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power. It is impossibie stat the genuine digni tyof the College of Physicians can be more highlyregarded, than by those, Who signed that addi esse, to whicli the College have not deigned to reply:
there are not any more averse, than they, frona contention among professional men: there arenot any more reluctant, frona prinCiple, to Commence litigation. Our application arose,
welt warranted to belleve, is founded both in law and in equi ty. V A widely disserent idea,
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ho ever, has been inculcated. Malevolence has attributed to our Zeat a democratical and level-ling spirit; but the rectitude of our intentions, and the moderation of our Condust mill appear, whenali suci, malignant aspersions s hali be contempla ted as the mean subterfuge of stubborn usurpation, to evade the force of argument against assumed POWCr. Whatever geat Ι myself have exerted uponthe occasion, is it wore the appearance of sucha spirit, it would falsiij iis principie. Notany man Can be more indisserent, than myself, oui the advantages derivabie froin the privileges contended sor ; but as there are others of Our number, to whom the fame Conscious nessos right imparis a stronger solicitude to obtainit, I sliould have thought myself unjustifiable, uponthe ground of personat indifference, in With-holding my attention frona the subject, or in dis-
avoWing my COnCern for the CVent. I know, Gentiemen, that exclusion frona thecorporate privileges of the college cannot affectati of us equally. There are many of our numberso long inured to the oppression, as to have be- come insensibie of iis consequences. Others, independent in circumstances, are regat dies s of professional
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sectional ad vancement; and both may be disposed to eXClaim, et nos ergo manum ferulae sub- duximus, ' reluctant to submit agnin to the ordeatos an eXamination, of whicli their long establishment and character preclude every preteXt of the necessii ty. But is there be among our number those, ho, although they have Undergone CVery materiai examination, whicli is ever demanded froni thegra luates of OXford and Cambrid ge, are Willing to submit thenaseives again to the test os inquiry, andio demand probation legally, according to the formiar the candidates and fellows of the college; shallthe principie of our Common right be abandoned, and thos , who are eager to affert it, be lest to strug-gle for thenaseives λ ill 3 ou not assi yourseives, under what liberal or rational idea, Under What possisibi e preterice, that has the appe arance of benefito mani in t for iis objest, can such men be dente Ithe right of an eXamination as Candidates for thefellowship of the college, and, hoWeVer qualisled, be eXcluded frona ali the a luantages of admission ΘΙ have declared myself interested only in the estn-bliminent of the generat right derivabie frona thecharier; and I persuade myself that every manam Ong yoti, of an independent mind, will feel a similar impulse of duty to amisi in the generat cause.
different abo ut the ad vantages for himself, he may promote the good of othei S. tO Whose ad Van Cernent
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in lise they might largely contribute, and whowould embrace the opportunities, that might resultfrona a mutuat eXertion, who, howeVer, ahi Under the firmest convisition that, Ea animi elatio, quae cernitur in periculis et laboribus, jusitia vacat, pugnatpue non pro salute communi, sed pro suis com- modis, in visio es It is under a similar conviction, Gentiemen, that Ι claim your attention to the hvmble offer-ing, whicli I noW present to yOU, And I beg to subscribe myself, Your obedient and devoted hum ble SerVant,
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that not any considerable advancement hastbeen made here, in either literature or philosophy, prior to the commenCement of the siXteenti, Cen- tu . The University of OXford had then, indeed, been Munded upwards of siX hundred years, and that os Cambri Jge, according to sonae authors,nearly five hundred years, or, aS asserted by others,nearly siX hundred: but hi therio the s urces of knowledge had been few and circumscribed, and scarcely any but the ecclesiastics had availed them-selves of literyry improvenient. They had, As wellas in the cultivation of theology, Zealo asty engaged
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their attention infinitely lesse than dither divini ty
cian, of susscient character to be employed atCoiari, was John of Gadde silen, Who was calledio attend the son os Edward Ι. or ΙΙ. ill of thes mall-poX. But Matthew Paris has mentioned a Nicholas de Ferneliam, as priest and physici an to Henry III. and to his Queen, in Iet41'; and weare informed by Piis, that he was a physician en-dowed with ait the learning of his time, and thathe was retained at Court with a considerable salary'. There are others noticed as learned physicians abolit the sanae period t. I cannot finit,hOWCVer, any eXception, but that oi Nicholas de Ferneliam, to the assertion of Dr. Freind, that, prior
Ipsum igitur quasi expertum, & scientia multipliciter Scinoribus commendabilibus insignitum, peritorum conssilio Rex Se Regina ad suarum vocaverunt animarum & corporum custodiam & consilium familiare, de C. MatI. Paris His. Aul.
' De illustribus Angliae Scriptoribus, P. 312, 313; called by Piis, N. Ferveham).' Richardus Anglicus, author os severat medicat wortis. Johii Giles.-Hugh of Evestiam.-Gilbertus Anglicus, authoros a Compendium in Phys c, the earli est remaining writing on thepractice of physic.
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Nicholas de Ferneliam himself, although in earlyli se educated at OXford, resided a long time in Paris, and stili longer at Bologna, where he studied Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Galen, and ali theother most celebrat ed authors on medicine: and , as Taid by Piis, in patriam rursus longo pos tempore venit'. 'Jolin os Gaddes den was of Merion College, OX ford, and was public professor os medicine. He WaS particularly eminent, so as to be calledile Illi of the aget, and the encomtum it is sufficiently bespe alis the darkness whicli prevalle it :for not any thing could possit, ly be more Characteristic os ignorance and superstition, not any thingcould be tray more a mind ad apted to the lowest quackery, than the prasiice of Jolin os Gaddes
η Nam ante hoc tempus Medici Regis erant semper ab eXternis regionibus accersiti. Aetnae His. Med. Oper. Omn. io. p. 3ο -
De Illustribus Angliae Scriptoribus, P. 3Ia, 3I3.. J. Gatis lene, an Englim man, and of Merion College, in here he chieny studi ed physich, for Which he was called, ηυbi feculi lumen. Polaus I s. of the Uni . of OV. p. 66.
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den, in the cure of his royal patient , as weli ason ali other occasions, at least in his medicat Capa City. It was a custom long posterior to the time os Nicholas de Ferneliam and Jolin os Gaddes den, When princes 'vere indisposed, for their priocounc it to make choice, out of the many pretenders to the science of physic, of those whowere to attend at couri. Thus when Henry VI
lay sicli, the coiincit assigned hi in three physicians And two surgeons, to administer fidely abolit his person . It' Capiatur ergo scarletum rubrum, & qui patitur Variolas, involvatur in illo totaliter, vel in alio panno rubro, sicut ego feci quando Inclyti Regis Angliae filius variolas patiebatur, Curavi ut omnia circa lectum ectent rubra, & curatio illa mihi optime successit. Ianis. Anglici praxis Med. R .
Rex adversa valetudine laborans de assensu Consilii sui assignavit Johannem Arundel, Johannem Saceby & IV. Hat lime, Medicos: Robertum Warren, & Johannem Marsiail, Chirurgos, ad libere ministrandum & exequendum in & circa personam suam. Imprimis, viz. quod licitem valeant moderare sibi diaetam suam, & quod possint mini- strare Potiones, Syriapos, Confectiones, Laxativas Medici- nas, Clysteria, Suppositoria, Caput purgea, Gargarismata Leatnen, Epithimota, Fomentationes, Embrocationes, Capitis
rasuram, Unctiones, Emplastra, cerera ventos. cum scarifi- catione
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It is neither to be wondered at, When there were so few opportunities of acquiring knowledete; as at that time, in Britalia, that much Caution should have been used in choosing physicians for the great, nor that the abilities of any man o moderate information stiould have been eXtreme ly
The fato os Europe had been involved in that of
Rome, and s Carcely a trace was to be found of that science and love of letters, whicli Characi C-riged and added splendour to the age of Augustus.
state of cultivation and improve ment, in to that of the dar est ignorance and barbarism . Nor WASthe darknesse dissipated, and the appearance of civiligation and of learning generalty restored in Europe, untii the total overthrow of the Easternem pire, abo ut the naiddie of the fifteenth century. Many, On the OCCurren Ce of that event, escas ingstona Constantinople, fled to Italy, and carrie twith them copies of thos e classical workS, whichare catione vel sine, emorodorum provocationes, &C. DanteS singulis in mandatis quod in executione praemissorum sint intendentes, &C. V
Almost ali improvements of the human mind had reachednearly to their state os perfection about the age of Augustus: there was a sensibie decline frona that Potni or period, and menthen emi th relas sed gradu alty into ignorance and barbarism. Hume's His. Eng. l. iii. p. 297, 298-
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are stili valued as specimens of the highest essoris of human geniUS. Among thos e who applied thenaseives to the study of letters, immediately after that period, there Were not any of this Country, who attended particularly to the science of physic as a profession, who did not acquire their medicat, as weli asclassical, learning chiei ly in the schools of Italy. It is evident, as in the instance of Nicholas de Ferneliam, that long before that period it wasu sunt for Englis limen to study physic in France and in Italy. In the twelfth centui , the medicat schools of Salernum, Naples, and Bologna, were in higher repute than any other ; and Paris likewise V asmuch resorted to by tho se of this kingdom, who
Vere emulous os learning. A great number of OXonians are said to have returned, at the lalterend of the thirteenth century, frona PariS, Where,
accor ling to ancient custom, they had applied them-selves to the study of letters '. But, after the resto- ration os letters, in the fifteenth century, ali thegre at promo ters of literature in England imbibed their best knowledge frona the schools of Italy. Linacre, Lilly, Grocin, Latimer, and OtherS, AC-quired
' Oxonienses jam plurimi, operam in literis, de more antiquo, Lutetiae ponebant, &c. Ani. a II ood His. ω Antiq. Vnivers. Oxonim. v. i. p. 128. Anno I 282.