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Deedmen and flaves into a plot for his deposition. Lastly, Furius Camillus Scribonianus, Governor-generes of Dalmatia, persuaded his legions to revolt; but, on being ordered to march ossand rasy around their new Emperor, they found that some divine intervention pre- vented them from dressing the fagies with gariands and persumes, and that the standards resisted ali attempis to puli them out of theground. Because of a superstitious fear engendered by these portenis, the rebellion was smothered in less than sive days. I . Claudius held four more consulfhips: the first two in successive years, the others at fou yearly intervat s. The fourth lasted for sita monilis, the rema der only for two; and he took over the third stoma Consul who had just died - a thing which no other emperor has ever done, be re or since. During these terms of office and, indeed, at si times, Claudius was a most conscientious judge: sitiing in coiarteven on his own birthday and those of his family, somelimes actuallyon ancient popular holidays or days of si omen. Instead os always
observing the letter of the law, he let himself be gui ded by his senseos equity, and when he thought the punishmenta prescribed were
either too lenient or too severe, changed them accordirigly. Thus,
13. However, his bellaviour in Court varied inpredictab*: some- times he was wise and prudent, somelimes thoughil ess and has , somelimes downright olisti and apparently out of his senses. Oneman had presented himself for jur service without disclosing thathe was eXempi, as a fallier of three clii ldren: Claudius, revising tiae roster, eXpunged his name, remarking that he showed an unwhol
sonae liking for the jur box. A juror, challenged in Court on theground that he had a case of his own pending, replied: 'The objectionis irrelevant; Ι will not be called upon to plead besore Caesar.'Claudius intervened, instructing the juryman to bring his case up atonce, since the way he handi ed it would show how far he might betrusted while judging the other.
A woman once refused to admit that she was the mother of a yoiangman produced in Couri, and a conflict of evidence arose: but the truthcame out when Claudius ordered her to marry the man. He had a
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the following verdici, which he subsequently delivered: 'Ι decide in favour of the party which has told the truth.' Such erratic bellaviourbrought Claudius into open and widespread contempt - so much sothat when a lawyer kept apologizing for the non appearance of a
provinciat witness whom Claudius had subpoenaed, but would notexplain it, Claudius had to browbeat him bes ore at last eliciting the answer: 'He is dead: Ι trust the excuse is legitimate.' Mother lamerthanked Claudius for letting him defend a client, and added: 'Thoughthis is, of course, established practice.' Old peopte Ι know have toldme that litiganis imposed so rudely on his good nature that theywould not only cali him bach after he had closed the Couri, but would catch at the hem of his gown, and even at his foot, in their efforis todelain him. Though ait this may sound incredibie, Ι must alio recordthat one nasty litile Greek la er lost his temper mitti Claudius duringa hearing and bursi out: 'And as for you, you're a stupid old idioti'It is a matter os common knowledge that when a Roman knight was being falsely accused of natural offences against women - thecharge had been framed by private ene es who would stop at nothing - and saw that Claudius was admitting the evidence of common prostitutes, he hurled a stylus and set of wax tableis in ius face, shouting 'A curse on your stupid, cruet wayst' Claudius's cheek was
16. The office of Censor had been allowed to lapse since the daysos Plancus and Paulus, si My years preriously,λ but Claudius assumedit: and here he proved as inconsistent in his generat principies as in his particular decisions. He kept the name of a young criminal on a listos ights which he was reviewing, and set no blach mark against it;
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THE T ELVE CAESAR SLigurian coast, and again near the Iles d'Hyeres, but made pori saselyat Marseilles. Thence he marched norin throuilli Gaul untii reaestinet Boulogne: crossed the Cha et without incident: and was bach in Rome sis monilis later. He had fought no batiles and suffered nocasualites, but reduced a large part of the istand to submission. His triumph was a Ve splendid one, and among those whom he invitedio Miness it were his provincial governors, and severat eriles as weli. The emblems of his victo included the naves crown - ornamented with the beias of ships and representing the crossing and conquest, Soto speak, of the Ocean - which he set on the Palace gable beside a civic crown of oa leaves. His wise, Messalina, followed the decorated chariot in a covered carri age, and belland her marched the generat swho had won triumphat regalia in Britain. All wore purple-bordered
18. Claudius always interested himself in the proper vpkeep of Citybugdings and the regular arrius os com supplies. When an obstinate fre ravaged the Aemilian quarter, he lodged at the Election hut on the
Campus Martius for two nighis ruming: and, because a force of Guards and another of Palace servanis proved insufficient to cope withthe blage, made the magistrates summon the commons stom eVery
mob stopped Claudius in the Forum and pelted him so hard with curses and state crusis that he had difficulty in regaining the Palace by
Womin, ei oyed the privileges granted to mothers of four children. These regulations have never since been modified. ao. Claudius's public works, though not numeroUS, were impor-
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os the harbour at Ostia though he knew that Augustus had turneddown the Marsians' frequent requesis for emptying the Lahe, and that Julius Caesar, while osten on the poliat os excavatig the harbourat Ostia, had always abandoned the project as 1 practi cal. Claudius also completed a task bego by Caligula: he brought the cooland abundant springs called the Caerulean and the Curtian, or Albudignan, as weli as the New Anio, into Rome; the water ran alonga stone aqueduci, with losty arches, now kno m by his name, and wasthen distributed into a number of ornamental rese Oirs. He under-took the Fucine drainage scheme as much for profit as for glory: agroup of businessmen had offered to fhoulder the expense is heawarded them the recla ed land. The ouilet took eleven years todig, although 3o,o men were kept continuousty at work: it was three miles long, and his engineers had to levet part os a bili andi net through the remalader. At Ostia. Claudius threw out curved breakwaters on either si de of the harbour and bulli a deep-water
mole by iis entrance. For the base of this mole he used the ship in whicli Caligula had transported a great obellisk from Heliopolis: it was frsi sunk, then secured with piles, and finalty cro ed with a very tali lighthouse - like the Pharos at Alexandria - that guided shipsinto the harbour at night by the beams of a lamp.
21. Claudius osten distributed largesse to the people, and gaVenumerous magnificent public shows: not only the traditional ones hi the customary places, but others, including novellies and ancient revivals, where nobody had ever feen them staged besore. Pompey's Theatre was damaged by fire, and when Claudius held Games at iis rededication he first sacrificed in the Temple of Victorious Venus and in the stirines of Honour, Virtue and Felicity - ali ofwhichwere bulli above the auditorium - and then walhed down the aiste between packed and silent tiers, to inaugurate the Games frona a rat sed
seat in the orchestra. He also celebrated Saecular Games, on the eXcuse that Augustus
mentions how much troubie Augustus took to rechon the intervals separating their occurrences in the past, and to recommence the series, after the tradition had long been brohen, when the correct year cameround once more. Theres ore, when the Herald invited the people, in the ancient formula, to 'attend games which nobody present has ever
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were even bised to take part in them for the second time. Claudius osten gave Chariot races in the Vatican Circus constructed by Caligula; somelimes introducing wiltibeast shows be een every siVe evenis. The twelve barred offchariot comparimenta at the starting-post in the Great Circus had been bulli os volcanic rufa, and the goals marking the turning-points were of wood. Claudius substituted marbie forine tuti, provided goals of gilded metal, and also reserved seats for thesenators, who had hitherio sat among the common people. Besides the chariot races he staged the so-cassed Troy Game; a panther hunt by a squadron os Guards cavsry under their coloneis and the Commander in person: and a show in wluch Thessalian horsemen drove id bulis across the arena, tired them ovi, leaped on them, selaedhold of their horns and then threw them to the ground. Among the many gladiatorial Games presented by him in various places, was an annus one in the Guards Camp, without wild beasis orsancy equipment, to celebrate his accession: another of the usual tandri the Enclosure; and a third, also in the Enclosure, but not part of the regular programme. This last show ran for a few days oesy and he
exposing his test hand in plebeian fashion when he distributed priges, instead of heeping it decently covered by his go , and counting the
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he changed his mind. jumped froni his throne and, hobbling ridiculousty down to the liueside, threatened and coaxed the gladiators intobatile. Twelve Rhodian triremes then engaged twelve Sicilian ones: the signat for the fght being given by a mechanical silver Triton,
whicli emerged froni the Lahe bottom and blew a conch. 22. In matters of religious rituat, civit customs, military punctilio, and die sociat status os ali ranks at home and abroad, Claudius notonly revived obsolescent traditions but invented new ones. He neveradmitted a priest into a college without first lining a personal oaththat he thought him worthy of the honour: and required the praetorto cali an assembly whenever an earlhquake shock was registered at
Rome, and proclaim a public holiday. Is a bird of evit omen perchedon the Capitol, Claudius would go to the Rostra in his capacity asChies Ponti T, order artisans and flaves to withdraw, and then readout the customary formula os supplication whicli the commons repeated aster him. 23. Unig this relin there had been two terms in the Law Coures, the summer and the winter: Claudius prolonged the summer terminio the autumn, and abolished the winter one altogether. Mother of his changes was to institute permanent couris, both at Rome and
in the provinces, for judging fiduciary cases, instead os entrustingiliem to the annualty appotnted Roman magistrates. He cancelled Tiberius's supplement to iste Papian-Poppaean Law whicli implied that men Over si XV years of age could not beget cluidren: and authorized the Constas as weli as the proper authorities - the urbanpraetors and their provinciat counterparis - to choose Dardians fororphans; and ruled that no person who had been exiled from a province might enter Italy. A new forni of punishment whicli forbade a man to go more than three miles ouiside Rome was lihewise introduced by Claudius. Whenever any business of peculiar importance came up in the House, he would take his seat cither belween the two Consuls or else on the
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bench kept for tribunes of the people. Hitherio, when Romans wished to travel abroad, the Senate had considered their applications: Claudius reserved the right to deat with these himself24. He awarded consular regalia even to provincis administrators of the second class: and is any of them declined estis promotion usually because they were entilled to engage in business as taliis,
but not as senators - made commoners of them. At the begining os . his reign Claudius undertook to create no new senator inless he could prove that his incestors had been Roman Citigens for sive generations; presently, howGer, he e obled the son os a Deedman on the sole
condition that he should get himself adopted by a knight. Then, toforestali criticism, he gave out that Appius the Bliud, who had
Claudius relieved the quaestors of their obligation to ke the roadspaved, expecting them to stage gladiatorial shows instead: nexi, hewlindrem those on duW at Ostia and in Gaul and gave them bachtheir custodianship of the Public Treas y in the Temple of Saturn, .
When he marded triumphat regalia to Lucius Junius Silanus the prospective husband of his daughter Octavia) and to numerous eidermen at Rome, ali on the stightest os excuses, the legions in Germany sent him a round-robin begging that he would issue the fame honourto Gery proVincis goVernor-general on his appotniment - othemisehe would try to win it in the feld by provolang frontier incidenis. He granted Aulus Plautius a triumphas ovation, going OUt to meethim en he intered the City and courteousty giving him the wallon his way up to the Capitol and do again. Moreover, Gabinius
Secondus was permitted to adopi the sumame 'Cauchius' for his victo over the Cauchians, a German tribe. 23. Claudius made nem regulations for the military careers of knighis: after commanding an infant battalion, they mere promotedio a CGalry Squadron, and then rose to a fuli colonei cy. He also introduced a so called 'supernumera ' arro service for performance in
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master and caused him annoyance, bach he went to flavery - Claudius
told the lamers engaged in suci, cases that a patron should not beplaced in ille disgracessit position of having to sue the man he had himself manumitted. Finding that a number of sicli or worn-out flaves had been marooned by their o ers on the Isiand of Aesculapius in the Tiber, to avoid the troubie of giving them proper medicat attention, Claudius freed them ali and ruled that none who got weli againshould return to the controi of his former o er; furthermore, that any owner who made away with a sich flave, for the sanae mean reason, should be charged with murder. One of his edicis bai edtravel through any Italian town excepi on ot, in a sedan hair, or ina litter. He also stationed fre brigades at Puteoli and Ostia. It now became illegat for foret gners to adopi the names of Roman families, and any who usurped the rights of Roman citi ens were
executed on the siopes of the Esquiline His. Tiberius had converted the provinces of Greece and Macedonia into a private domain of hisown: Claudius deeded them back to the Senate. He deprived the Lycians os national independetice to punish their love of savage
vendettas: but resto red the Rhodians' independetice to express hispi casure at their recent morat improvenient. In granting the Trojans, as founders of the Roman race, perpetuat eXemption frona tribute, he
at Rome caused continuous disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus Rhe expelled them froni the City. When the German enuoys first visited the Theatre, they took their seais among the common people, but, noticing the Parthian and Armenian enuoys seated with the Senators in the orchestra, went to join them - were they not just asbrave and nobiy bornr Claudius admired their simple conf1denceand let them remata there. Augustus had been content to prohibit any Roman citi eten in Gaul frona taking part in the savage and terribie Druidic culi: Claudius abolislied it altogether. On the other hand, heattempted to transfer the Eleusinian Mysteries froni Athens to Rome;
and had the ruined Temple of Venus on Mount Eryx in Sicily
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restored at ille expense of Η1e Public Treasury. Whenever he co cluded a treaty with foretgn rulers, he sacrificed a sow in the Forum, using the ancient formula of the Felial priesta. Yet ali these acis, and others like them - indeed, one might say, everything that Claudius
26. Claudius was twice betrothed while stili a boy: to Augustus'sgrea grand-daughter Aemilia Lepida, and to Livia Medullina Camilla, a descendant of the famous dictator Camillus. However, when Aemilia Lepida's parenis offended Augustus her engagement
whose fallier had won a triumph, he divorced for scandalous misbe-baviour and the suspicion os murder; his nexi, Aelia Paetina, daughteros an e consul, he also divorced, for stighter offences. Then hemarried Valeria Messalina, daughter of his cousin Messala Barbatus. la turned out that she was not oesy guilty of other disgracessit crimes, but had gone so far as to commit bigamy with Gaius Silius, and evensign a formal marriage contract be re wimesses: so Claudius ex cuted her and told the Guards Division that, having been infortunate in his wives, he was resolved to live a celibate life in future they
Almost at once, however, he planned either to marry Lollia Paulina, Caligula's widow, or to r marry his divorced wise Aelia Paetina: but it was Agrippina, daughter of his brother Germanicus, who hooked him. She had a niece's privilege of hissing and caressing Claudius, and exercised it with a noticeable effect on his passions: when the Ηouse nexi mei, he persuaded a group of senators to proposethat a union be een him and her should be compulsortly arranged, in the public interest: and that other uncies should likewise be freeto marry their nieces, though tius had hitherio counted as incest. The wedding took place without delay, but no other uncte cared to fosso Claudius's example, excepi one freedman, and one leadrig-centurionwhose marriage he and Agrippina both attended.
27. He had children by three of his wives. Urgulanilla bore his Drusus and Claudia: Drusus dled just be re he came of age, chohed by a pear which he had playssilly thrown up and cauit in his open mouth: since he had been betrothed, only a few days previ ously, to