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to himself: so he dropped the titie of Governor-generat and assumed that of Caesar. He now wore an imperiat cloah, with a dagger hangingsrom his nech, and did not put on a gown again uniit he had accountedfrst for Nymphidius Sabinus, Commander of the City Guards, and then for Fonteius Capito and Clodius Macer, who commanded respectively in Germany and Africa, and were plotting further trouble. 12. Stories of Galba's crueity and greed preceded him: he was saidio have punished townships that had been flow to receive him byle'ing huge taxes and even dismantling their fortifications: to have executed not only locat officials and administrators, but their familiestoo: and, when the Tarragonians offered him a goiden crown stomthe ancient Temple of Juppiter, described as weighing 13 ib, to have mel ted this down and made them supply the three ounces needed totip the scales at the adverti sed weight. Galba more than confirmed this reputation on his entry into Rome. He sent bach to rowing duty fomesassors whom Nero had turnod into marines; and when they stub-bornly insisted on their right to the Imperiat Eagle and appropriatebadges, ordered his cavalry to charge them: then had them lined up against a mali, and every tentii man cut do . Galba also disbanded Nero's German guards, who had served severat previous emperorsand proved consistently loyal: repatriating them Without a bountyon the grounds that they had shown excessive devotion to Dolabella by camping close to his cstate. Other anecdotes to liis discredit,
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at the first theatrical show he attended. This was an Atellan farce, in whicli occurred the wel known song 'Here comes Onesimus, downfrom the fum ...' The whole audience took up the chorus withfemo , repeating that particular line oVer and oVer again. Ι4. His power and prestige were far greater While he was assuming
apro strings. These were the greedy Titus Vinius, his late superior in Spata; the intolerably arrogant and stupid Cornelius Laco, ane assessor and Commander of the Guards; and his own freedman Icelus who, haring recently acquired the surname of Marcianus and the right to wear a gold ring, now had his eye on the highest appori ment massabie to a man of his rank, namela Laco's. Galba let himselfbe so continuousty guided by these experis in vice that he was far tessconsistent in his bellariour - at one time meaner and more bitter, atanother more wastelal and indulgent - than an elected leader had any right to be in the circumstanc S. He sentenced men os ali ratas to death without trial on the scintiest evidence, and seldom granted applications for Roman citigenship.
Nor Would he concede the prerogatives which could, in law, beenjoyed by every father of three children, eXcept to an occasionalclaimant; and then for a limited period oesy. When the judges recommended the formation os a fixili judiciat division, Galba was notcontent simply to turn this down, but cancelled the privilege, whicli Claudius had allowed them, of being excused couri duties in thewinter monilis or during the April New Year celebrations. 13. It was generalty belleved that he intended to restrict ali ossicis
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ensure that his order was obeyed, and resing that is any actor or other performer had sold one of Nero's gi sis, spent dae money, and was able to refund it, the missing sum must be recovered from the
i thout payment - immunity from taxes, an innocent party sentencedhere, a culprit eXcused there. Moreover, when a popular demandarose for the punishment of Halotus and Tigellinus, undoubtedly the vilest os ait Nero's assistants, Galba not only protected their lives bulgave Halotus a lucrative post and published an imperis edici charging the people with undeserved hostilily towards Tigellinus.16. Thus he outraged ali classes at Rome: but the most Virulenti hatred of him sinouldered in the Army. Though a larger bonus than usual had been promised soldiers who had pledged their swords to Galba bes ore his arrival in the City, he would not honour this com
the Guards' particular resentinent by his dismissat os a number of them suspected of being in Nymphidius's pay. The loudest grumbling
and appo ted him perpetus heir to his name and property. Cassingliam 'my son', he led Piso into the Guards' camp, and there format lyand publicly adopted him - without, however, mentioning the word bounty', and thus giving Otho an excellent opportunity for his coupd'etat sve days later. 18. A succession os sigias had been portending Galba's end in accurate delail. During his march on Rome people were being siaugh-
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precious metal. It was noti est, too, that wbile he was sacrificing on
camp. Though urged to hurry there in person, because his rank and presince could carry the day, Galba stayed where he was, bent onrapying to his standard the legionaries scattered throughout the City. He did, indeed, put on a linen corsetet, but remarhed that it would afford smali protection against so many swords. Meanwhile, some of his supporters rasi ly assured tam that peace had been made and therebeis arrested - their troops were on the way to surrender and pled geloyal allegiance. Completely deceived, Galba went forward to meet them in the ulmost confidence. When a soldier claimed with pride toliave hilled Otho, he sn ped: 'On whose authori)ρ' and huresed onto the Forum. There a par of cavatrymen, clattering through the
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Galba was murdered beside the Cutian pool. and lest lying justas he seli. A private soldier returning Dom the grain issue set down his Ioad and decapitaled Galba's body. He could not carry the head by the hair - this will be explained shortly - but stussed it in his cloak: and presently brought it to Otho with his thumb thrust into the
A former freedman os Patrobius Neronianus bought the head foryoo gold pieces, but only to huri it to the ground exactly where Patrobius had been murdered at Galba's orders. In the end the Imperiat steward Argivus removed ii, with the trunk, to the tonabin Galba's private gardens wluch lay beside the Aurelian Way. 2I. The following is a physical account of Servius Sulpicius Galba: Height: medium.
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Body: badly ruptured on the right fide, requiring a truss for
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THE seat of Otho's ancient and distinguished family was the cityos Ferentium: they could trace their origins bach to in Etruscanroyal house. His grandiather, Marcus Salvius Otho, the son os a Roman knight and a peasant giri - she may not even have been free-born - owed his place in the Senate, where he never rose above praetor's rank, to the influence of his protectress Livia Augusta. Hemade a bripiant marriage: but his son, Lucius Otho, Was generallysupposed to be a basiard of his patron Tiberius, whom he closelyresembled. This Lucius Ather of the Eniperor) had the reputation ofbeing a strici disciplinarian, whether during liis magistracies at Romeor his proconsulfhip in Africa, or when on speciat military missions. In Illyricum he went so far as to preside over the execution of those soldiers who, repenting of having been led by their officers to jori Camillus's rebellion, killed them: though he knew weli enough that the Emperor Claudius himself had rewarded these fame men with promotion for the act. Lucius Otho's rough justice may have pre-
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served his reputation, yet it certainly put him out os favour at Courtuntii, by eXtorting information from a group os flaves, he contrivedio uncover a plot against the Emperor's lisse. Thereupon me Senatepaid Lucius the unique honour of setting up his statue in the Palace; and Claudius, in ressing him to patrician rank, is sald to have panegyriped his as 'one whose loyalty Ι can hardly dare liope that mychildren will emulate.' Alba Terentia, lais nobi born wisse, bore him
two sons: the elder named Lucius Titanius, and the younger Marcus
Otho, like lais grandi ather: also a daughter, who was betrothed in hergiri hood to Germanicus's son DruSUS. a. Otho, the Empero to-be, was born on 25 April 32 A.D. while Camillus Arruntius and Domitius Ahenobarbus were Consul s.
His early wildness earned him many a beating from lsis Ather: he issaid to have been in the habit of wandering about the City at nightand tossing in a blanket any drunk or disabled person who crossed his path. Aster his sether's death he advinced his fortunes by a pretended passion for an influentiat freedwoman at Couri, though she was almost on her last legs: with her he he insinuated himself into the position os Nero's leading favourite. This may have happenednaturalty enough, since Nero and Otho were birds of a feather, yet ithas quite osten been suggested that their relationship was decidedlymnaturai. Be that as it may, Otho grew so powerses that he did notthinh twice besere bringing one of his own proteges, a Consul found guilty of extortion, bach lato the Senate House, and there thaniungthe Senators in anticipation for the pardon that they were to granthina, haring accepted an immense bribe.3. As Nero's confidant he had a finger in ali his schemes, and onthe day chosen by the Eniperor for murdering his own mollier, thre everyone off the scent by inviting them both to an exceptionalty elegant luncheon par . Otho was asked to become the protector of Poppaea Sabina - who had been taken by Nero from her husband to
ing and pleading sor his righis in the lady. Fear of scandal alone hept
Nero from doing more than annui the marriage and banish Otho to
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4. Otho, who held the rank of quaestor, govemed Lusitania for tenyears with considerable restralat, and selaed the earliest opportuni os revenging himself on Nero by joining Galba as soon as he heard of the revolt; but the political atmosphere was so uncertain that he did
recruited a certain number of assistants, but not many, since Othoco ted On mass suppori as soon as he had rat sed the standard of
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6. His first plan was to occupy the Guards' Camp immediatelyaster Piso's adoption, and to capture Galba during Inner at theΡsace. But he abandoned this because the fame battalion happenedio be on guard duty as when Gaius Caligula had been assassinated, and again when Nero had been lest to his fate: he feli reluctant to deal
the moriang of the stath, Otho posted his fello conspirators in the Forum at the gilt milesione near the Temple of Saturn while heentered the Palace to greet Galba swho embraced him in the usus wayὶ and attended his sacrifice. The prsests had finished their report
half a millicin gold pieces for the completion of the Golden House. Otho is sald to have been haunted that night by Galba's ghost in a