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Page Divus Julius Caesar, - IReview of Goverrament and Literature, 7OD. Octavius Caesar Augustus, 9 Revie of Governinent and Literature, I 85 Tiberius Nero Caesar, a IReview of Govertament and Literature, 3O Caius Caesar Caligula, - - 32IReview of Goverrament, - 37 Tiberius Claudius Drusus Caesar, - 374Review of Goverrament, sit 5 Nero Claudius Caesar, - - - 423 Revievo of Goverrament and Literature, q7
Sergius Sulpicius Galba, - - 5OOReview of his Character, - 5IS M. Salvius Otho, - - 5Ι9Review of his Conduct, 53 A Vitellius,
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Paget A. Vitellius, - - - 532Review of his Character and Conduch, 5 7 Titus Flavius Vespasianus, 549 Reviem os Government and Literature, 568Titus Flavius Vespasianus Augustus, - 573Review of Government and Literature, 581 Titus Flavius Domitianus, . - 589RevieW of Govemment and Literature, 61 I
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INDEXTO WRITERS and seme other Persens, particularly mentioned in the Review.
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I. IULIUS Caesar, at the decea se of his father, hadnot completed the siXteenth year of his age. Next yearrhe was elected Flamen Dialis ', or priest of Jupiter ; when repudiating Cossutia, Who was onli os an equestri an fa-- mily, The hyperbolicat epithet os Divus, the Dimine, had formerly been conferre t upon Romulus, through the poli cy of the Patricians, to obviate a suspicion entertained by thepeople, that the king had been violently taken os by a conspiracy of that Order; and political circumstances again concurred with popular superstition to revive the posthum ous adulation, in the person os Iulius Caesar. It is remarhable in the history of a nation so jealous of public liberty, that in both instances, they besto ed the most extravagant mar
of human veneration upon men who owed their sate respec
tively to the introductiora os arbitrary power: sit si, in the under of the Roman monarchy, and nexi, in the subverter of the republic. Both instances, however, serve to confirm the manner in whicli many of the pagan deities derived their origin in the fabulous ages. The place of Flamen Dialis Was an office of great dignity, but Vected to many restrictions. The person who held-it could not ride on horsebach, nor stay one night without the city. His wife was likewise under particular restrictions, and could not be divorced. Is site died, the Flamen resign-ed his ossice, because there Were certain sacred rites Which
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TAE LITE OPmily, but extrem ely opulent, and to whom he had been contracted during his minori ty, he mari ted Cornelia, thedaughter of Cinna, who was foui times Consul. Fronithis lady, who ibon aster bore him a daughter, named Julia, ali the est oris of the Dictator Sylla could not induce hi in to pari. On whicli account he was punis med with the lose of his sacerdotal ossice, the fortune whicli he had acquired by marriage, and the estate of his ancestors. Being, besides, considered as an enemy to theeXisting govertament, he was obliged to abscond ; and,
though then greatly indisposed Mili an intermitting flaver,
to Charage his quarters almost every night ; not without the expence, at the sanae time, of rede eming himself fromthe hands of those who were sent to apprehend him ; Un-til, by the intercession of the Vestat virgins of Mamer-
he could not perforrn without her assistance. Besides othermariis of distinction, he wore a purple robe called Laena, anda conical Cap, called ApeX. The Vestat virgins, upon their institution by.Numa, were four in number; but two 'vere ad ded by Tarquinius Priscus, frona whose time they continued e ver aster to be fix. Their employment was to keep the sacred fire always burn ing. They walched it in the night-time alternately ; and whoever allowed it to go oui, was sco urged by the Pontifex Maximus. This accident was always este emed ominous, and expiated by offering extraordinary sacrifices. The sire, when thus extinguislied, was lighted up again, not from another fire, but hom the rays of the sun ; in ut hich mann erit waS rene ed every year iapon the fa sit os March, that be-ing anciently the day when the year commenced. Amongitthe honors and privileges ei oyed by the Vesais, they could absolve a criminal hom punissiment, is they mei him accidental ly ; and their interposition, ut ora ali Occasions, waS greatly respected. But the violation of their vo w of chastity
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JULIUS CAESAR. scias a milius, and Aurelius Cotta, the two lalter of Whomwere allied to him by marriage, he at last obtained a pardon. It is certain, that Sylla, when he yiel ded to the importunity of Caesar 's friends, brolie fortii into the fol-lowing eXclamation, whether from a divine impulse up-on his minit, or only the resultos his own sagaci ty V esiali have 3 our destre, and a re at liberty to take hi inamongist you ; but know that the person uda orn ye areso an ious to fave, Will, One time or other, prove the destructi ion of the nobility which ye have assis ted me to protest : for, belleve me, there a re many Marius's in that
II. His fir il appo intinent in the military service, Wasin the wars of Asia, under the Command of M. Thermus the Praetor. Being sent by this generat into Bithynia i , to bring theiace a fleet, he tollered so long in die court of Nicomedes, as to give occasion to a repori os a criminal intercourse belwiXt him and that prince ; whicli received additional credit frona his hasty return to Bithynia, under
vas prini med with peculiar severity. The. uia fortunate fe- male was buri ed alive, with funerat folemnities, in a placeealled the Campus Sceleratus; and her paramOUr was scourg ed to death in the Forum.' Bithynia, called anciently Bebricia, is a country of the peninsula of Asia, now called Asia Minor. It was bound ed on the solath by the river Rhyndacus and mount Olympus ; on the west by the Bosporus Thracius, and a part of the Propontis ; and on the noriti by the Euxine sea. Iisboundaries towariis ille east are not clearly aDcertained, Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy differing stom each other on the subjeci. It is however generalty recommended as a ricli and fruitsul country : the Greeli geographers cali it the greates and the l. f.
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THE LIFE OFthe pretexi os recovering a debl due to a Deed an his client. During the Cour se of the Asiatic eYpedition, his conduct was in other res pedis irrepiehensi ble ; and uponthe taking of Mitylene ' by storm: he was presented by Thermus with the civic crown '.
III. Ae seruod lihewise in Cilicia r , under Servilius
Isauricus, hut fp.r a s hori time. For upon receiving ad- vice of Sylla's death, in the liope of attaining an ascen- η Mitylene was a city of the istand Lesbos, famous for the
remained a free city and in pomer one thousand sive hundredyears. It suffered much in the Peloponnesiari War hom the Athenians, and in the Μithridatic Dom the Romans, bywhom it was taken and destroyed. But it seon rose again, having reco vered iis ancient liberty by the favor of Pompey; and was after ards much adorned by Traian, Whoadded to it the splendor of his own name. This was thecountry of Pittacus, one of the seven wise men os Greece, as weli as of Alcaeus and Sappho. The natives stlowed a particular iaste for poetry, and had, as Plutarch informs us, state ltimes for the celebration os poetical contests. The Corona Civica was made of Oak-leaves, and given tollim who had saved the life of a citigen. The person Who received ii, wore it at public spectacles, and sat nexi the senators. When he entered, the audience rose up, as a marh
tween Pamphylia to the west, mount Taurus and Amanus tothe noriti, Syria to the east, and the Mediterranean to theseuth. It was divided into A era, the rough or mountain Ous ; and Campesris, the level or champaign Cilicia. It was anciently famous for fasDon ; and hair-cloth, called by the Romans Cilicium, Was the manufacture of this
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den y stom a new Commotion, which was attempted by M. Lepidus, he returned with ait speed to Rome. Dis- trusi ing hori ever the abilities of that personage, and find-ing the times tesse favorabie for the execution os such a project than there seemed re ason at fit si to imagine, heabandoned ali thoughts of embracing the intended consederaCy, though the most tempting offers were made hi in
IV. Soon after the re-establissiment of public tranquillity, he preferreta a charge of extortion against Cornelius Dolabella, a maia of consular digni ty, and who had obtained the honor os a triumph. But this impeachment terminating in the acquittat of the accused, he resolvedio retire to Rhodes ', with the vie not only of avoiding the public odium incurred by the charge, but os prosecuting his studies with greater a luantage, under Apollonius, the son of Molon, at that time the most celebrat- cd in aster of rhetorio. While on his voyage thither, in the winter stason, he was ta ken by pirates near theisland of Pharinacula; with whom he continue i, not A famous city in an istand of the sanae name, adjoining
to the coast os Caria. Here was Did to be anciently ahuge statue of the Sun, called Colossus; but seme are os opinion, that the account deli vered of it is fabulous. The Rhodians were celebrated not only for stili in navat allairs, but for learning, philosophy, and eloquence. During the lalter periods of the Roman republic, and under lame of the emperors, many resorted thither for the purposse of prosecuting their studies; and it likewise became a place of
retreat to discontented Roman s. Solinus in fornas iis, that in
this illand , the ly was seldom so overcas but that the sunmight be seen; whetice probably it obtained amongst the poets the epithet Clara.
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without seeling the ulmost indignation, during almostmeelis; his only attendanis being one physician, and
two valets. For his other servanis, as Heli as the frien is
who accompanted him, he had immediately dispalchedio raise money for his ransom. Upon the payment of si sty talenis he was set assiore ; when after the most diligent exertion to procure sonae sta ips, he came up withthe pirates, and mahing them ali prisoners, inflicted ui ou them the punishment with which he had osten jocoselythreatened them during his detention. Mithridates was at that time cari ying devastation into the ne ighboring Countries; and Caesar, on his arrivat at Rhodes, that hemight not appear to distegard the danger whicli menacedi ille allies of Rome, pasAd over into Asia ; where havingcollected some troops, and driven the hing's deputv out of the province, he hept in their duty the cities whicli had bestin to waver, and were On the potnt of revolt. V. A ter his return to Rome, he obta ined froin the laias age of the peopte the honorabie rank of a military Tribune ; and in this capacity Zealousy as isted the abettorros the tribunitian authori ty, which had been greatly di minis hed during the usurpation of Sylla. He likewise bya bili, whicli Plotius at his instigation preferred to the people, and was seconded by a speech from himself, procured the recal of Lucius Cinna, his wisu's brother, and Others, who had been sent into banishment, sor hau ingsided with Lepidus, and after ards with Sertorius, in thelato public disturbances. VI. During his Quaestor hip he pronounced funerat Orations in the Rostra, according to custom, in prat se of his paternat avni Julia, and his wife Cornelia. In his pataiaegyric on the former, he gives the following account of the