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CXLVun die Namen, soWei si vo Linnsi nichi austenοmmen urden, sin von Andere vor 12 3 lederholi Editio nova emendatior ma fur de Prodromus Eutressen sein; Auctav egiehi sicli aber aes in ei Pritret nichi ange benes Supplement vo 68 Seiten, Welches in meinem Exemplar oreande isti, be-titeli Catalogue des plantes 'usam vivant rotare de leura vertus, in dem botaniso mede in metu au Nomenclatur nota Systemati etWas eues sicli findet. Di es Supplement Ware auch al anonyme Zugabe nichi gu beruch chtigen.
Titelblati alter Bande die Jahres1ah 1822 aber dies is nicht gilii und rucorrigiren, ei es in de That ers 183 herausgegeben orde isti In C. diction inodit findet sic die Angabo aetu vero edita 1835. In diesem diction-nairo intait, de dure das Erecheinen on fessier' Nomenclator Manuscriptblieb, aber nota seri serit,ird, in vo dente Candolle's vergi DC Phyiographie p. 335 die ingange und das Erscheinen alter neue Publicationen
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16. Modem Engiis Nomenciature.
There is non in preparation alieN a very important future standar book, the announce nomenclatur of Whic is no always in accordanee vitii the internationa laWs of botanica nomenclature Belare, examine the diss ingpoinis, I havera fama feN Word on in book in reparation. The , m in UT O sicini,ctin's B. Daydon Iackson, Seor. L. S. funde by Charies DarWin plannexat iratis a continuation, Sinuder Nomenclator, o in preparation since bears unde the directio an responsibilit os Sir Ioseph, ker, Nil notabe non a mor like Steuder Nomenclator, ut fiathmi index of the names of phanerogams. r. achson, the excellent compiter an bibliographer, rore in Britten' dourna o Botany 188 p. 6 . . .:o Accordines our plans mere altere so acto id andriive a view of the actualstate of botan at the en o 1885 leavincitato monographerario fuli settiequestions of synonym of doubita species v fear, me hali get in his mamoni a ron vie of the actuat inteo systematica botan a the en o 1885 for plent of synonyma orbearlvali suci species in Sinudelis orla hic nere since reduce t synonym hyoster botanis, have notabee note a synonym in the e lista of that index, at least tili pring of 188s, hom hic time I looke no more in these lisis. Suret a great man synonyma mill have been eliminate meanWhile ut of the current species, utri hin il hould e Norke u in a manner earerto Steuders. Steudes id not revise acti species, ut accepte only the species, that mere o suppressed by ther author in monographs or standar books. That aliould e done also here mali means for is me ait ill mon grapherarior up ali genera, Ne neve mill get Mer. But ali bolanista antii suci a book abrevious temporar order, as e n it in lauder Nomenclator an as Nas the isti os DarNin cfr. l. c. 188 p. 1513. Oster se We oui get an excellent help-book illi the references to the edition os ea species r synonym, ut fit ni for monographera a book Whicla not th- standin Nili obsed by the botanisls and ther naturalista causing thereby
It is octo ope stat aster the compilation o literatur therue index lisis vili e cheched Nith thetem herbarium to bring their contentario a perfectagreement Wit Bentham and Ηοοher' Genera plantarum; by that means agreat number of species an synonyms no registere in mong genera Nili findtheir exaes place more at ready reduce species Would e liminate an more
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note affixedri rhaps n. v. non vidi in therue index filant nantes, veryone using that future standar book, could examine suc species ac in ver rareor doubilat an bolanista, ho posses them, ill e en led, itheroo senilthem to therue herbarium Cto clear them p.
vives i. c. ouilines of the modes of that underinhing. I a very la torea there, that the starein poliat for generabilire theirat editionis Linnaeus Systema the ear ii 3 an for species theraret edition of Linnaeus Species plantarum 1253. Bentham Ajooher gen plant. sed rongly an edition ofLinnaeus genera plantarum sto the ear 1262 so that noNa great number of the ames of their adopte genera must e change by priorid. Also that was stili tone morked in the list acter myrias look in the lisis, hen ali synonymous genera ad an empty for adding the ear, and the assistants mant fili hemisit the years of edition ut CP i'r' Nomenclator. Is everine correction o genera-names is intended orae made an is the directora ftherior does no liherio insistram the names adopte an osten preferre lagainst priorit and justice in Bentham andi her' Genera plantarum, bout 35O synonyma o genera no existin in stat booh, many of them claiming priori , are to e prove critically, a Cha torior u for giving correctnnmes to my - planis B in revisio I found hundred of names in Beni- ham&Ηooher Mn. l. to e changed Asir Jackson advocates strici priorityhe Nil have to correct that enormous masco incorrecti used genera-names,other se theruem index o plant names ould have no scientificia vidue. m. JackSon rote l. c. pag. 68: Where innaeus ascribes the genusto an earlier author, e sv Tourn ex Linn. v ut that out be a ronghin os author's quotation lar quotations os cor more authors ought to bearrange in a manner that by usual abbreviatio of therio long citations onlyrest the mos necessar auth 's quotation, hicli indicates for learnediolanisi asshortis possibi the book toste referre to the date of the publication and includes the responsibilit of the publishin author It Nout be ni correcto quote: Linn. Tourn. In the ther a me Noui get plent of ant Linnean author squinations it the tali ut o an no correet citations as osten in Durand'sbad index in entham Mooker Mn. l. l. e. pag. 26. r. Jachson rore: ASet o distributed planis arebo indexed, unles taken up by omeone illi a diagnosis an are then cite through the Publishin agent, e g. Isochst ex Rich ss abyss.' There are mixtari different cases of author's quotation:
1. Η Ηochstellar published the nam in numbere specimens of herbarium planis accompanie by prinis or autograph ichet Maring the date of the saleor distribution Which may bo substitute by a summa brint liho allich sNumerical lis of drie specimens o planisi theniochstetis icto e ahen pisit the date of publicatio by the distribute planis, and Richata's Flora abyss. Rould nota, the re publication o suc names cse L 2 of the internationa laWs of botanica nomenclatur by Paris Congress 1862. It is quiretheream caseris it Wallich' list names, o ver much in favo istiem hom hichoo rer more Novi dro doWhas Nomina nuda, is no legitimate bysto distribution of the planis. 2. Iinoohsterier has distributedia me planis in another mannis than sub an is mehar l. e. ad published atrarsi suo names, stentat is io' cit :
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ba a quotation acetourn ex Linn.' I do no explain his an more here, asMr. Jackson underetanda German et an nil fin more bout mistredine hind of autho a quotatio in V etc. of m book. Thos systematica auctora, ho have dissident arbitra 'ules and do notlallorum strictimae intereationa laWs of nomenclature produre more or esssynonyms an retard the development f a uniform botanica nomenclature: theresereri a very foret, that r. Jackson urites i. c. 6s: Our practice is totake the nam under hich any give plant is place in iis true genus as thenam to e hept up even though the aut homo it ma have ignored the pro per rule Creta in in the specific name, hen transferrin itfro in iis id genus to the ne N, hecat least suta nam is nota ready in the genus receiving the accession To antoni se aside the Joint nam thus even, an re publis a neN nam by oining the oldest specifio nam to thotrue generio, is a mischievous practice, hic ould neve be condonia it is addin to the almad vast mass f useless synonyms an is more lihel in beth ompring o vanit than a sincere destre in promote scien M.
In the Genera plantarum e has si otten severa thousands o generu-names of Linnean an pos Linnean time. II op sed the ne internationalmi sores notrione oblige to correct imgel innumerable timea. r. Benthamis to me a rat autho id a phytographer, ut notis ali in nomenclature: he M very caretess acto nomenclatur an somelimes must Ali families, stat entham has monographia, caused mos corrections in m revision ofnomenclature A to the of the internationa iam hereave in the quot puer, e hal see, o so much alloNance torium rom it, as he an most
So many arguments are producta lar therue mi and against in interinationa grai an vice versa that it nil be difficulto bring forNar neWargumenta, ut the extruct of al tarme discussion is thati most Englis bolanist thinh: In ur country erat he to do so. The themare not et fit for internationa science I eg our pardon, butit is o I live a long time in England and with Englishmen I like them
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very much, indeed, and their superiori , of Whic themare mostly s prout is fures to e acknowledged ometimes; ut I anno se a superiorit in cases,mhere Englis do not adopi the scientifica progress or neces8ar facilities toscience of other nations is the refuse m aheb the centigrade thermometer, the decima system o measurement and weight the internationa laWs of botanica nomenclature.
me dy may say, nomenclatur is no science, it is ut a formalid thereto That ould notabe quite correct Bolanica nomenclatur in ur and mos naturalista intentio includes the researta tonatas a depariment of histo os botan an as a stud fortandin truth it is a scientificat ne ali scienceis lily the stud in fin truth. Bolanica nomenclature manage in 'mugmanne lead to darhen truth. 2. The intereationat ut conduces in Mer, stabilit an uniformit of nomenclature, the reneve orie relerio chronica confusion o botanica nomen-
or a man as ennobledrar an orphan was adopte by ther parenta, herebytheir gener names ere changed in by-names Christian ames of Engli hiare never alloWe to e changed I amo opinion, that thos Wh are obedientio the internationa laWs, - somelimes obedient Nith aversion, for it is no plea- sum to change ell-known ames, do their ut in hespingo ciear, theb animi nomenclatur andri get changes s ames Those, horiollo privaterules, increare muc more there onym Nit Wron or in admissibi names Theyalso must creat ne nam Io suci species mugiit into a genus missi, homonymous species-name, even is the homonymous species-nam Nas illegitimate. Theyare osten arbitrar in givin no the oldest specific nam to a species translatedio another genus and the canio so, a nobod Nould have a right to correct them; but this prohibition to correct them resulta onlydram their reneNed incorrect te.
It is a mannerri get infallible, managed altaret by Linnaeus for the purpos toput in oblivion: I. his N mistatas f. i. ii e put a species into a ronggenus orta he had to separate ne of his forme species in , Ut unite of his Wii species in I, then e mosti change the names II. to ut his opponent in oblivion, hos give planta names e changed iste accepte their
genera or Species. Sometimes hereave even suo genera-names m quite another species or genus, isne id not accepi an opponent' ne genus B such trichahe beat ali competitora, monopolire the nomenclatur and as his orsis ere
researches, ut it remains alWays a negligence of scientific research.
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That,en ut is no lauuded on ancho tho internationa botanicallarus of the Paris Congress eister o L 8 a James mitten sup ses, forgis refers nicto eorrect citations Cauthors to species that have been putium another genus Without changing the specific name, noris Loi or 62, Whichrequire strici priorid. In the cite dispute there M ometimes conlaunded the wron citation o authors it the degalbamin os translate species. Is an species is ut int another genus it a b done in the folloWing manner: I accepi the example of the dispute an suppos Castalia tocte a jus genu name, although his nam is no more t be hept p.)A. Castalia odorata Greenei myhiae odorαια L. . That munecalled a legat denomination o a lauthorica species.
denomination o a'iauthorica species. Abbreviatin that Re get: 1. Castalia odorata Greene L. . 'atris the ni correct bioth rica eitation B abbreviatin more, e get: 2. Castalia odorata Greene This manne is ordered by the internationa lans against theriodomin sub Mandus casea Min alnus alloned- , ut it is mo hori, tuin no referen to the hs description andra scriber of the species. It is viso an improper premium to those, horaikerio Wantoni change genera limita or thestablis smal genera. Most naturalista et logist an bolanista ch. N. L. Britto in dournalo Bot. 888 p. 2s3ld considering the principi to ah the species-name lintherars descriptio an iis author more important, an opposin in the meanti me the illega denominations ruo prevent them, rite theresere injur examPleas sub Lor a:3. Castalia dorata Lo bene That indi author station mouldbe righ i it merebo practiciat misteading beeaus mos bolanista lihe toshorten ad auctor-quotations so that e get: . Castalia odorata false authoricitation, osten used by modestyo by negligene or by ear of responsibility it is heresere a very unfit and
doubita modest to omit the Wn nam in such cases this manne causes muta
confusion Against this ron author itation, hic is eari a bibliographical falsification, opposta in the quote discussio Asa Gra an De Candolle it is stricti againstris of the internationa laWs. 5. O loli vis die Soliab is ut in aecordane to the reneW- ΚeNrule, an an abbreviation o C t thoesi die Salisb. -hcte odorαια . , but o allone by the internationa botanica lans By this ut theraret
describer ita species is ut pur sely, ita fen exceptions in oblivionand the arranger appears like delecter. The Americans calle that anne si hin o piravv. It troubles the memor an synonymy very much, i the fame species ad Men rought yan by in or more genera illi change species-names at every gen translation it gives no referetice to the rit legat publication of the species and an even more lea to anton changes of genera ames an limita hanthe manner subra. Ad in allis may say of that rute No good laW mustbear in iis ear the pring of corruption Englis Minnista di not inventstat rute, ut a leave it oon. prefer r. 1 a the ni correct iauthorical citation, givin referen and justice to both deseriptions and both authors, no misteadincto false author-quotation an viso imputincto nobod the appearance of having detected
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The renenedie rule Cpractice concerna ni the illega denominations sub Mand was notis fidit pro sed by Bentham in iis present rigidness, ut onlyfor ne inseri r dourn Mt. 82 p. dij is an author hac tablishexa nenname moverlooking that the species Was previousi published in abron ggenus. Bentham commenta ther ore,pon the of the intereationa lans, that in ali other cases it macta right m correctis bolanist, henne has W-toni and noWinti neglecte the rule of T. But I cannot find that this exception applies t mos cases, Rhen e neglecte the rat specific name healso osten change the species, names is the genus-name acto e changedoni by an arrangement Asa Gra l. c. 1882, 35 found that totara a lineat antonness may be difficult, an recommende the renewed,en ut forever an at ali evenis Greene hoRever hoWM l. c. 1888 32 ij, that Asa Grunas not consequent in using this ne-rule and wmte noW and then in disparagement of this rege Formerly may I ad fra spok of the correctam anneras a proper ne, L i md icurandi 'Or ReinN. tisfrolia DC orismore properly B tetrandra Asa Gray Phliundi febαnstro orati) cst. Notes pon om Rubiaceae in Pro M. m. c. c. IV oi is . I thin that nonotavist should allorum himself tolive ne rules, fae Wishesinat, get a stabilit an permanenum planon ames, and that our internationalbotanica lans might ut be change o suci an important oin by an herintemationes congress of such botanisls as are authors of systematical Works. The ni exception to formeri alloNed by entham ould stillremat an injustio to theraret describer of the species, and the ne estabiisti illega nam novi no allo a stor referen to the rs description, as euherio vive trio legat lauthorica nantes by citin therarat author Mor veris case allowed by entham hi the species Nas ut in a ron genus relatives seldom occurs an it is osten oubital, stat the species Was ut in a mn genus it is also uret mosti notis crime to e punished thus for thelimitation o genera is o differenti considered by the authors, a munera noni by the fac stat is have bout three times more synonyms o generathan genera accepte from Bentham Aiooker gen planti that the factat have
put a species in a Wrong genus is osten very armiess. Sometimes the species Was ut in abear genus, i in plant as not et
sufficienti known To mahe taetre known so that tris recte ut in another genus, gives no right to chango the name it Nould e the fame asta an ono Nould change the amo fra species for havincit betae describe than t
1. Miste ad in by monographers an system--riter o bystandar books Mostiolanista are through,ant of si rectent libraries unablecto correct the nomenesature o genera and trust in describin neN species to monographers and authors of genera plantarum and standard book of having taken caresor pioritPcorrect genera-names; ut themare mistia, as hos di raralytheir uti uv. ne of the mos misieadin monographera mas entham; Endlicher, also entham&Η her genera plantarum re fuit os incorrect andvnjust nam . M this a there originate the mos species-combinations With
2. Putting the species in an alii e genus o in such a genus,
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that nas separate after Ward s. There is mosti no mistahe orbo fauitat ali of the authors, Wh put species to Wrong genera-nam . O the contra , thes authors re sonaetimes ronge in a double Way by thera, ho estabiisti eas genera an change also the pecie names t be translated Even Bentham
di so he also no seidoni put aside ames, give by competitore of his Nuor friends' morks. ut it Nould ebriust m mahementham alone responsiblefo the corrupi nomenclature he id noclear it belle hom Robert Brown and Si umes Ednar Smith, Wh Nere eminent botanista, ut also ret representatives of a time, hic could e calle in botanica robber period. 3. Mistaking the genus an fami ly That is the ni Wron and relativel rare case perhaps to e punished, ut omelimes excusabim a f. i. Sicyos instea of the Umbellifera Bowlesiaricli pag. 26bi, o Veronica instendo Pod arpus But astat is no alloWe m couer errors, an a there is notto e Mundis har line at anton an other mistahes no exception to therule hould Calloned.1-3bere mostly unfortunate causes by Whic the first author Were ostendamagia non me mill conside it more romanoster fide. a. Victous illega denominations by antoni settin aside thehnown older specific ames, practised ometimes by Linnaeus, hen changingste genera lar ne of his species, a manne by hic horaike t hvsh u his forme mistake. ut stat is interdicte lihe ome ther abuses of Linnaeus an his successors by the internationa botanica lams. Vorand this practice ver frequently in the early times of the present centii , so that a number of species ut mand by i 3- genera, thebani o Whic Was also osten Wautoni changia, have go many needisserent names; even friuoli a species Wasbrought again by another author in the old genus, it go somelimes nother specific name That manner vives much troublerio orhin systenistisis.ssames Britten, although advocating the renemed/e-rule, rites i. e. 1888 pag. 2613 Rentham and Eooher Wit a caret snes acto delatis of nomenclature, hic is to osten apparent in their thermis admirabie ork. f. Irin stat these auctore inne more Cno correctin forme fauila theyhave established in ali heir orhs relatives feN victous illega denominations of such translate species, ut more of the nexi hiud: b. Illega denominations in combining a species With another genus-nam by conservin the temporar best nown specificnam Without examining is that nam e a justi fled by priori ty.This is the favourite manne os,e bolanista and thereb plent of synonym have been made, stat hiat be hept for legat ones by the reneWedieWrule no bella define by r. Jackson. ut mos bolanista uret Nil nota e thereWith, serrat is mustified. A. de Candolle ho proposed the rules of nomenclaturo corrected by the Paris congress ad also formerly committed many mn denominations os translate species, ut he had the miseWorthycomage to ho-us, horum to correct imi Letras ope, stat thetem botanis, also Nil solio no the internationialans and illis more manage their is illega rule instea ofa hi, iam in the Re index o plant names, so that this future standar book may finis sat leastras noW possibie in present horribi confusion os botanica nomenclature. Letras ope, stat e get Lit at nee la fixit de nomara' peces, qui est mas A. de Candolle l. e. 1888, 28s,rites in that discussion hune des chores tesplus importantes lT arrive at this nobi end another rule sonaetimes neglected by English, Disiij ses OO le
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primogeniture ip. ut e antra numberso see, hic nam nas earlier invehon the fame page. That case appens very lien, o that the practice, noto take, the ratisive name, causes confuSion. Thebas refers tori 6 In case No r morereroups of the fame nature M unite into one, the nam of the oldesin is preserved. I the ames areo the fame datev Alter age in the German editioni, in author chooses. The Englis and the Meno texi sus datev instea os si Alter se age '-hic is more correct an agreein Nith oldestv an allows a per decision. The rule is ther ore doubim an differenti applied by tho authors It also
manis a restriction and commentar acto meaning groups of the fame naturevi,stles artige Gruppen f in German translation). I suc ambiguous reses orexceptions must e repla d by stron an clear ones, is, stali get uniformit in nomenclaturo I replace it by the folloWing, hic I hin is o olearan justified stat Iriope, it mill e adopte by mos bolanista. Instea of Istae ames are of the sam date in author chooses ut:
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CLIVagainst hWhere the consequences of les are question leo tablished custombe me laW- and against the customo mos bolanisls. In consequenm festablished custo in these of sufficienti regulate 2 cases a deviatio homstrici priorit is necessau. I hali prove stat established custom it mme Linnean names of the fame day, beate in the fame manne by an authors: I. The folloWin leti de names have the priorit to thos of the right sidecite noN generali used names of the fame dum ut nonotanis has changedine lalter, an movi do so, ecause the former got no species ames in storiar 1253.
Pr tim se Allium Pilosesila seruieracium Mecinthemum se Chrysanthemum sice se Centaurea P Cucurbita Polium se Teucrium Tinti se Viburnum Molotae se Dracocephalum Ptilaatili mone mone
Theserie names sub Landra includes 36o species Whic do no requiroto e change by m correct commenta Dori ob sub Candra My secondisception os strici priorit m ct is of the fame principi a fravi, hichordere after a separation o a genus in Wo, more ita nam for the pari Minae mos species bucis gravi requires a considerable majorit os species, e cannot agre there th, as the above exemplifications hom stat only ne mores species must e sufficient for decision. e must also claim stat tho decisioncm nly beri in iram therarat legat stabit mentis species for decisionso priority-cases ut o later changes is a contradiction o falsification it Nould