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say too, in regard os spirit and vivaci ty, Whicli, within the same compasi os duration, may, truly and properly be assir med to add to man's lise: it being manifest, that one man, by a brisher motion of his spiriis and succession of his ideas, mali live more in one ho ur, than another in two : and that the quantity of li se is to em maled, not meret y Dom theduration, but also nom the intensenesi os living. Whicli intense living, or, is I may so say, lively liis, is not more promo ted by early hours as a
regimen, than by tar water as a cordial; whicli acts, not ora ly as asoru medicine, but hath also an immediate and chearful ' effect on the spiritS. Do. It must be o ned, the light attracted, secreted and deta inod in tar ', and aster ards dra vii off in iis sinesst balsamic particles, by the gentie menstruum os Cold water, is not a violent and sudden medicine, almys to produce iis effect at once, such by irritat in g, osten do more mi hi es than good) but a sese and mild alterative, whicli penetrates thewhole system, opens, heais, and strengiliens the remote vesicis, altersand propeis their contenis, and entersithe minutest capillari es, and cannot there re, other i se, than by degrees and in time work a radicat cure of chronio distem pers. It gives neverthesest speedy relies in most cases, as I have und by myself and many others. Ι have been surprisedio see persons fallen away and languiming under a bad digestion, after a few weelis reco ver a good stomach, and with it flem and strength, so asto stem renewed, by the drin hing of tar water. The strength and quantity of this water to bc taken by each individual person is best determinedfrom experience. An d as sor the time os tali in g, I ne ver linew any evilente Dom iis heing continued e ver so long ; but, on the contrary, many and great ad vant ages, which me times Would not perhaps begin to me viliemselves tili it had been taken two or three monilis.
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1m. we learn hom Pliny, that in the sirst serment of new wine ornaustum, the ancients were Wont to sprinlite it With powdered resin, whicli gave it a certa in sprighil iness, quaedam saporis acumina. This was estee med a great improver of iis odo ur and taste, and was I do ubi not, of iis salubri ty also. The brown old resin, that is to say, hardenod tar, as being more easi ly pulveri Zed and si fled, was most in re quest sor this purposse. They used likewi se to. sea n their wine vestials with pitch orresin. And I mahe no do ubi, that is our vini ners would Contrive tomedicate their wines with the fame ingredients, they might improve and
preserve them, with lese troubie and expence to them selves, and lese dan-ger to others. He that would know more particulars of this matter may
consuli Pli ny and Columella. I shali only add, that I doubi not a similarim pro vement may be made os mali liquor. II 2. Thc of Theophrastus and resina os Pli ny are so me times used in a generat sense, to signi' ait soris of Oily viscid exsudations from planisor trees. The crude watery juice, that riselli early in the si ring, is gradu atly ripene d and in spissa ted by the solar heat, heco ming in orderly succession with the seasons an Oil, a balsam, and at last a re sit n. And it is observed by chymi sis, that turpentine dissolve d over a gentie fire, is, by the constant operation of heat, successively transsor med into Oil, balsam,pitch, and hard Diable resin, which will incorporale with oil or recti ted spirit, but not with water. II 3. Sir John Floyer rem artis, that we want a method for the use of turpentine, and again, he who mali hit, se illi he, on the plea sentest method of giving turpentine, wili do great cures in the gout, ston C, C tarrhs, dropsi es and cold scurvies, rheumatitas, ulcers, and obstructions of the gland s. Lastly, he surioins, that for the use of altering anda mending the juices and fibres, it must he gi ven frequently, and in such snali quantities at a time, and in se commodio us a manner, as Will agree
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the hea d. Now the infusion os tar or turpentine in cold water feems to supply the very method that was Wanted, a 3 it lea Ves the more uia et uous,
and grosi paris bellind f, whicli might offend the stomach, intestines and head; and as it may be ea si ly tahen, and as osten, and in suta quantityand such degree of strength, as sutis the case of the patient, nor mouidit em, that the fine spirit and volatile oti, obtained by infusion os tar l,
is inferior to that of turpentine, to whicli it superadds the virtve of wood seoi, whicli is known to he very great with respect to the hcad and nerves ; and this appears evident stom the manner of obtaining tar ll. And as the sine volatile paris of tar or turpentine are dra n ossi by infusion in cold water, and ea si ly conveyed throughout the whole system ofthe human hody; so it should Qem the fame method may be used withali foris of halsams or resing What ever, as the readi est, ea si est, and mollinoffensive, as weli as in many cases the most effectual Way of obtaining and imparting their viri UeS.Ir . Aster having si id se much of the usos of tar, I must fartheradd, that bcing rubbed on them, it is an excellent preservative of theleeth and gums: that it sweetens the breath, and that it clears and strengiliens the voice. And, as iis essedis are various and usefui, se thereis nothing to be feared Dom the operation os an alternative so mi id and friendly to nature. It was a wiso maxim os certa in ancient philosophers, that distases ought not to he irritate d by medicines f. But no medicine disturbs the animal oeconomy lese than this, whicli, ii I may trust myΟ Π CXPerience, never produces any di sorder in a patient When right ly
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II 6. In very dangerous and acute cases much may be talien and ostenas far as the stomach can bear. But in chronices cases, about half a pininiit and morning, may suffice, or, in case in large a dose s hould provedis agree able, half the quantity may be ta n ur times, to wit, in themorning early, at night going to bed, and a ut two hours after din nerand brealitast. A medicine of so great virtve in se many disserent disorders, and especialty in that grand enemy, the laver, must needs be ahenesit to manliind in generat. There are neverthelesi three foris of peopte to Whom I would peculiarly recommend it: sea-faring persons,ladies, and men os studious and sedentary lives. III. To
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Siris. set III . To saliors and ali se a-faring persons, who a re subject to scor butiodi sorders and putrid se vers, cspecialty in long Buthern voyages, I am persuaded this tar water would be very beneficiat. And this may deserve particular notice in the present cour se of mari ne expeditioris, when somany of our countrymen have peris hed by fuch distem pers, contractedat sea and in foret gn climates. Whicli, it is probabie, might have been prevented by the Coptous use of tar water. II 8. This tame water will also give charitable relies to the ladies Lwho osten want ii more than the paristi poor ; being many of them ne verable to malae a good meat, and sit ting pale, puny, and sorbidden likeghosts, at thcir own table, victims of vapo urs and indigestion. II9. Studious persons also pent up in narrow holes, brea thing bad uir, and flooping over their books, are much to be pili ed. As they a re de-
barred the Dee use of air and exerci se, this Ι will venture to recommendas the hcst succedaneum to both. Though it were to be wilhed, that modern scholars would, like the ancients, meditate and converse more in Wallis and gardens and open air, whicli upon the whole, would perhapsbe no hindrance to their learn in g, and a great ad vantage to their health. My own sedent ary course of life had long since thrown me into an illhabit, attended with many alimenis, particularly a nervo us colle, M'hichrendered my life a burden, and the more se, beCause my pain S were e X- asperat ed by exerci . But since the lase of tar Water, I sinit, though
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5 22 Siris.1 o. In the distilling os turpentine and other balsams by a gentie heat, it hath been observed, that there riseth sirst an acid spirit ' that wili mixWith water , whicli spirit, except the fi re be very gentie, is lost. This grates ut acid spirit that sirst comes over, is, as a learned chymist and physici an informs us, hi ghly refrigeratory, diu retic, sudorific, balsamic orPreservative seom putrefaction, excellent in nephritic cases, and sorquenching thirst, ali Whicli viriues are contained in the cold infusion, whicli draws sortii stom tar only iis sine flower or quin tesience, is I mayso say, or the native vegetable spirit, together with a litile volatile oll. 121. The distinguis hing principie of ali vegetabies, that whereon their peculiar smeli, taste, and specific properties depend, stems to be so me extrem ely fine and subtile spirit, whose immediate vehicle is an exceed-ing th in volatile oti, whicli is it self deta ined in a groster and more viscidresin or balsam, lodged in proper celis in the bark and seeds, and mosta bouia ling in autumn or winter, aftcr the crude juices have been tho-Iought y concocted, ripened, and impregnated with solar light. The spirit iistis is by so me supposed to he an Oil highly subtili ged, so as to mixwith water. But suci, volatile oti is not the spirit, hut only iis vehicle. Since aromatio Oils being long exposed to air, will lose their specific Melland lasso, Which fly oss with the spirit or vegetable sali, without any sensibie diminution of the oll. Iga. Those volatile salis, that are set Deo and raised by a gentie heat,may justly be supposed essentiali, and to have pre-existed in the Vegeta-hle . whereas the lixiviat si Xed salis obtained by the in cineration of the
subject, whose natural constituent paris have been altered or destroyed by the extreme sorce of fire, a re by later chymists Upon very good grounds, supposed not to have pre-existed therein , ali such salis appear- in g, frona the experiments of signior Redi, not to preserve the viriues of
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the respective vegetable subjects ; and to be alii e purgative and in an equat degree, What ever may he the mape of their potnis, whethermarp or obtuse. But although fixed or lixivial salts may not contain theoriginal properties of the subjeci; yet volatile salis rat sed by a sight heatfrom vegetabies are allo ed to preserve their native virtu es: and such salts are readi ly imbibed by water. Iaa. The most volatile of the salis, and the most attenuat ed part os the oti, may be supposed the firsi and readi est to impregnate a coid infusion '. And this will assist us to account for the viriues of tar water. That volatile acid in vegetabies, whicli resis s putrefaction and is their great preservative, is dela ined in a subtile oti miscibie with water, whichoit is itself imprisoned in the resin or grosior part of the tar, from Whichit is ea si ly set free and obta ined pure by cold water. I et . The mild native acids are observed more hindly to work upon, and more thoroughly to dissolve, metallic bodies, than the strongest acidspiriis produced by a vehement sire; and it may be suspected, they have the fame ad vantage as a medicine. An d as no acid, by the observationos se me of the best chymists, can be obta ined Dom the substance of animais thoroughly assimilat ed, it mota id follow, that the acids received into a healthy body must be qui te subdued and changed by the vitalpo ers: hut it is easier to subdue and assimilate ' the gentiex than thesronger acidS.I 23. I am very sensibie, that on such subjects arguments fati s hori ofevidenco: and that mine sali mort even of what they might have beenis I enjoyed beller health, or those opportunities of a learned commerce, frona whicli I am cui oss in this remote corner. I mali nevertheleis goon as I have begun, and proceed by reason, by conjecture, and by au-
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thori ty, to cast the best light I can on the obscure pallis that lic in
I 26. Sir Isaac Newton, Boerhaave, and Homberg a re ali agreed, that the acid is a fing subtile substance, pervading the Whole terraqueous obe; whicli produceth divers hinds of hodies, as it is uni ted to different subjects. This according to Homberg is the pure sali, sali the principie, in iiself similar and uniform, but never Qund alone. And although this principie be called the sali of the earth, yet it mould Qem it may more properly be called the sali of the air, since earili turned upand lying fallo receives it Dom the air. And it should stem that thisis the great principie of vegetation, derived into the earth from ali seris
of manu res, as weli as Dom the air. The acid is allo ed to be the causeos fermentation in ali fermented liquors. Why therei re, may it not besupposed to ferment the earth, and to constitute that fine penetratingppincipio, whicli introduces and assimi lates the od of planis, and is sofugitive as to escam ali me filirations and perquisitioris of the most nice observers tret . It is the doctrine of Sir Isaac Newton and Monsieur Homberg, that, as the watery acid is that whicli renders sali solubie in water, so itis that fame whicli joined to the earthy part maias it a fali. Let it there re bo considered, that the organs ' of planis are iubes, the fit ling, un- solding, and distending whereos by liquors, doth constitute what is call-ed the vegetation or growth of the plant. But earth itself is not solu-ble in Hater, so as to form one vegetable fluid there illi. Therekre the particles of earlli must he joined with a watery acid, that is, theymust beco me salis in ordor is dissolve in water; that so, in the form ofa vegetable juice, they may past through the strat ners and tubes of thoroot in to the body of the plant, Melling and distending iis paris and or-
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gans, that is, increa sing iis bulli. Theresere the vegetable matter of theearili is in effect earth changed into sali. And to render earth sertile, isto cause many of iis particles to assume a saline sor I 28. Hence it is observed, there aro more salis in the root than in the barh, more salis in vegetabies during the spring than in the autumnor Winter, the crude saline j uices being in the summer monilis partibevapora ted, and partly ripened by the action and mixture of light. Uence also it appears, why the dividing of earth, so as to enlarge iis surisce, Whereby it may admit more acid frona the air, is of fuch use in Promoting Vegetation. And why ames, lime, and burrat clay are se undso Prositabie manures, si re being in reali ty the acid, as is proved in thosequel '. Maris also and shelis are use fui, forasmuch as those alcatine hodies attract the acid, and rai se an effervescence With it, thereby promoting a fermentation in the glebe. The excrements of animais and putrid vegetabies do in like manner contribute to vegetation, by inrcreasing the salts of the earth. And where fallows are weli brohen, and lie long to receive the acid of the air into ali their paris: this alonowill be sufficient to change many terrene particles into salis, and consequently render them solubie in Water, and there re a fit aliment for
I 29. The acidi stilli Homberg, is always joined to me sulphur, Whicli determines it to this or that species, producing different salis, asit is the vegetabie, bituminous, ot metallique sulphur. Even the atha line, whether volatile or ligi viui fatis, are supposed to be nothing but this fame ac id strictly deta ined by oil and earth, in spite of the extrema force of fi re, Which lodgeth in them, without being able to dissodge sonae rema in s of the acid.
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1ao. Salis, according to Sir Isaac Newton, are dry earth and wateryacid united by attraction, the acid rendering them solubie in Water .He supposeth the watery acid to flo round the terrestriat pari, as theocean doth round the earth, being attracted thereby, and compares eachparticle os sali, to a chaos Whereos the in nermost part is hard and earthy, hut the sursace sost and watery. Whate ver attracts and is attracted most strongly, is an acid in his sense. Is I. It seems impossibie to determine the figures of particular salis. All acid sol venis together with the dissolved hodies are apt to Joot into certa in figures. And the figures, in whicli the fossit salis crystallige, have been supposed the proper natural shapes of them and their acids. But Homberg hath clearly me ed the contrary: forasmuch as thesame acid dissolving disserent hodies, assumes different mapes. Spirit os nitre, for instance, having dissolved copper moois into hexagonat crystals; the fame having dissolved iron, shoois into irregular squares; and again, having dissolved silver, forms thin crystals of a triangular figure. Ι32. Homberg, neverthelesi, holds in generat, that acids a re maped like daggers, and aikalies like steatlis: and that moving in the sanae liquor, the daggers run into the meatlis sit ted to receive them, with
fuch violence as to rat se that effervescen ce observed in the mixture ofacids and aikalies. But it scems very difficult to conceive, how, orwhy the mere configuration of daggers and mea ths, floating in the fame liquor, mould cause the former to rum With lach vehemence, and direct their po in is se aptly into the lalter, any more than a parcet ossi igois and sosseis floating together in the fame water, mould rum one