil valuatile note Son Certa in types in the Erit isti Museum. G o r h a m 'A treati se ora the Endomychidae in the Hiologia Centrali American is very limited in iis scope. His catalogiae of 1873 ad ded litile beyond sonae ne
The Endon chides aro beet les of the clavi coria, or in more e Xa Ct taXOnomy, the CuCujo id Selle S. Their Clofest relationship is to the Langurii des and os ecialty ilio Coccin Alidae. Accor ling to i l s o ns O, p. 357) their resemblance to the Cocciuellidae in structure of the male ardea gus and in the wings is much Clofer than to any others of the cucujo id families. The Laugurii dae are set al)ari frona ille
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Eudon chiam by having elonga te, cylindrical bodies und fi ve-jo in ted talsi; tho Coccinei dae differ in the s hortia ess of their antennae, great brea illi of the last joint of the maxillary palp, usu atly clo sed
front coxal Cavities, presen ce of COXal lines on thes fit si ab dominal sternite, and toothed tarsat Clari s.
So far as food habiis have been studi ed and reported the Endon chidoe are fungi vorous, Declingespecialty on the sin alter, more delicate fungi. The larva of Try cherus has been reported as foeding ona very fili ny lichen. Such food habiis possibi3 lessen the competition belween the endo mychi is and the hight y successsul Ero lidae, but the Endon o idae may partialty re place the Ero lides in tropical Asia: the relative number of Species of the two lainities is overwhelm ingly in favor of the ero tyli is in tropical Amorica, whilo in tropical Asia the differen Ce in number of speCies is not great HateS, , P. I 6Ιj. Actualty the larvae of but sexu species of Endon chides have been describeo; ali these linown are Shori, fleshy. slug- like in forna with fles hy expansions of the fides of the body and branched spinos. Theyresemble sonaewhat the larv92 of phytophagoras Coccinelli foe, e . g. Dilachna. Among the publi ShedaCCounts of early stages are tho se of e. g. Dufoui S), on Lycoperdiva Smith IS), on Athoi ista Bates on Amphis and Stenofarsus, Hugnion 5), and Arrow I, 9p. 5-8) On Et morphus,
and H a C k e r I ), On Eudon chus. Adult specimens of Beccariola have been Collected fio m the leaves of cofieo planis but the significance of this is uni noxvn. In Some genera myrme Cophily Or termitΟ-
The es ological relations of endo m3Whids to other animais is uni no n. The only knowledge of predators I have is based upon a specimen in the Chioago Natural History Mus esum labe led uirona Cropol whip-poor-wili η. These relative ly scat Ce in se Cis Could hard ly forna an important part of the io odos larger inseCtivo rotas organism A. They a re undo ubi e ly important in the dissemination os fungus Spores and heiace in the acceleration of the Carbon and nitro gen CyCleS. Beelles of other families may show re mari a te similari ty to endo myChids in forna and coloration, notably ero tylid s. Many of the endo myohids a re Capable Oi discli arging a VisCous, foul Smelling, liquid and Arrow I, p. 273) sui mi Ses that they a re protected frona many PredatorS bythis materiai. He interpreis the resemblan Ce of other beetles to Endonarchidae as mimi Cry; it Seem Athe best theory to a count for the astonishing similari ty of variotis beet les to the endo mychides ofa particular regi Ora.
The fami ly is predo minantly tropical but distribu ted in cosmopolitan fashion. So far asknown it is absent frona New Zealand , Oceania and the Antilles north of St. Vin Cent. SpeCies of the heterogeneous group MI celoeince OCCur througho ut the tropical and temperate paris of the world with the exceptions noted above. The Sphoerosonitiis a re restricted to the Palaea toti C; the Trochoide in re a re found in the tropios of both hemispheres With one genus o CCurring in Sohathea stern Europe. The Eumorphinoe are greatly devel Oped in tropical Asia, rather po orly in Africa, Au Stralia, Europe and North and South America . while the Eudon chines a re almost Confined to the Indo Malayan, and eaStern Palaearcti C. 4he Stenofarsinoe are widely distributed, but se ebly represente din the Patu2artio and Neartio regions. The distribution of the hi glier sub families suggesis a relative lyrescent origin for them, especialty for the Endoni chinoe.
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Tho antennae of these beet les a re relative ly long, set dona s horter than the head and pro notum together. and ius ual vitii a Club of three joinis but this is sonaetimes Dei, ly develo ped. Most Commonly the antenn Ae are eleven-jo in ted but so me times have as , v as eight joinis, while in tho Trochoidein re the antenna is composed of iotar or sive joints. the more distat of whicli are greatly enlarged as in the pauSSids. In SO me genera the males have the ninth antennal joint greatly enlarge i and in tho North American P mi hora ali three Club joints are much Swollen.
ligula is a litile elonga te, quadrate or transverse through the de velo pment of laterat iobes : thelabiti l palp 3-jointed' with the ond joint usualty transverse, Some times a litile elotigate or rarely Aciuaces) falci forna. The mandi bies are typi Cally aci Culate at apex ut illi an in ner tooth but in somo larger fornas iis apEx is olli sel-s haped, while in Pariu almus the mandi bie is cycloid. Thorax : A notabies feature of the fami ly is the presenoe on the pro notum os inscribed line S.
These talae the forna os a transverse sulcus a Cross the base, Wicli en is on ea Ch Si de in a pit. Fronathis pit a sulcus runs for Vard ora the pro notat dis C. In the Erιmorphium the front margin of the pro notum is minutely sinuate at iis mi id te and the elige of the Pron Otum expanded into a thin mom-brane. ith in the collar of the prono tum i S a S mali tooth wicli se em S to a Ct AS SCI aper tapon Aminute filo developed on the occipiat. This occipital file is visibi e under moderate magnification ASan iri descent area on tho back of the extended hea d. The front COXae are globOSe, rare ly SOme-what Conical and prominent, the mi id te coxae also globose and the hi nil coxae transversely ovaland widely separa ted. On the metasternum immedia tely belli nil ea ch middie Coxa a re two circularpitS, Often with cilia ted orifice; in sonae Cases only a Single pit is present and in many species this area has a desesely inscribed sulcus in Q hi Ch one or severat minute Openings may be Seen. TheSepitS a re presum ably of glandular function. In sonae genera the prosternum has, in iront of ea ChCOXA one Or t O smali PitS. The front Co Xal Cavit ieS are Vithout e XCeption, OPen. Abdomeri : The abdomen presenis few remari able seatures. The number of visibi e sternites is sive Or si X. Specialigations of the abdominal sternites of males ri ill be noted in the description sol genet A. LegS : The femora are common ly Club-Shaped, so metimes Strongly go. The tibiae osten ShowStiong specialigations in the males in the forna oi curvature or development of spines or flanges. This is notablv the case in thes Eumorphines but is also bo Seen in Some genera of Ste uolarsinoe
and in a se itastances in the My celaeiune si hau idea, Sselhorha uis). The tarsus in the higher Subsam illes is pseudotri merous, actualty foui -jo in ted but with the penultimate joint minute and an ylosed vitii the terminal one the second and to sonae extent the iii si joint expanded beno th inio larget obes with pubescent soles although this last mature is se ebly devolo ed in tho hi nil tui si Oi somo
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genera, notably Chondria. This type of tarsus is very sit Dilar to that found in the coccinelicis butis tess Compa Ct, the Soles narrower and the Claws urato Othed. In the subfamilies Spoerosomines and Trochoideium the tarsus is linear and four-jointed but the group here tiea ted as the ct celesinae Seems to bo an asse ira blage of relicis of Vario has evolutio nary si experiments h. Easi Cally the tarsus is linear and four-jointed but in some Cases there a re ora ly three joinis and SOIDes speCies Ahow a tenden Cy to devel op lobes. These lobes, however, are seldom large enough to be confused withthe broad, pubescent tarsi of the higher gi Oup. Seem ingly the developria ent of the pseudotri moro ustarsus has been achi eved at least twice and possit, ly three times in the fami ly and separalely in the Coccinellidae. Certa in ly the connecting liniis belween these two families have laur-jo in te i tarsi, e . g. Lithophilus, whilo with in the fami ly Endomychidί the Eumorphiiles seem Clofest to the Liastine genera, while the Stenota sinoe are most like Such genera aS 'stus. Elytra a d Wings : The fami ly is notabie in the elytral modifications of so me of iis species. In the genus Mathonieles each elytron of the male bears a recurved Spine, in Some speCies of Eumo hi ιs the elytra of the males are eleva ted together into a Conical prominence. wilite in both sexes of Amphisternus the elytra a re usu atly Strongly Verru COSe or armed With long, Sharp Spines. The biological significance of these elytral excres Cences Cannot be ConjeCtured. The wings are very long in proportion to the body and have the transverse sold at or before the micidio. A notableseature of the endo mychid wing is the absence of ve ins beyond the folii. In many genera the extremi tyof the anal vein bears a thicli, rough area, whi Ch Arro I, p. 29οὶ interpretS aS a SCra per acting Upona similar roughened area on the sutural edge of under furiaCe of the elytron, produc ing a Stridulation.
Some Coleopteri sis, e Spe Cialty those in Ameriga, have separated thos e forms having linear tarsias the MFcetneidae. While perhaps justiti able this, in my opinion. would necessitate the de vi sing of additionat familios with in the assem blage of species having pseudotri merous, iobed tarSi. Some genera desalt with in this synopsis a re os dubio us endo mychid affini ty but I have considered it ad visabies toinclude ali genera whi h have been referresd to this iami ly and have not been transferre i else here. Thes so Called si tribes h of former students of the fami ly sese m in susceptibi e to exact definition and have been largely omittod. Osten in the treat morat the problem is rat Sed as to whether to ere Ct new genera or expand the limits of older genera. In the main a Conservative Course has been followed as the preses rabie solution. The keys have been constructed to be as practical as possibie, avo id ing to O mu Chuse of finer po in is of Stru Cture. This paper has been made possitile through the many cou testes extended to me by ossi Cers of mus eum S and by private individual A. I have received for study many specimens of Endon chiata fromthe following : Chicago Natural History Mus eum, Ameri an Mus eum os Natural Hi Story, U. S. National Museum, Carnegie Museum, Cali fornia Academy of Sciences, Erit isti MuSeum. MUSeum National d' Histoire Natui Elle, Oueensi and Museum, Congo Museum, Sto Ckholm Museum and Deut-sChes Ento mologi sches Institui. Persons who have assis ted by loan or gift of SpeCimen S, Compari Son Sof Spe Cimens with typo material or Consulting rare literature are : C. H. See ver S, and R u p e r twen Zel of Chicago, Ralph D u r y of Cincinnati. J. A. G. Relin os Philadelphia, Ira La
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of London, A. D esca r pen tri es of Paris and R. Paul i an of the Institui Scienti siquo de Mada gascar. My greatest single debi is to the late G i l b e r t Arrow of London, who supplied me V ithmany specimens hi glit 3 critical to the study and has, in additiora, an gwered nurnero his questions abolit inique specimens in the surpasSingly ricli collections of the Hrit isti Museum. I Ie has also supervi sed the preparation os dra ings of certa in type specimens in that institution. Ἱhe execution os the drawings was the work oi MisS O. F. Tassari. My wi se has gi vera great hel p in the preparation of many of the figures. In most of the dra ings the pro notum is depicted as Seen When o CCupying a Plane approX- ima telis parallel to the stage of the micro SCope; the elytra also have been drawn as seen when their margins a re abo ut parallel to the microscope stage. While this technique resulis in drau ings whichshow the in secis stightly longor than they are When vlewed in orae position. it allo S much more aCCurate delineation of Stru CtUrct.
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moderate or large U. EUM ORPHINAE.Prouolum milhoul a stridulator) membra Ne . . . . . . . . . D.
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The species of the genus Cannot be Clearly Separa ted in to the Se Mur Categori es and the use of the subgenera may intro ita Ce Confusion.