Dissertatio anatomica inauguralis de subtiliori pulmonum structura ...

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Postquam igitur Bour gery multa disseruit dooptima praeparandi methodo, atque in hac ipsa causam quaesivit variarum theoriarum, quae de pulmonum Structura Sunt propositae, concludit omnes praeparandi methodos esso experiendas, dum ipso insumationem pulmonum praefert, quin tunc Secundum auctorem , ab una parte , Vasa aerisera in normnli positiono maneant , et ab altera, pulmones prorsus pellucidi restent, quod e contrario injectione liquorum vulgo non pellucidorum impuditur; comparandi autem Causa, injuctio nos minime rejecit auctor. Invenit nunc Bour gery ad iobulum minutissimumbronchiolam centralem adire; ad majores autem lo-bulos , etiam bronchiae magis laterales et plures numero), quum in decursu reticulum di Versimode recurrens efficerent. Auctor censet hoc reticulum finem esse bronchiorum nomenque iis dedit, canauae ramistabronchique . Hae canales finiuntur in intumescontiis irregularibus contorsis, quaa nunc bi nune tritobulares essent. Intumescentiae illae in suo decursu adlatora parvis instructae sunt foraminibus, per quae apparatus eXeretorius communicat cum iis partibus

pulmonum , quae quasi materies functionalis dici posset. Haec pars labyrinthum format tuborum, qui in do-CurSu Contorto et Non tantum ad suos fines, sed etiam ad latera ubique inter sese communieant. Eodem fere tempore, quo Bour gery Sua eXperimonia publice edidit, in Anglia Addisson Oxamon circa pulmones instituit, quod invenitur in libro, cui titulus: Philosophiecit transaetistis 1842, Part. 2 pag. Ibi sqq. Auctor sequentia Scripsit:

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eroscopo illo seat and nuture of tubercles in illo lungs,und lia 'ing examined the structure, recent und dry,

in overy possibie Way I could de visu, I noverthesessalways fallud , to disco ver any iubes en ling in cula

muni atting Willi euch other in every foetion I made. I thorofore repented severat Os Iceis se issens eXperiments, and institutod othors , front Wieli I derived ample evidendo that the bronehiul iubes, astor dividiliginio a multitudo of minuto branches, wllicli take thoirc0ui se iii tho cellular intersticos of the lobriles, terminate in their intorior in branched airmas8ages andireely communicating air-cella. In a foetat iring , the bronchial ramifications in thointorior of a lobulo , or the infralobular rami iciations , liave a regular brancted arrangenaunt, subdivi lingin ali directions somowhat dichotomously, and te i-nating at the boundary of the lobulo in closod Oxtromittes. It is not, however, at the boundary of tho lobulo Only that illese closed oXtremities, orcula de fac terminations of tho intrabobular bronchialramifications are placeti, many of them may bescoli in the interior os a lobule lying against and pressing upon the fides of the adjoining branches.

It is important to remarli , that there are no ana8tOmoses to be seen , between the intralobulur bronchialbranches; caeli brancti pursu es iis OWn independent course, untii it torminatus in a closed exti e-1Mitu. IIis scriptis auctor quaedam disserit animadversione omnino digna, quum attentos reddit lectores,

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ad morem auctorum multorum, qui de Anatomia scripserunt et Verba veSiculas aereas air vesiclos) et cellulas aereas air celis) plane Synonyma habuerunt ita, ut unum pro altero saepius ponant, sed Secundum RVetorem , Vesicula aerea est bulla aeris uir bubble) ,

quae tam in quam extra cellulas pulmonum existere potest; ut bulla aeris consistat, non opus est membrana propria, quia in quocunque liquore alioujus consis- tonsae facillimo bullas aeris possunt contineri. In pulmone foetus , nee bullae aeris nee cellulae aereae

caesistunt; but Whon the animal respires , ita pergit, tho entraneo of the uir into tho lungs inflatos ali tholobulos to tWies or iliros timos thoir foetat dimonsions; and tho intralobular bronchial ramiscations oXperienee a great and important change, both in figure an deharacter. The delicate membrane composing them Opposes an uiaequat degree of resistanee to the pressure of the stir, Whicli is very considorabio, and it is consequently distendod into litile globular inflations, forming a series of communicating celis , Whieli are immediately and permanently oecupied by air bubbles,

in tho mass of Whieli ali traco of the symmotru of thoir branched arrangement, is entireb tost or obscure l. Tho rounded inflations of one branch, meeting on allsidos those of tho adjoining branches, are moulded by pressure into pentagonal or liexagonal forms, Whi haro tho figures of the airceiis. Branched passages , howovor, stili exist anil forni a communication botri euntho colis; but illese passages are noW Deillior tubularnor cylindricat. It is thoro sor necessa , to distinguisti thum and I liave callud ilium : Lobular I 88a-

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ge8, a term suggested to me by Dr. R. B. Todd. Tho aircolis havo not an indiscriminato and genui ut intercommunication , throughout the interior os a lo-bulo. I havo hos oro observed iliat there are No anastomosos belween the intralobular bronchial rumifications; lieneo tho air-celis, formed along tho branchdo not communicate With those in tho branch, exceptby means of their common opening, into a largerbranuli and so ono for oach branch respectively. Thopulmonary celis are eVidently formed by the pressure of the uir against tho sides of tho tubos in thointervals belweon illoso foliis. A cares ut examinationos the mombranos of the ait celis by the microscope, in a thin section of driod inflatsed lung will bo sufficient to convince any one that they do not forin round nor even rounded celis, but that they are perfeci ly flat membranous plates, circumscribing polyhedric spaces.

Fuse auctor quaedam communicat de ipsis cellulis, quae breviter sequentibus continentur: cellulae suntolasticae , admodum distensiles, continentque eorpora quaedam OValia, quae autem, nisi summas microscopii Vires intendas, conspicua non sunt. Lineas in o llulis vidit auctor, quae Secundum illum essent vasa capillaria materie colorata impleta. Epithetium cum nucleis etiam invenit; epitholium autem, quod ciliare dici

consueVerunt, quodque in trachen, broneliisque in-Venitur, in cellulis pulmonum non adesse putat. Magnitudo cellularum increscit eum aetate, sed in hominibus Sanis , eadem vitae periodo , apud seminas minores essent, quam apud viros. Si annum quadragesimum quintum ponamus, tunc enim Secundum aucto-

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rem collulae infantiae plane disparuissent, et senoetutis,

quae multo majores Sunt, nondum Ortae essent, in in

dividuis sanis magnitudo differret ab hos ad uebb Anglici pollicis. London Inclius). Foramina ovalia maXima, differrunt ab A ad δε ejusdem mensurae, in preparatis exsiccatis atque insuper insus latis tum foramina, tum etiam cellulae magnitudine erant a lauetae.

annotatione testatur; omnem communicationem intor cellulas pulmonum inter se, omnino falsam et mendaeem esse; errant omnes, Sic pergit, et inprimis Bour gery, qui talo quid sustinent. Fundamentum auctoris , Cur nulla communicatio adesset, in primis hoc est, quod sexceptionem efficeret regulae generalis , quae in structura glandularum Viget; quod autem quomodo auctor conciliare possit cum cognita fabrica pulmonum avium et reptilium, in quibus cellulae certe mutuo cohaerent et communieant, non Video, neque Valet argumentum,

cum in hepatu sino dubio orianus lobuli minimi bilis eri

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anastomosi multiplici cohaereant, neque finibus coueis terminentur, vid. Diss. Doct. Bacher φ). In ipso textu

pergit, Huschi e) atque ibi dicit, quod tantum si m0rboso rupturae in pulmonibus oriantur, tune communicatio restituatur, uti in emphySemate. Numerus cellularum pulmonalium esset 1700, ad 1800 millionum, capacitas harum conVeniret cum 2000 pedibus quadratis. Quaeque bronchiola cum agglomeratione cellularum pulmonalium pyramidem format, cujus basis quadria ut quinque lateris externa aequaret i ; haee pyramis inclusa est telae cellulosae strato, cujus crassitius LV aequaret, et quae ita lObulos separaret a vicinis pyramidibus. Tola collutosa magis densata pyramides inter sese agglutinat atque communicationem Cumbronchiola majori constituit.

Anno 18 45, Doet. Eich hol g in diario: cui titulus Arehis fur Anatomie und Physiologia non Mulier, IIest V. pag. 430 sqq. , quaedam de Structura pulmonum Conscripsit, quae QScerpere etiam conabor. Postquam in introductione historida inmemoriam revocavit, quae a Malpigilio, Boui geryot IIod gh in de pulmonum structura ConSeripta SUnt,

quaedam praemittit de magna difficultate, quae existit propior insumationem aut injectionem pulmonum; inprimis insumationem vituperat, ubi pag. 437 dieit: Jodemit uino hinroichon de Mongo ciner organischen Substangvermisellio Flussigkoit L. B. Ei vois vassor, bilitet boim hineinblagon Zolluta und dor physit aliselle Anthoit,

13 De structura Subtiliori 1lupat. sani et niorb., Traj. ad Bli. ISU, Fig. 3 ut 6.

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osi non Miindvngen ondigenden Κunitio durehZogenWistro, und Vom Auffutirungsgange aus aulaeblasen Wurde, einen dem dor au oblasenon Lungo illiniichon Bau annelimen mi issio. Auctor et insufflationum otii ectionem adeo vituperat, ut nihil sei molius satisfa-Cere potuerit, quam eXamen Ope microscopii, quod autem omni dubio minimo Vae et, suisque propriis prematur difficultatibus. Illo ex pulmone normali frustu lum exsecuit, subtulissimeque discissum id maxima cura

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scribit: They ramisy in the substance of the lungs , thoir cartilaginous rings gradually disappearing ; and in tho human Jung having arrived Within about of

incli of ist furface, tho membrano also terminates bulsomeWhat abruptly, after Whicli the passages conductingilio uir continuo in the samo direction as the bronchial tubos, of Whi h lliey are the continuation , but vithout having any perceptibi e membranous lining, their parietes being formed merely by the air-colis,

i in Vid. Medico Chirurg. Trans. os London 1845, Tona. 2S.

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tho fibros boing arranged longitudinalty and circulariuand also iis lining membrane. These are supplied by a distinet sol of blood vossols, Whieli at tho torminationof the membrano anastomoso With the vesseis of theatr-celis. The di amotor of tho ultimate bronchial tubos is fio in g, to of an inch. Tlioy communicate but whith fow air-eolis and at these communicationS , their mombranous lining is not continuod in to thesecolis, but on the contrary tho vessuis of the colis pass into tho bronchial tubos and ramis, Very Superficiatly oti their inner sursace, probably to allo v theblood within them, to bo actod upon by tho inspir0d air. Tlio brondhial intereullular passages are ut first ofa circular forna, and , liho the bronchial tubos do notcommuniculo With many air-eelis; but as they approachtho fur eo of a lobule, the number k0ops in creasing, and at longili thoso openings Os communication are

Jular passage loses altogother iis circular figure, and beeomes redueed to an irregularV-Shaped passage, running botween tho air-colis and communicating withthom in ali directions ; insitu, having arriuod eloso tollio sursaco of a lobulo, it terminates in an uir-coli , whicli is nos dilatod, us statuit by Reis suissen, buthas abolit tho samo diameter as tho passage, of Whichit is tho continuation. The ait -colis, sic auctor pergit pag. 585, are sin allii rogularly-shapon and most frequenti ur-sided ea-