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undulation traveis Dom the heari to the extremo endes of the arteries, does not supersede the fact of the existetice of succes- Sion. Nor must Wo discard the idea Os succession in the purerblood, becauso the undulation there is stili more imperceptible; nor again in the spirituous fluid, because there, in iis coi Sethrough the fibriis, that fluid Gutruns, is possibie, the speed
of the Wili; communicating iis impression simultaneouSty tOthe last stations and the first, as is manifest Dom the voluntary motions Of the muscies. How rapid is the speed of this undulation in modulated atri hoW much more rapid in modissedether, and hoW almost instantaneous in the auras of the Superior degree, is abundantly proved by the phenomena of the mundane Sy Stem. In the superior auras, myriads of myriads of moments give birili to scarcely one moment in those ultimate formS Os nature Whicli are presenten to the bodily eye. Το denyto nature the possession of her distinet times and momenis, bucause by reason of the duliness of Our Senses We cannot perceive them, is in faet to remove nature out Of her Sphere
of Operation, to bound her occuli processes by the limits of Sight, and to deprive the rational miud of ali opportunity of exercising itself on the subjeci; for the only thing Whicli insuch a casu it is in the poWer of the mind to do, is to observe
tained, it is Worth While to enquire What this undulation is, OfWhat Lind it is, and whenco is iis origin. There is nothing in
ali nature Whicli is not formed in motion, hence according tomotion, and sor motion; for the vertest state of nature is an active state, and theres Ore nature is definest to be an activolarce. Accorditig to this foree are formed the substances of th mundane system, Whicli are distributed into three species of
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But let us proceod to the investigation of the severat particulars of this description. 170. Undulation is the modo of propagating locat motion Once begun, DOm One distance to another, and honee even to theremotest,' c. This We may see exemplised in Water und other liquids, Which When disturbed by any percussion, When tOuchedor moved by any living sorce, immediately se in the disturbingpoint as DOm a centre evolve Sinuations and sprending circles; Whence this species of motion has justly obtained the time ofundulation. We may see it exemplisied in air; for When a stringis made to vibrate, such as that os a harp; When a membraue is Struch, Such as the parchment of a drum; When a Volume is propellen, as When uir is bioWn through a horn, a pipe, or the trachea; immodialely Wo find that froin the sirst disturbing potnt, as Domiis centro or axis, the uir is rolled forWarn to a di Stance,-n motion whicli is properly called modulation. We may See it exemplis ud in the ether; Which, as soon as the subtile Sulphurous halitus are excited by the fame und sire of a hemili or os a caudio, immediately daris Dom the corpuscules Whicli are ade- quate and proper to that atmosphere, into the space occupied by iis OUn universe, exhibiting the motion Whicli is properly callud modiscation; Whence this species of undulatory motionis also called modificatory motion. The Origins Of ali these motions are living; they are motiotis in their actuality, impetuSes, and impulses: so is also that gonerat modification, Which by the
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organ of sight is recogniged as illumination, and Whicli proba-bly arises Dom the animatory motion or animation of the solarocean, or of SOme star, continuatly exciting itself into an undu- lating motion, and whicli effuses itself beyond the bounds of iis OWn proper universe. In the aura Whicli is purer than Our ether, the nature of undulating motion is exemplisied stili more perfectly, and is there called the analogue Os a mode, Or a Variationos limits. In the supreme aura, the undulatory motion is performed in a manner stili more indesinite, Where there prevatis not a mode sueti as in the last case, but a mode in the eminent Sense of the terin, or a natural principio Os modificatory acti-Vity, Whicli, for Want of a better Word, has by some been callenmutation.
With regard to the quality of undulation, We Observe, thatit is of the samo kiud in tho microcosm or littie animal Worid, ns it is in the macrocosin or the wOrid ut largo; so that it appears as is one Was Ordained in relation to the other, and that Ono existest for the sine of the other, With this differetice, that the fluids of the animal World are properly speahing living and
animate. In these living and animate fluids there are species Os motion similar in nature and in number to those Whicli exist in the macrocosm. Os these species of motion in the microcosm, the undulatory, beguti by a locat motion similar to that in themacrocOSm, is propagated DOm one distance to a nother Without a translation of the fame Wave Or volume Sent sortii. Thus theblood, Wheu put into iis sirst motion by the wave injected into the artery Dom the heari, continues to creep DrWard and rolithrough the arteries, Whicli is the occasion Os their throbbingand pulsation. The mode of motion is here as in Other liquids,undulation; the potnt Whicli elevates itself is the pulse, and the continuity of the motion is the circulation. It is by a corresponding Species of motion that the spirituous fluid is carriod through nil tho fibrils by means of the animation of the cerebrum and cerebellum. Willi rogard to the middie Or purerblood, in Order that this also may circulate through iis Vesseis, the lungs are called into aid by the brains, and thus by means of their respiration, Whicli is constant and synchronous With theundulations of the purer blood, they procure for it a similarinode of action. On this subjeci I shali spein at large in ano-Κ 2
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ther part of my Work. From these various considerations itfoll0Ws, that in the animal body there are three generat Duntains of undulatory motion, namely, the bratiis, the Iungs, and tho heart. In addition to these generat causes of undulation and modification, there are also others Whicli are particular, Whicli referto their common motion as to their sentire motion, in the Same manner as colors have reseretice to illumination, Whicli there- fore is Seen and is considerest to contain Within iiself nil the varioHS colorations as sO many particular modifications n. 85-89).Τhe case is the samo With the violin, Which does not give out any di Stinet tone, utiless it be in a state os generat tremor, Whicli is acquired by the co-tremulous body tO Whicli the strings are Ἀ- fixed ; just as also in tho organ of hearing, nil the neighboringsaris of the Os petrosum, the cranium, Ac., are put into a State of contremiscetice With the eur, Whicli is as it Were sculptured Out in them. Unless theres ore there vere in the hestri theorigin os some common undulation Os the blood, the particularundulations, Or those of the severat arterial branches, could notsubsist. Henco is at any given poliat Of in artery a litile Wme Were sent into it ei ther by inflation or by means os a siphon, it Would ruit OnWard immediately to the very euds of the tWigsor Oilaeis, in the fame manner as it does froin the heari into all
What is generat, the lare, is first required, in Order that Whatis particular may live; and conversely, What is particular audsimilis to the generat is required, in Order that the generat may livo, and With a distinci liso. From the foregoing considerations it is clear, that undulation is os a multisold Origin, nature, composition, and lience of a multisold ordor and appellation. It is of a multifold origin, heing according to the various substances Whicli are so modified. It is of a multisold nafure, being uocording to the perfections of these substances. It is os a multifolii composition, being ac-COrding RS the Substances are pure and simple. It is os a multi id order, being necording as the SubStaneeS Rre more universat anu superior. It is of a multifold appellation, belligcalled, for instance, in Water undulation, in stir modulation, in
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other modification; aster this it is called, nos a modo, but thea Mogue Os a mode, a mode in the eminent Sense of the teriti,
a first principie, a mutation. In the blood it is a systole and diastole, Or in generat a circulation; in the purer blood, itis, permit me to Say, a respiration; in the spirituous suid it is
an animation. The intermediate modifications are according to the Organs Whicli modisy, Or Whicli are themselves modised, such us those of the touch, faste, Smeli, hearing, Sight; and the superior modifications are according to the internat organigation, such as those of imagination, and so fortii. In like mantior in continuous Or solid substances there are their proper modifications, Such as Oscillation, vibration, tremulation; insensibie contremisceneo, modification, Ac. But the Origin and progressionos ali these have reserenue to the fame laW, namely, that motiononce begun is propagated or sorWarded Dom one distance toanother, even to the remotest, Without the translation Os the volume of the paris oti Whicli the first locat motion Was impressest. NoW I say, that in continuous Or Solid Substances, in Ru Ord, in masses, the manner of the propagation Os motionis similar to that Whicli prevatis in contiguoUS SubStan es,
and whicli are intermediate between solides and fluids, sueti as
dullae, or those Whicli are included Within the science os sar-cOlogy. For son and solid substances regard the fluids as thocauses of their existence and subsistence, Wherelare in these re- specis they emulate the nature of suids; for nil things arusormed and completed in motion, according to motion, and Wittia VieW to motion, as Was Stated ut the commen cement of this article u on undulation. Upon this account it is that oscillation, vibration, tremulation, Or undulation, does ΠOt cense to be modulation and modification analogically, Or in a preeminent SenSe. For the exaltation os forces and poWers does not deprive themof their mode, or prevent their being in themselves similar toWhat they Were belare, but elevates their nature, and causes
them to ascend out of the perceptibility of one sense, into the region of iis imperceptibility, or to the perceptibility of another
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the substances of the mundane system and another in similarcorrelative substances Os the animal Lingdom, mine any alter ation in iis essetice. Let iis noW hOWever pass On to the nexi part of Our description.
171. The progression os this hiud os motion is persectly uΠ- Obstructed as We sue in fluids, in Whicli it advances by sinuous creesing motions, by circles, Orbs, perpetuat spiral8, by formS os nature moSi perseet, Simple, and peculiar to themsolves. In Solids the motion progresses in a similar Liud os manner; butSince, in consequence of the obstacte presented by that continuity of substance into Whicli the particles are disposed und in Whicli they cohere, it cannot progress in a manner actualty the
fame, the motion is essected by means of continuouS contact, throuo the medium os certain interfluent aqueous elements Orauras. That the progression of this kind of motion is perfectly unobstrueled, appears Dom the effect producest; as for instance DOm iis presence in One extremi ty of a substance While it is yet in the Other extremity, Dom iis poWer of transferring itself thither, and indoed Dom iis continuous progression DOm One circle to another, Or through the heliacat curve to Whicli nature has committest the highest execution of her forces. But let usspeati by Way os example apparent to the Senses; as lar inStanee, this motion progresses si Om a single violin to the ear of a per-SOn WhO may yet be ut a considerable distance; Dom the stight- est sparti, through a distance of many thousand paces, to the pupil of the eye; Dom a solitary Star, Or Dom the Sun, throughthe regions of the surrounding universe; DOm a grain Of dust
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We to attempt to force the Waving into a rectilinear motion, noteVen the strength of elephanis Would suffice. Is this bo thocase With substances of an inferior degree in nature, Why mayit not be so with those continuous and contiguous substances Ofthe superior degree, in Whicli the fame mode reigus to an incredibie extent more perfeci ly, presently, and potentiaily rWhy may it not be so, more particularly When We consider that the progression of the motion is perfectly unobstructed, and that the direction os iis courso or spirat figure is most highlyadapted to naturo 7 The third clauso os our description Os un-dulato motion is,
171 . That this motion torminates in a certain SpecieS Osconatus.' It passes lar instance Dom a locat motion by means os an utidulation Or modification into a conatus, Whicli is boththo und anu internal beginning of every motion; for motion is defined to bu a perpetuat conatus, on the extinction of Whichmotion itself is extinguished. It is resistance Whicli stops the progression Os locat motion, and converis it into conatus, be- cause this motion persisis utitit it is resisted, since the vertest state of nature is a state Os motion. Motion is in iis oWnossenoe, When iis force is in iis actuali ty active; iis progressionis into What is indesinito, utiless there be resistances by Whicli itis restrained, and DOm Whicli ultimately a state of equilibriumor rest arises. Τhis is evident even to the Senses, because ac- cording to the last clause of Our description, CODatus produces upon yielding or ΠΟΠ-resisting bodies thosame effect as is the very srst motion iiself vere present.V As forinstance When a boW is boni Whicli is in the continuat conatus Os unbending, no sooner is the resistance removed than it recolis in proportion to the degree in Whicli it acts Deely. In
ear, and modi sied ether reaches the eye, they produce uponthese organs an effect similar to that Which Would havo boon produced had the sirst motion been present; for in their yield-ing fibriis, litile membranes and retinas, motion commences as it Were aseesh, and is dispersed through the soster stamina aud
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In the meantime We observe, Ist. That no Other doctrine comprehends sueti a multitude os scientific laWs, as this of undulato motion; for to this doctrine belong the laWs Of incidence, reflection, refraction, OpticS, music, physies, physiology, &e., With othors that might be mentioned. We Observe, 2nd. Thatundulation or modification is excited by hard and firm corpusculeS, put into a certain motion, und is thetice transferred intosomo fluid : it is excited, for example, by StringS, SODOTOUS membranes, and Other bodies Whicli are more particularly tremulous, and is thonce transferred into the air; it is excited by most subtile exhalations, und is thetice transferrest into theether; it is excited by any corpuscule thrown into the water, and is transferred into the rest Of that element in a manner not inlike the one We have referred to in Our rematas iapon heat
is thetice transferred into cohering substances, in the Same manner as it is by the tone of One string, through certain mediato Other concordant strings, and Dom the ears into the organs os hestring and si glit. 3rd. We Observe that undulation increnses
according to the degree of elasticity in the paris os a body, in the volume of the paris, and in the mass ; that in heavy bodiusit decrenses according to their degree of vis inertiae. 4th. Wo observe that in One volume it is produced DOm a thousandoentres simultaneousty and SucceSSively; that When thus produced, it subsisis, is repreSented, is prolonged, as is evident om modulation in the steriai atmosphere, Dom modification in the etherent atmosphere, fas exemplis ed in the organs os stratand hestring,) and also DOm undulation in Water. Henco it is possibie sor there tO be a mauisold, Simultaneous, and succesSiVeseries of undulation8, oue in another; and consequently forone and the fame part to be Simultaneousty in any circumferetice, in any radiuS, in any pOint of a circumferetice and radius, and likevise in as many centres. 5th. We observe that this undulation can exist in iis integrity in any Volume, hoWevermoved or translated DOm One place to another the volume maybe. 6th. Τhat infinite particular modificationS, RS SO many
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Uniis, ratios, Or harmontes, Cari eXiSi in, and Can enter into, One common and universat modification ; there can be for instance, indefinito series of one degrest above those of another. 7th.
Τhat tho relation os undulation to a body Whicli is in a state os translatory motion, is just the fame as is the body Were ut rest. In one WOrd, there is nothing in ali nature more Wondersul thaniandulation; nothing Whicli includes a greater multiplici ty oflaWs; nothing Whicli is more WOrthy Our ConSideration, Or Os more importance in physical and physiological studies. It is infaci the one great subject Whicli demands Our attention- in the Science of the animal economy; so that to expound this science Without any knowledge of this mode of motion, is like attempt-ing to eXplain geometry Without lines and figures, or the nrt os
navigation Without the use of the runder nud the compass. For nature, Whicli is an active force, has transcribod iis life into the three above mentioned species of motion, and particularly into that os undulatory or modificatory motion. The Wholeanimal organism, D V, nil the Substances of the mundane System, it has ordainon and formed in accordatice With this motion.
Τhis is the reason therofore for Whicli I have so long dotainod the reader in explaining iis laWs, and although, on the present occasion, I have been able to state only a very law of the principies of this doctrine, yet When I come to spein Of the externaland internat organs, he Will meet With an entire Pari oti this subjeci. 172. Let iis nos revert to the subject of tho blood, in Which
tho heart. 2nd. That it is propagated through the continuous arteries even to the smallest tWigs, and this, Willi facility.3rd. That it terminates in a conatus. 4th. That hom this statu of conatus it gives out an effect similar to that which would have been produced had the sirst motion itself been present, and by progressing through the litile arteries rotis iis stroamlet through the various ramifications into the vetus, Where it meetswith iis ouilet. Τhis undulation through the arteries Would stili continue even Were no ouilet for the blood supplied by tho
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regurgitates as had been insinuaten in to the vesset,-a factexemplis ed in the rebound of a Wave in Wator. 5th. Thatthere is a similar propagation of undulation DOm any onepotiit os an nrtery taken ad libitum, so that at Whatever poliat liquid bo injected, it glides through the various ramifications even to their extremities, in like manner as is it had been injectod Dom the heart. 6th. That the undulation censes atthe extremities Where the artery censes and the Vein begius, because the itinermost tunic Of the artery bocomes the Outermostos the vein, and the undulation proceeding along a canal WhOSediameter is gradualty increasing, becomes extinguished, and does not pass in to the enclosed volume, in asinuch as the vein is not surrounded With a tunio like that of the artern determining and collecting the forcos and redueing them to One common Or
sormed as it is solet y in relation to tho undulation os iis suid, in like manner as the ear is formed to the modulation os theatri and the eye to the modification Of the ether. The tunics of the artery are thus formed in relation to the blood it contains, and the blood in relation to the tunius Whicli contain it, so that the two aut as One cause of determination sit. 134). In tho Same manner HSO the medullary fibro of the brain and thonorvous fibro of the bosty have euch a similar relation to tho fluid they contain. 8th. Heuce it is according to the determinations of the severat vesseis and fibres, Whicli are only particular directions Os oue common utidulation Or modification, thatali tho vitia effecis talio place in suci, Wonderfui correspondence
With the chemicat, physical and physiological operations of the animal hingdom. 9th. Thias also it is that ad the opinions
Which havo hitherio been entertained on the causes of the circulation of the blood, concur in One 11. 10 , aS sor instance, the opinion os Galen, Whicli is the oldest, that the cause of the circulation is a pulsi sic force; the opinion of Vieussens that itis an impulse of the blood endued With an expansive force; theopinion Os others that it is the muscular tunic; othors that it is
the heari; the opinion of Willis, that it is a spirit, though it may be doubisul Whethor by this he means tho spirit that is in