Equites : The knights of Aristophanes

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NTRODUCTI N.

This date corresponds to the any part probably Febrii ary OrMarcii os the ear 24 B C. Aristophanes sor lae sirst inaea PPORred ranici as in author lae three playsi h ad aurea ly vritton ad ali been prodiice a by lais frien Callistratus Aristophanes h ad xv objecis os attaci, througlaotit his playSproduce in in perio of the old Connecly these vere thene ver intellectual aovenient of the Jay and the politi cs horne and ore ign, of the ad Vance dena Ocrat of thens. The two Ivere noto eatly Connected Euripides an Socrates xvith their Coteries, Seen to have heli political opinion alnaos identi cal vitii Aristophanes' o vn. I Aristophanesi ad share the vi exus the hel on subjecis other than politi cs he night have hared

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vi INTRODUCTION.

b rhetori as id public discussion an d litigation. he had Oomti Ch Cornrnercial prosperit and wanted aiore this ad ni inedAegina an rnight ruin Corinth and ther hisy poris Herat nagin intellectual brilliancyiad corne aster the fallis Miletus and the ther Ionian cities hicli night have been librilliant as

The wa seerne to Thucydides the nos irnportant event inhuman history. Probably lilce Plato an Aristolle he thoughtthat the great political question vas vitat night e the est sorna sor a Simali Greel republic, and that the contest et vecta

Tlaiicyd. iii io 3ὶ ξύμμαχοι γενομεθα ou ἐπὶ καταδουλίσει των , λήνων θηναίοις Ελλ επ' ἐλευθερίσει ἀπο ου ηδου τοῖς Ἐλλησι.

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INTRODUCT N. vii

It has hieen note that Dionysius os Halicarnassus, froni liis poliat os vi ex as a. Greel not ill- conten to the unde the ou er os Ronie, hotas liticydides prosoundly

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visi INTRODUCTION.

neve salicio have an echo in the aspirations os Deedo in in . In laeba C lcground are the subjectio os vornei and a great populationos flaves ne i ther of these dra v bach could rou se nucla indignation then I ut the assertionis Atheni an Ernpire overitiae StateS, thou hio obtrii sive ly made in the funerat speecla, gave an CXCUSCsor heiater os den iocracy3. Brasidas telis the Acanthians that Sparta vili no intersere in part3 politi cs: he villis ot onore the history of each stat arvi ens lave ei ther theon ora ty to the Eex o the ninora tyrio theorias : te is pro testinisor independ- ence interei 3 . ut vhen Alcibiades a Sparta SPealc os dei nocra Cya essentiali 1 opposedo ali sotinc re ason, he is Oni3 givingli vel V X pression to his liearers opinions and Cousin's theoryfincis notet ter instanceis an inevitabie conflict. IV hen an lino xv the conflic in i lit have Corne had Athensio ente redin a poli cyos imperialis ria is hard to ab . There vere nien in reece vla Could Seemo sufficient ea sonsor the war, via laalec it bove everVt laing, and xv ho thou litit night be brosi h to an end ut for X trerni sis. In thens

there nay laave been rnen ii 424 B. C. there certaini V vere later), vlao vere nati Chonore Spartan an oli arctat at ear than At lieni an Britolae re vere at So a VerV considerable nunaber fimoderates. Moderates in Attaen xx ere alimost ut laxus thelai notis lax os Olon, hirnset a noderate, sorba te an γ mitigen to absta in frona party Contests. Pericles an Cleon both, as Thuc 'clides reporis thena, nee at these πράγμονες as de Servin os a laarde narne and a qui te condena neci γ publicὲ Pericles illa Reli ave thougiat that laesole lae Athenia dena ocracy, et M an example sor allonen to naulate, eacta in the equat opponunt tym citigens, the et D respectis me oor the naeniat cultur os ali re naen a the vori os lae State, nypolitical constit titio depending on privilege or exclu, ivenes os Iairili o wealth vovialiave sunk ab ashed. scio he imagine los alii a li in a Napoleon didri',ut vecannot in in his speech that he had Hile io forese the war that canae. Politicaland sociat ideas are hard to orcein peoples that domo cona prehend theni the forceas more obviolis than the deas bellinc it. The Boeotians in Thucyd. iii a. et actuali say that Athens attacked the Greel in the sanie Way a Persia id. Thiicyd. iv 86. . Pericles in the funerat oration Thucyd. i. o. et μονοι γαρ τιν μηMν ωQε μετέχοντα ux πρό γμονα, ἀλλ' ἀχρεῖον νομάζομεν.

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eling the naa cad theimselves the genti emen,' ut their ἀνδραγαθία is inconsistent vim Atlaenian Erripi re δ. The Periclea n ideat a trio conten d vitii in otheri Tlais vastiae ideat os Panta et leni sim sint cin rnino miserenoes o social

is an viae re abroad villi the barbari an Cir non hi ad been thecla a inpion of this dealci liis brilliant victorie on the Strynaonani the Euryaledon lao ved that Greece night stili ope for

tiaci the bones of Theseus Dor Scy ros to thens laad gi venti iri amota n the peculia reli totis pride os Greel cities and his personat qualities vere suci a to cin ite entia usias nin lais si ne ola at ni laus iasim vas X presse ' o only in batile fiet clan or uinary social gatherring, h,ut by tivo poetsi distinction Ion os Chios an Cratinus os Athens' ut Lacedaeiri Onianjea lotis3 assed his ideat os Athens an Sparta a mk e-soli Oxus in the procession os Helleni Hory, and ais Colliatrynae nostraci sed hina as a pla do- Laconi an Aster his recali in circuna stances imos honou rabie to hinaseis, e stili voine sor eace vitii Sparta and war vitia Persia: and when e dieci est egingCiti una in Cyprus, heum aby have belli eved that his poli 3 voti id

y See Appendixi P. zo 2. Is the ead n exanientis' vell-known ge in is reali a portrait o Cinaciti, his great inferiorit 3 in presencerio Pericles inust plaint ibe allowed. V Ie havem proos that Ion possessed the firs qualit os a great poet-an originalvi ex os hi inaan ii se but in charinis anc and language his sex stagnient standraiighi Greel literature. For his i ais os Cinion cf. Pitit. Per. 5. In Cratinus D. I, tiae overnnaen cleia Metroibitis ives fine expression to an ad ni iration or CinionMhicla naus liave lbeen coninion a the linie. It is possibi that Aeschylus houtal, aclcled to the list the Eununiae ras e triuniphal hyninis Athens in ille Cinioni an period, of the riniant πολις not orget si ii os the ock isoni vhich he was exvia, williris to retain ali that vas good in the olit wayς, I ut nee liti tote variae Magainst to rapid change.

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Cirnon' ideat : Iut his ostracis in renno Veci the ne Atheniancapable oscinale in an head against PericleS. Pericles in ad the edifice os de Inocracyaeo inplete. Nomiighir Constructive Statesimanshi privas Alio via by an Atheni an aster hirta: it is no clea that suci stat est nanslat wa S POSSihile. The Oneside vas orce sto lae Violent and wartillae in iis imperialism the Other, xvhen no confine to a polic os Clean an solded laan is, uva dri ven to a poli Cy a ainst xv latch the Cries of ire ason able' and in patrioties' vere re and loti . The spiritis Atti literatur is in laeta ain that os imoderate,no CXtre Ine dei nocracyy. Though Aristolle: potnted ly onniis Pericles seo in his Est os first-rate Atheni an states imen ther isno lack of adini ration sor in in the reat writers of earlier dabis. H e lay e X posed at severatio in is to the sitast os Cornedy in his relations vitii Aspasia he was a ' fantastical dulce os lari Corners, his enerat hi ivas os do tibi sui nerit' and Cratinus Dant attach iva no oub thoia hi by many to hi the

μεγιστον τικτετον τυραννον,

o D 1 νεφεληγερέταν Θεοὶ μουσιν.

I sona et inies surpriges us by iis vani o what we expect in deuiocrati literature. For instance, it hows ardi an sigii os a synapatheti an respectrui avitude to- ward solae lives an .elings os the independent Oor. Such a sentinient va notcliaracteristic o any epoch in literatui laesore in French evolution Buriis and Voreis vorthis cohirse asserte icit, and it ornis an essentiat elenient in the great and

huniane genitis os coit. Pol Ath et δοκοῖσι ὁ βελτιστοι γεγονέναι των Ἀθήνησι πάλιτευσαμένων μετα

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INTRODUCTION. xi

is a sat iri arte. An here ies the justification of the noderate part 3 in Athens an os the literatur that nabodies iis seel ins s.

Cleon has naturali 3 sotin defender xvla belle vera laat he was Carr3 ing ut Pericles poli Cy laorne an foret gn, n ly vitia an in serior a tr. It is in great Service of Pericles to have lio via

in Pthitarcii de modoti lati . . 855 C raises Thiucydides for hie in to nati claos in dignified historian to give a sui account os Cleon's athoi indine imi sileecis. clo not naean o defend as a sat o sui Statenaent, ii ucyclicles l)laci accountos Cleon' motives sor pressing the war γενομένης συχίας καταφανέστερο νομίζων ν εἶναι κακουργων καὶ ἀπιστοτερος διαβάλλων, v 6. I . Aristot Pol Ath. 28 Κλέων .ra δοκεῖ μάλιστα διαφθεῖραι τὸ ν δημον ταῖς ὁρμαῖς, καὶ πρῶτος επι του βήματος ἀνέκραγε καὶ ἐλοιδορήσατο καὶ περιζωσάμενος ἐδημηγbρησε

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notrio allox private DiendShips to influence iis public conducty, and he eern to have bor ne hi nascis vitii a least a much haught ines a Servilii toruar is theon ultitude ' ut he hasbeen lairly placed in histon the typical dena agogue, and that in the typical de imocrRCy. The X ception to the rule that Atti literatur is on thesi de of the noderates, in saUOur Orne viant Vaguel os a restricte franchise an Clearly of a Panta et leni Peace againsteXtre irae de in Ocracy IS O COUrS Mund in orne O the Orators and ali noSt the only resere iaceo Cleon a a Creditable figureocchir in Denaosthenes . ut naen like Cleon vere conde naned by a Continuo his literary tradition historical dranaatic, and philosophica ly the Isocratean School f historical xvriter probab lyna acie lae condena nation nore desinite than e re' and in Plutarchon i Luci an Cleon is an evit genitis of his Country. Aristoplianes attacilis on Socrates an Euripides a lay have been stupidi xvrong thi naab rota Se but it cloe no justi sy, a Sus picion that he was xvro nil in attachino Cleon.

The old Conieci 1 han die subjecis os public interest On lyra passion sor the πόλις is it inspiration. The plo is voti id have no poliat ut for vliat Onanaseia calis the republicanagony, the Stra in f patrio tigni, and the ate and ear of badciti genslii p. ven in the enchante i and of the Lirius, there sno fleet in the tinae caret ess ly, as thev dic in the tol len

πρωτος γαρ ημας, ω Κλέων, χαίρειν προσεῖπας πολλὰ λυπῶν την πολιν. CL Italicians; o lapsa intra salIιI. 3.

Eupolis vas clearly Inore deniocrati than Aristophanes. . Boeot iis foti a 25. most, is no ali, the Socratic agre liere so the Cynics, ὁ πολιτικὸς αὐτοῖ Ἀντισθένους διάλογος Errdντων καταδρομην Περιέχει των θνησιν δημαγ-γων Athen.

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INTRODUCTIO N. xi

The two essentiat elennent os lae M Conaedy are the Agonor altercation an doli Choriis'. There an belli te do tibi that in fori ne de Veloped ut os that irim os entertainiment, O

This ora os entertaintaient developed in Italy in Horace' 'adrnirabie sic et ch nalces o clear into libet u hicla the police prevented Dor go in surther in Attica the state en Courage i itin que inae an tiae result vas the vi Cona ecly. Dion usus va no patron o privilege or aristocrati priesilaood reedo inio speech va in his province a forna os reli ion' and unde lais nanae it vas alsed frona a coarSe personat Oncolanter' to splendi i picture os the Contest bet veen great princi Ple ena-bodie in stri lcing though grotesque figures . Tragody IVRS practicali 3 de barre Dison hancit in contena porary evenis Conaedylaad a certain underi ying seriolisnes naturali connected vitii iis vide xveelinos subjeci. Here incites the distinctive character of the old Conaedy. The struo te depicted in i libet ween great tendera Cie Or partie in a State. In late Corme dy this laas beendis placed the uel f se and the conclusion is no the

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xiv INTRODUCTION.

triuia isela os lae public veat in the Victory os ne fide, ut theli appines of xv individual by union os lae xv fides in narii aget It is interest ingrio observe that this naan ne os connecivo ve iis existen Ce bove allonen to Meia an der the friendis iiii solio veris Epicurus-am thiast the Epicurean school bound pas it vas vitii so inucia barycioiana enim hi gla deals; hould becredi te vitia his enorinous Contribution, laro tigii Connecly andit descendant lae novel to the generat se et in and condiici os

Vet in Menander' hancis the individualis in serna lecharacter and the reeing of the se male vi ' have one ut

StaVery, and hi Cornen ire reiental ly vithout distinction. Hi sar has talcen but the si res stet toward the charia o Rosatin dorieatrice. In a further de Vel opinent of that character es the possibilit3 os ad vance in coi Dedy as vellis in Other respectS in happier lina OS O COIn C. Lia Aristophanes the very se v tria iden figures that appea areduinti. His wOnaen are eneralty type of the whole se X, bande together o se ali heir po ver sor patrioli or publicenti Sy. Where public spirit ave the laxu sor literature iis Conditions votita naalce a single ove-plo appea a trivial asto hi it Seern essentiat