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gest must the candidate have seli, When a Pindar stood obse vant by him, jealous of his deeds, attuning in stangas os dealhless strain the chronicies of deathless histor'. Whatever, We learn, Was the ardoiar, and the impetuosityos the candidates, they Were compelled to Submit to restraint. An example of this occurs in Plutarch's Lisse of Themistoclos. And I ropeat it the more rea dily, because it is a story told of somany, and is so ignorantly applied. Eurubiades exclairnod tollim, In tho Games, Themistocles, they Scourge those Who prematurely rise. ' εμ True,V said Themistocles, but they whoare to a late are never crowned. ' On this, the tyrant raisod his stasr to strilis him: and then he replied in the familiis Words:
convocation of ait Achaians. Thucydides Writes of it, in his fifth book, as the whole assembly os united Greece V AndCicero, reprehending the silly boast of Eleus Hippias, adds, ερ Cuncta paene audiente Grecia. The importance of tho
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Solemnity may be inferred froin the vastitess of the Assembly. The Πολυξενούατος βωμος made the greatest foreigner feel himself
Froni Hiero pitching his tent there, instead of going to the
principat Hotet, We may conjecture that Such portable accommodations vere not infrequent. The fuli Inoon, independently of the twilight os a summer night, WaS no mean auXiliary. Νordid this peopto k009 house like oui selves. The climate Wasmost Serene. The nobtest productions of ari Were exposed without Dar of injury or even of weuther-Stains. The torchrace, sacrost at the Athenian Ceramicus, might be here a common Dolic : they Would run Dotii one to another untii tho firstflamboau had kindled all, and there glared suddenly on templeand sculpture the blage of an Unnatural day. They Wanted norepose, or could assord none. ChrysoStom says, The spectators in tho Olympic contests sit Dom midnight to tho solio vingnoon, that they may See to Whom the crown is awarded. Nothing was more honour te than the priZe of these vic- tortes. Justin gives the folloWing account respecting Alexander: - Eadem die nuntium pater ejus duarum Victoriarum accepit: altorius, bolli Illyrici: alterius, certaminis, Olympiaci, in quod quadrigarum currus miserat.' ' Chilon, the Lacedaemonian, andone of the severi Wise men, author of the celebrated apothegm,
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Games, not the most beatitistit und robust are crowned, butthose Who contend, and only Some of these are Victorious; so
spessis of the abrupi exordium us resembling the absence of any preparing extensioII and gracemi movement of tho aruis liko tho
Athletae bρforo thoy b0gin their stri&.V Would Thucydidos aggrandise a national Deliverer 8 When Brasidas enterest Scione in the Pellene, the inhabitanis repuid his eulogies by placing a goiden croWn upon his head, While every individualWas biisy in adorning him With ribbons, and caressing him liko a victor in the solemn games. ' The Christian Fathers, without any implicit favour toWards them, osten mine them illustrativo of their purpose. Clement, in his second Epistio to the Corin
tends in a corruptibie combat, is he is found doing any thingiliat is not fair, is taken aWay and scourged, and cast out of thelisis. What think ye then that he shali suffer, Who does mything that is not sitiing in the combat of immortality Θ'Hitherio Wo have only noticed this Festival in connectionwith physical enterprise: it Was not without the lustro of polito
letters. Gorgias Was celebrated sor his eloquence in the grandassembly. It is asserted, Without an atom os evidelice against it, that Herodotus read to the people, or some portion of the people,
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thus convened, his History of the Expeditiori of Xerxes against the liberty of Greece, When the tear of admiration Dil froni thtison of Thucydides. Pausanias aSSures iis that there Was a Placecallod Latichmion, in one of the gymnasia, in Which Were exhibitod specimens both of extemporary orations, and writings Ofovery Lind. Orators, We gather Dom Dionysius Halicarnassensis, Were engaged to animate the athletae. Not protendingio setito the question of the Arundelian Marbies, We may bellevothom when they insorin us that A schylus, Sophocles, and Euripides Were permitted to contend in literary contests, using sorthe conqUeror the Word, ενικησε. In the ninely-srst Olympiad, according to AElian, this laiter tragedian competed With Xenocles. Isocrates delivered his ΙΠανηγυρικος' at the Same Spol, and ittestifies that, Whatever Was the neglect os literature, it Was notdespised. I have alWays thought it extraordinary that thselawgivers who instituted our public games, and est lished our generat assemblies, Ahould have appotnted priges of no mean value to the combatanis Who excet in Dats of hodily strength and dexterity, While they allowed the talents of men of genius to languisti under discolara gement The Wrestier may increase his OWn activity, the racer may redoubie his speed, but neither of them cara transfer any Share of those eXcellencies to another; buttho wisdom of the sage disruses itself through the whole society. The litile encouragement given to literary studies shall,
hoWever, never induce me to renounce them. ' Lysias spolie tothe fame Concourse: the Speech is loSt: but a fragment is preservod in Dionysius Halicarnassensis. : Horace strongly insinuates his presererice of literary, to gymnaStic, honours. I lusic Was one of those more resned aris in Whicli insenstrove to excel. The t elfth Pythian is inscribed, Abληr . Whilo there Was the Arena for the combatant, und the Suggestum for the orator, there Was a bullding, similar to the Odeum at Athens, for the Μusical essVs and priges. It is,
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I know, most dissiculi to determino what the Greelis includod in music. Sometimes it is put for obedience to the laWs, because the earlier laWs Wore in verse and were periodicat ly chanted. Itonen intends poeti y. It further occasionalty describes ethics,
in gymnastics and music. Socrates, in Plato's Phoedo, speahingos tho mandato which had halanted him through lise, to attend
mannor, it Would sonen the sterner passions and rougher contentions of the scene. Pliny infornis iis that at the Pythiangames a contest of pa inting took place in the time os Phidias, and that Panaenus succeede l. The Harp was of various form. Sometimes it Was strungwith seven wires, as in the Second Pythim, ε Πακτυμου φορμιγγος. Tlis sanio number is ascribed to it in the fifth Nemean, φονώγγαεπταγλωσσον. The player Upon it WaS commonly the composeros his strian. The poet and the performer Were judged at once. The victor of the course Was glad of this commemoration, and felt that the common hymn of Archilochus did not sussice. ΗρSought, theresere, a personat inditing of lyric fame : to bo him-solf tho burden os a VotiVe Song. What a singulis amalgam is this festival,-rude to SaVagism, resned to philosophyl Ιt reminds iis of the honours paidio Castor und Pollux : Ιππηες, κιθαρισαι, αεθλητηρες, αοιδοι.: It was characteristic of the people and of the age. They Were elevated, and most depressed: Dee, and most enflaved: n te, and most degraded. Thus extremes Were combined, and inconsistencies reconcited. And such an institute as this Was true totheir violence and cultivation, like the common altar of Hercules and the Μusos, or like the hoof of Pegasus opening up Hippocrene. We must not, stili, think that they Were Without somedelanco. And a few of their ad vantages Ahali be reviewed.
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wanted in their troops. ΝΟW Greece Was a number of smali states. Their population Was bound to Serve WheneVer there Wasin testine, or common, danger. They Were ali, theresere, educated
as in jumping Upon them again, they could mahe a retreat. The apparent folly is thus retrieved. Lycurgus re arded the victor With military promotion. Whatever We may think of thus arming a Whole people, it is done to this day. Every Dee town of the Continoiit is most rigid in levying iis inhabi
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it. Iis conscioUsness may prompt a hau glitier air and carriage, ut What sussering is redressed, and toti rowarded i Is thisbo not the uia bought grace of lise,' sursely it is the chea pdefence of nations.'' It is a truo Wisdom to beget in the public minit a generous destre to serve the land of our fathors and of our chil iren, and that it should feel the service ropaid in iis achnowledginent. The age is degenerate When ali is barier an dhuckstering, and pure fame is outWeighed by gold.
The combatanis fought more substantiat honoUrs. They were indulged with exemption Dom ali ta Xes, a place in the magisteriai Dasis, precedence in Society, and a Strange PoWer of transferring their distinctions. Cimon inade over the glory of his frst two victories in Olympia to Miltiades and Pisistratus. In the lalter instance, Whatever Was the motive in the former, itwas the condition os a recali froni eXile. ' Hercules, in the Αλκησις, in forins Admetus sto account for the restoration of his doceased wisse to his aruis,) that he had obtained her as a prige, while other combatanis, in the games Which he had celebratod, received horses und oXen. Such Was certainly triae in sonio osthe earlier contests. When the Bestias of a nobie enthusiasmfred them, these pastimes them Sel VeS Struch terror in the foe. Xerxos having onquired of Some Arcadian princes, hoW they, tho Greetis, Were tiaen emplΟyed, WaS an SWered,-that they Were keoping the olympic Dast, and looking on gymna Stic and equestrian sporis. Again enquiring, What WRS the Victor S recompense, it was replied, an olive-chaplet: When Tigranes, hearing thatthoy fought for honour and not for money, could no longor repress his admiration, but 8aid to Alardonius, Against Whata pooplo dost thou lead iis, a peopte Who figlit not for mercenaryllire, but only sor renoWn,-αρεΤης, Viriue l: When once this
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knees. I The weaving of this testimony into iis texture Was thegreatest honour. Diodorus Siculus, reciting the gitis bestowedupon Hercules by the gods, says that Pallas gave him a peplus. it
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Against tho Barbarians of Thrace Was their frst united stand. Then camo the Argonautic expeditioii. This is one of the most
charming of ali historio labies, for it partakes of both. Whatyouth does not recati the story of the Argo's bullding and of tho Argo's lautach, with fifty heroes on her proW 8 Orpheus striking his harp, Hercules leaning on his truncheon, old Chiron dancing on his fetioclis With very transpori as he Sees it pa88, and holding the young Achilles high to Watch the adventurous
bark 8 Anor this arose the coalition of the seven chiesi against Thebes. The fourtii memorable banded forcse of ali thesepowers Was in the attack of Troy. The People, the Demus, were disposed for Dud and quarret among themselves. Their jealousy of prerogative osten involved them in the most unna
This was found in these Festive Rites. Here they Were proud of their pure extraction. None of them spolie os others but asbarbarians. They Were resolved that those barbari s should notcopse with thom in the lisis. AleXander, the son of Amyntas, having destred to enter them, Was scornfully repelled by one universat cry: This is a contest belween Greelis, and not with Barbarians. He proved his Argive bl ood iapon the sp at, and
then was admitted: Μacedonian Was not a Suffciently Dear approximation. We owe a just tribute os pratse,' spealis Isocrates, to the authors of our public assemblios. It is in theso that our disserenoes ure reconciled, our Pre judices areremoved, and that, joining in Our prayers and sacrifices, we areformed into one hody and state. It is in these that we cali tomind our common origin, confirm our an cient Pre judices, enter into neW alliances, or cement the former ties by Which wo wero
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them, - there Was a truce. Ali strife was at an end. Free access and perfeci Sa&-conduet were granted to ait who destredio attend. It was an inviolabie armistice. There Was a symbolof this in the Great Templo of Olympia. N ext to Iphitus,stood the image of his Wise, or an emblem of his pacis c laW,Eκεχειρια, a re8traint of hands. Alexander the Great wrote aletter to ali Greece, a letter to be read at the Olympic Games, the people being ali virtualty there, and in concert there.
fifth ysar which brings peace With it '-The Quoit of Iphitus, verised by Aristolle, and alloWed by Mulier in his elaborate
Work on the Dorians, - contained in a circle the formula forproclaiming the sacred suspension os ali hostilities, and in this Iphitus and Lycurgus are recognised as the founders of the law. But it is evident that negociations were osten thus essected: that this national resori Was a species of nationat tribunal. In tho third book of Thucydides, we have the ambassadors os litylene making their appeH.-Ιt mu st also bo admitted thata litile commerce Was transacted here: sor in the Tusculan duestiolas, Speahing of these games, Cicero says, Illic alii corporibus exercitatis gloriam et nobilitatem coronam peterent: alii, emendi aut vendendi quaestu et lucro ducerentur.' -Ι do notwish to stur over any dissiculties here: and he y dissicultissoxist. What has been sa id concerning this quinquennial peace, is the voice of ali relevant history. But we have a history ofitearly thirty years' War. And according to this rule we oughtto be able to trace these military conventions in at least sive instances. The fourth year of the Peloponnesian War, Was theeighty-eighth olympiad, 428 before the Advent. The victor