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The mota consists of descriptions and figures of the more interestingplanis selected hom an Herbarium os 2196 species, collected by Dr. Horsfielit in Java botween the years 1802 and 1818. This indefatigabie naturalist, whose labours we say this mitti a distinct recollection of his importunt publications on the goology of Java) can onlybe fully appreciated by those Who have seen his vast collections in theΜuseum of the East India Company, and vho is endeared to us by his intimate association with the late lamented Sir Stamford Rassios, and
by his exten3ive acquirementa in ali deparimenta os natural history, is one of the laithmi servants of a company, Whicli, throum thespirit communicaten to iis officers, has certainly been more honoured by men os eminence in iis emploment, than me belleve has everfallen to the tot of any other government in ancient or modern timeS. We doubi is an eques number os adventurous and latinsul contributors to the stock of human knowledge in ali iis deparimenis, to those Whicli sor a long succession os years have reflected imperisti te ho- nour on the East India Company, can be found in the records of any
other service. When among many others me allude to the names
of Jones, Wilkins, Marsden, Colebrooke, Rufiles, Elphinstone, ΜΗ- coim, Roxburgh, Hamilton, HardWiche, Wallicli, Horsfield, Royle, men Who, in the discliarge of important public duties, sound time todevote themsolves successfully to literature and science, and Whose Iabours have been fully appreciated by the learned in ali countries, we cannot but attribute the spirit whicli animaled them to the liberalityand encouragement of the Board of Directors of the East India Company. Dr. Horssieldla wota, hom the beauty of iis illustrations andine copiousness of iis texi, will rank with the splendid publicationgos Humboldi, Martius, Blume, Wallich, Royle, and we Only regret that it is to bo limited to the particular description of fifty species. The first pari contains twenty-five plates, and one hundred and four
In the first articie, the subject of Whicli is the Polypodium Dipteris) Horoelial, R. Br. , Μr. Brown reduces Professor Reinwardi's genus Dipteris to the rank of a subgenus os Polypodium, comprising the species here figured, and Polypodium Dipteris) Mulliohil. Herematas on the necessity of subdivision in this very extensive genus,
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now consisting of abolit threo hundred species, and observes, that for such subdivision, not in Polypodium only, but in other extensive
of the frond, combined With the relation of the fori to their trunksor branches. V This principie os subdivision in Fertis, first employed by Μr. Brown himself in the characters of various genera in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae, ' has since been adopten mitti considerable advantage by severat Writers on the subjeci. The sub genus in question agrees With Drynaria of M. Bory in the positionos iis sori at the potnt of confluence of severat veins, but differs homit and hom ali other groups of Polypodium in the dichotomous ramification of iis primary Veins, Whicli is necessari ly connected with the peculiar division of the frond, and forms, theresore, a character of atteast eques importance With those on Which severat groups, of Sup posed generic value, have been Dunded. Setting aside this peculiarramification, there remaina no sussicient character to distinguisti Dipteris hom Drynaria; and Drynaria itfeld can only be separated homa more extensive section comprehending Polypodium plymutodes, &c., by the presence of sterile fronds. From this section Μr. Brown passes to the consideration os an extensive group, also having anastomosing veitis, but in Whicli the fori are Aeated on the apices of one, or occasionalty of two or three ultimate ramuli, included in an area, formed by the anastomosing secondary veins. this section hegives the subgeneric name os Phlebodium: and nexi in assinity to ithe places a grous, most of Whose species have simple fronds, and allos whicli are natives of America, to Which he assigns the name of rtophlebium, iis primary parallel veins being connected by tranA- verse arched branches, hom the convex upper side of Whicli generallythree and ne ver more than three) upright parallel simple veinsarise, terminating Within the area included between the proximate transverse arched branches; of these gimple tertiary ramuli the two laterat are Soriferous, generalty below the apex, the middie branchbeing HWays Sterile.' An analogous arrangement, but mith some modifications, exisis in the real species of Cyclophorus, none of Which
tensive and Strictly natural group or subgenus, the Lastrea of Μ. BOG, the closest assinity of which he states to be not to any groupos Polypodium, but to that Section of Gymnogramma, the division Oswhose fronds, and the disposition of veins, ure exactly similar, and
in Whicli the fori form very shori lines of like origin. The distinc -
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tion bet Neen the two being thus reduced to a disseretice, generalty very Slicti, in the form of the fori, Μr. Brown is of opinion With Dr. Blume that illese two tribes cannot be genericalty separated, and suggesis that the section os Gymnogramma referred to Ahould be removed hom that genus, and is stili distinguished as a genus or Sub genUS, might receive the name of Pleurogramma .V With this sectionMeniscium is also manifestly related, as meli as that section of μ- phrodium whicli M. Gaudichaud has separated under the generiuname of Polystichum; an approximation Whicli appe A to be confirmed by more than one sern, entirely agreeing in habit, in undivided veins and laterat fructification mith this group of Nephrodium, but having a stiori linear sorus With an indusium of correspondingsorm, inserted by iis longitudinat axis in the middie of the sorus.VTo this group Μr. Brown gives the name of Mesochloena, and observes that though in generat appearance it is abundantly different hom Didymochlaena, it can only be distinguished hom that genus, according to my viem of the structure of iis indusium, by iis simpleueins and laterat Sori.' Some observations fossoW on the most extensive but least natural sectionV of the genus, in Which none of the vetus anastomoSe, and of Whicli Polypodium vulgare is one of the besteXamples; and Μr. Brown concludes this branch of the subject byobserving: That subgeneric or sectionat characters may in Severat instances bo obtained or assisted hom the seeds of this Natural Orderis not improbabie, and in one case, namely Ceratopteris or Peleo. zomu), including Pursteria in the genus, even the generic character appears clitest y to reside in the seeds, whicli in their unusual sigeand peculiar maining or Striation, entirely agree in ali the species of the genus, While in the original species the annulus is nearly complete ; and in Parheria, differing hom the rest of the genus in noother potnt Whatever, the ring is reduced to a lam faint striae.
In another observation on the same Drn, bearing more particularly on Structure, Μr. Brown notices tWo remata te potntS connected with the organigation of the subgenus to Whicli it belongs. First, P the existence of the complete circle of vasa scalariformia separating the ligneous or fibrous veSSeis of the caudex into an outerand inner portion, V Whicli is also found in the caudex of PIa zoma,
but not of GDichenia, and in Some probably in all) of the species of Anemia. Secondiy, the productiori in Polypodium Dipteris) I Llichii, os a gum-like pulpy substance, in Whicli the c SuleS are im-bedded, even When fully formed, and the rematris of Which may bosound after the spora are discli arged. In the dried specimens this pulpy substance had no appe ance of organization, but in the living
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plant Μr. Brom suspecta it to be minutely cellular, in Whicli state he has observed it to occur in the nascent sori os severat species of Polypodium, the peculiarity in the present instance consisting merelyin iis prolonged duration. The seconi article relates to another species of Polypodium P. papillosum, Bl.), Whicli is described by Μr. Benneti as forming partof the fame section With P. vulgare, and is chieny remata te as theonly described species With immersed sori, belonging to that subdivision, and for the extent to Whicli the immersion is carried, the fori being completely buried Within the fac, Whicli forma a mammillaryprotuberance of considerable height on the upper sursace of the frond. Μr. Benneti maes Some observations on the differetices in venationwhicli occur in this great Section ; and particularly notices two un- described species belonging to ii as interesting on account of remata te peculiarities connected With their fori.
The third article has for iis subject a grass, formerly referred to byΜr. Brown, in his Chloris Μelvillianar appended to the narrativo of Captain Par la First Expedition, under the name of Ataria, and since introduced by M. Nuntii, hom the charactera there oven, into his Enumeratio. with the specific name of mroeldii. It is described by Μr. Brown as in habit and structure exactly intermediate between Anthozanthum and Hierochlae, in conjunction withwhicli it forms a very natural and well-characteriged section, whichbelonga rather to the tribe Avenaceae stan to Phalari ne V In alidi them, V he observes, Utho upper valve of the hermaphrodite flosculus has a single nerve occupying iis axis, and One of the two stamina is placed opposite to this nerve. The co-existence of these two characters, both of Whicli are remarhable deviations hom the usual arrangement in Gramineae, Seems to invalidate the hypothesIs respecting the composition of the itiner valve of the flower of this family. It might, hoWever, be aSSumed that the median nerve in these genera is formed of tWo confluent cordS, a viem to a certain extent supported by the SomeWhat analogous structure in the corollaos Compositae. It might also be assumed that the stamen belongs tothe inner or complementary Series, Whicli is rarely developed in triandrous grasses. In connexion With this subject Μr. Brown also notices two remata te genera found in Abyssinia, the one by Dr. Riippell, and the other by Professor Ehrenberg; and particularly describes the very singular modification of structure which is found in the former. With referetice to the disserenoe in the number of stamina belweenthe male and hermaphrodite flowers of Ataria and Hierochloe, Μr.
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Benneti procoeda to examine in delati the various modifications whicli tine place in grasses in the number of these organs, and the relation whicli these modifications severatly bear to the composition of the perianthium as indicated by iis nerves. Adopting the well-known hypothesis of Μr. Brown, before referred to, he endeavoursio Ahow that the structure of those grasses, in Whicli deviations occur hom the ordinary number of stamina mill be found persectlyto accord with this viem of the subjeci, and to afford perhaps some additiones arguments in iis savour. With this object he passes these deviations in revie , noling especialty inose cases in Whicli aposterior stamen is coincident With a middie nerve in the inner valve of the perianthium; and the rare exceptions in Whicli et ther of thesestructures is laund unaccompanted by the other, for Whicli exceptions
genera of grasses, Solarachne and Polytocu) selected to illustrate theciose assinity subsisting between Cois and Tripsacum, in the very gradual transition be een whicli they form mo of the intermediatostages. This transition is further assisted by another neW genus, Chionachne, founded on the Coiae arundinacea of Willdenom, the distinguishing characters of Whicli are potnted oui. of these severat genera Μr. Bennelt enters into a delailed comparison, Whicli clearly exhibiis the intimate connexion belween them, as Weli as the near relationos Tripsacum to Rotiboeilia. They ali belong to Μr. Brown's great division os Paniceae, together With Zeu mys, whicli is also a nearly related grass, being manifestly allied to Polytoca, and one Whose Paniceous character is so obvious that it is su rising that it should not long ago have assumed ita proper station in that tribe. Suchmistines in natural assinities as hau taken place With reference tociis, Tripsacum, and Zea, Μr. Benneti ininlis, can onlybe attributed P to the want of due attention to the very stri hing and important character by Whicli the Paniceae are connected together, V and whichin the surther subdivision of the order has been in a great degree neglected and overtooked. The fixin article illustrates a genus of Grasses, Leptavis, Munded by Μr. Brown in the ' Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae' on the species here figured, whicli is the Pharus urceolatus of Roxburra, and on a New Holland species discovered by Sir Joseph Banks. Μr. Bennelt shows that the character of thiS genus has been much mis understood by later Writers, Who had hadno opportunity of examining either of the species ; and potuis out the differences in structure be-
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tween ii and Pharus, and the modifications that occur in the two species of Leptaspis itself. Next follow two remactabie Orchideous planis characteriged by Mr. Brown, of Whicli the sirst, Hezumeria disticha, belonging to thotribe of Malaxi in is especialty remari able for the number und modeos attachment of iis pollen masses, whicli are described as in singulo loculo tres l), quarum duae inferiores collaterales, tertia superior, Omnes apice acuto assiXae corpuSculo septiformi loculum longitudinaliter bipartienti et cum eodem deciduae. The other, Phaloenopsis, Bl., idendrum amabile, L.) belonga to the tribe of Vandeae, and is singularly interesting on account of the fige and beauty of iis White odoriferous floWers, the curious structure of iis labellum, and the mode of attachment of iis pollen masses to the stigmatic gland.
To the account here given by Μr. Bennelt, me may add that it is the Visco-Aloes 14ta, V of Kamel in Ray's Historia Plantarum App. p. 34, pl. 20, and of Petiver'S Gazophylacium t. 103, f. 10 : and that it has also been recently found by Μr. Cuming in the Igland of Lu On. In the ninth article Μr. Benneti describes a species of Freycinetia, a genus distinguished hom Pandanus by Μr. BroWn, and character-ized by him in the Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandifer but onlyrecently named by Μ. Gaudi chaud in the botanical part of M. Freycinet's Voyage autour du Μonde This genus deviates Widely
in many respecis hom the true Pandanus, With which Μr. Benneti compares or rather Contrasis it in Various essentiai potnis, in many of Whicli it approximates the anomalous genera Cyclanthus and Carludovica. With respect to the position of the embryo, he correctSan error of M. Gaudichaud, who had both described and figured itas placed at the apex of the albumen instead os ut iis base. He divides the known species of Freycinetia, Seven in number, into tWosectionS, correSponding With those of Pandanus, in the one of whichthe pericarpia are Simple and equalty coherent, While in the other they are collected into partial phalanges, varying in character in the different specieS. In an article on Podocarpus cupressina, a species first indicated by Μr. Brown in M. Mirbers paper on the Geography of Coniferae, Alr. Benneti adveris to the peculiar character of the genus as givenby Μr. Brown in his Generat Rematas on the Botany os Terra Australis I and notices the attempt of Μ. Achille Richard to invali- date the comparison there instituted belWeen Podocarpus and Dacrydium. He expresses his surpriae that bota istS Ahould have concurred
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in separating these genera hom the true pines, and associating them With the yeW. That their true position, he says, is in the Abie tine section of the samily was potnted out to me by Μr: Brown When placing in my hands the specimens now described. Not only dotheir inverted ovula bear the fame relation to the Supporting Scaleas in the genera of that group, but me even find in Araucaria an
RHMOgOUS Structure as regards the confluence os the scale mitti theemelope of the solitary ovulum. Thus Podocarpus might be regardedaS an Araucaria reducen to a single fertile scale, or at most to three such scules, mere it not that in the lalter there exisis, as sar as me areyet inare, but a Single enuelope of the seed, While in the former iis coats are double. Ir. Benneti refers to the structure of the male organS, and especialty of the pollen, as confirmatory of this arrangement, the pollen of Podocarpus and Dacrydium being persectly identices in structure mitti that os ali the species of Pinus, With the single exception of the Larch,) while that of the Cupressinae, including Tams) is altogether different and equalty rem k le ; the sphaeroides form os iis grains, together With the singular mode in Whichtheir outer coats are ruptured and thrown Oss, in conSequence of the
great capacity for absorbing moisture posse8Sed by the mucous mat-ter surrounding the inner,'' having been Some years ago potnted out to him by Μr. Brown as readily distinguishing that section hom thegreater portion of the true ciniferae. He then proceeds to notice the successive additions made to the genus Podocarpus, Whicli nomconsiSts of four or sive and tWenty species, divisibie into four distinctand strictly natural sections, distributed over est the great geographices divisions of the globe, Europe alone excepted, and extendingin latitude hom the equator to Japan northward, and to New Zea-land in the Aouth. These sections he characteriges, and enumerates under ench the names of the species referribie to it, as sar as they are known to him by his own examination, or by sussicient figures and descriptionS. Bragantia tomentosa, Bl. , Drms the subject of the eleventii article, in Which Μr. Bennelt also notices the other species belonging to the genus, and adveris to the more essentiat modifications occurring in their structure. He refers to the genus Trimerita os Professor
Lindley, whicli ho is of opinion cannot be distinguished stom Bragantia, the charactera relied upon for iis separation being equallyfound in the origines species to Whicli the lalter name Was 1irst applied, and being he thinlis of too sinali importance in so limited agroup to justisy the severing of these hom the remaining Species. Ite potnis out the relations of Braguntia to Asarum, Aristolochia and
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Thattea, to each of whicli it approaches in disserent particulars of iis Structure ; and gives in a note some additiones information on the subject of the lalter genus, extracted hom the MSS. os Dr. Koenig, by Whom alone it has yet been Dund. We reserve the conclusion of this revieW sor our nexi Number.
tiones Avium, or Figures and Descriptions of n, and interestingSpecies of Biria from various puris of the Moria. By Jolin Gould, F. L. S. Folio. August 1838.
At the meeting of the British Association in I 83 7 Μr. Gould Wasrequested to prepare and write a monograph of the genus Caprimulgus, Linn., the species of Whicli, hom the great accession to their numbers hom variova paris of the worid, mere comparatively un-known, While the very singular forms that had been discovered undine curious natural habits of the group rendered iis history a subjectos considerable interest to the ornithologist. Μr. Gould in the mean time contemplating a Voyage to Australia, and liming sailed for thalland about nine monilis after the alloiment of his tash, could onlycommence the work and lime the first part ready to be laid before the meeting of the Britisti Association at Newcasile, Which both does ample credit to the talents of iis author, and depicis some of the mostremata te forms in the whole range of ornithology. It has been made a continuation of the Icones Avium the first part of whiclive noticen in a former number No. III. p. 223), and the plan adopt-ed has been to figure and describe each species, with the intention ofentering into their history and habiis, as a prelatory or concluding
Pari I. contains beautilalty executed lithographic figures of eight species, Dom Which Μr. Gould has made no leas than sive neW generionames. These me cannot criticiSe untii We see the whole of his pro- posed arrangement. They are Amblypterus anomalus, G. , a smali species, suppoSed to be found in Demerara, and remata te for thecurved and sickle form of the quid Dathers. Motydromus Derisanus,G., a South American Species, one of those Mith tengthened tarsi, and which Mr. Gould presumes run much on the ground . Ten Species are stad iobe known of this group. Semeiophorus Macrodipteryae) v illarius, G., a very remarhille form and placed here as a sub- genus of Macrodipteryae on account of the different structure of the Wing, the fixin, seventh, and eighth quilis gradually tengthening, while the ninin Stretches to an enormous tength. Lyneornis cervini-