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ness, ahes Way the Dan necessar suppori, and by leaviniit open to the indand weather, incr ases it growth and fertili ty. V teacti them, therei ore, fir si music, and arithmetic t write letters, and to rea Maloud clearly an distinet ly a the gro Older, e give themthe maxinas Dyings, and opinions of the vise men, and the ork of the ancients generali in verse, as easter for the memor hera the re ad of the reat an nobi actions thus recorded the are structari illi admiration, and a de si re os imitating them, ambitious of be in thenaseives distinguis hed, admired, and celebrate by the poets of future ages, a thei predecesibrsweret Homer an Hesiod. When they eco me ab leo guard the common ealth, and enter on public assa ir8-bu Dam Nandering beyon mysubjecto as j intention asirst to explain to ou, hy e inure them somuch to odit exercises Icili alliop, there re, of m OK accord, ithout attin for a crier o admonim me, or Our censure, my good Areopagite, thoughoo are so modest, as O to reprove me forara ting thus. AN ACHARSIS. Pray, Solon, insor in me, is there o punishmetit in Our Cour so tho se
AN ACHARSIS. Because o a re fortassing ove Ulia it is most necessar sor me, as clias most agreeable o hear, and would Nellipon the leastisefui, our sporis
upon, and thates might notrioad your memor With to many things at tace; I ill speah, oKever of hat ou des re to kno , butaries at present, asthe fuit consideration of this', ill require another intervie N. V e formo heia, the ind of our ovili, by aking them throughi ac- quainted illi the laius of the communi ty, hi cli are ritte in great letters, and ut up in a public place, and whicli contain very thing hichias uidbe done and very thing hicli mould not. e commit them, moi eouer, to the care os certai good and approvexmasters, horare called sophists, orphilosophers by hom the are taught both to se an do haesis right and
iis, S . . The gymnasti exercises.
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juss , t attonil to, and assis the common-weal, to live honestly, neve tosech after hat is basem ianworthy, ora commi Violen cella any man ecari y them to comedies and tragedies at our theatre, that hil si the bchoid the virtu es an vices fiast times, the may thenaseives, he attache to theone, and avo id the ther permittingita comic riters to expos and ridicule the citi gens and this e do, as elicior thei sakes, who may gro vhet te by see in thenaseives aughed at, a for that of the spectator in gene. ral, ho may thus es cape be in ridiculed for the like absurditic s. AN ACHARSIS. have cen, teli eve, hat ou cali ou tragedians and comedians theformer, I hin k, have igh heau saoes, old si inges on thei garmenis, with great acinacis ora their hea is, apiniim mens et wide, and truly ridiculo us ohey made a prodigious nolse, and contrived heaven knows hori', tori alli in thei 's' chopines cit as, i I re member right, at the seas o Bacchus, here the comedians ore saoes no qui te so hi gh, could stand pota their
feet, and were more like human creatures, ut their ead-pieces ere evenmore ridiculotas than the thers, and the hole audience aughed a them,
though the looked ver grave and melancholy at the high-heeled tragediaris,as f the were concerne at thecio ad hich the di agged alter them,
It was no thei compassion my good friend whicli ad them so melancholy, ut, probab ly the ory hicli the poet tot dis sonae ancient cala. mit hich, repea ted in a mourn fui tragic stra in dreae ear frona them at the sanae time, I suppose, oui eard sonae playing on the sute, an dithers fingi nito it, standira in a i circle; these, I asti rej ou, have their use, sorby sicli allurem enis, thre in is saarpened, and theraear improved.
Hi in eis. The ancient masque vas a Lindis casque or heimet, hicli covered the whole head, generat v copi ed rom heiuli or statues of the personages represente&: in s extensive an area asthe Gree theatre, it might be necessar to exaggerat the seatures, an enlarge the orna of the actor This hori ever, makes the mas a prope subjectis ridicule, and Luci an has frequentlytaken the libertyrio laugh a it a lach. Chyines The cothurnus o bus hin mas a Lind of large and high shoe, the sole of hicli, heing ad os very thic u ood, at sed be actor to an extraordinar height, and made them p pear extremeli tali. t was, probably, of the fame forni a the igh stoe, o piece of cork, worn by the punish omen, called a chopini, and whicli it liould seem by a passage in Shakspeare, as sed on Our Wia stage - Our adythip says Hanalet to the player, is earer heaven than whenci a Jo lust by the altitude factiopine. Hanalet, ct II. cenes. In a circlo J The chorus. For a fui account of hicli, se the Dissertation on Aiacient Tragody, prefixed io m trauli ition of Sophocles Octavo edition, Ol. i. p. a a.
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the are able to bear it, e strii' hemina Led, o accustom them to the penair, to inure them to allainds of eather, that the may be able to bearheat an cold; e then anoin them illi Oil, o fit them for more laborious exertion. It would e absurd, in deed, o suppose, that enther could berendered by oi more supple, to las longer, and e les liable to crach, and that a livingiod like ou own, io uid noti the belle forcit: e there- fore, invented variotis method of exerci se, and appoin te master in v ryone of them me resile, ther boX, by hicli they a re enabled o bearfatigue, and tot to atrat Under ound an bl O s it gives them spirit toencounter dissiculties and anger, and at the sanae time, ahes them ardyand robust frequent throtas, the learn to tali ithou danger, an tori se it eas: by the various inflexions, and queeZings of their odies, and istinxu thei adversary, and pressin him in thei arnas, heir limbsare rendere more pliant, an les susceptibi ei injurya ut the greates ad-vantage arising romienceris, thei praetice of the a me discipline in the fiet do batile; ascit is manifest, that the man who is thus instructed, si lays
the come illi in reach os a Neapon λ Ut our oung warrior are robus androsy borro thei colour frona the sun that burias them, o a mani aspect ,
fuit os armili, spirit, an couragea no uough and dry, oriendi nibe-neath heir Nn eight, ut 'illi odies of due symmetr and proportion, who have carried si thei superfluous flesia by constant labour, and epioni that hicli is firm an substantiat. Exerci se is to theiody, hat a fanis to the corn, hic halo us Way the chast , and ust, and separates tirona the
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the sesul gratia. Such, there re mustae health Pandri sor labour, notsubjecta colli quation nor, ill the lalter partis life to infirmities o decay: for to return to 3 allusion of the corn is you et itin re the lames illfirst destroy the stubble, nil aster variis the gratia, hich ill molae and alies rei degrces' and in like manner, such odies ases have been describingio ou, ill not oon or eas lyrae subdued ei theri tollis distemperature;
thei interior paris heing welli repared, and the externat s defende asio tobetur by heati coles: fh any time they yie id to extraordinar fatigue thevitat si, iri is illi in supplies them illi res vigour, and alacri ty insoni uch, that in creasse of labo ur, only in creasses strength, and render them inde satigabie. V teacti them likewis to ruta races, hich mahes them sivisti Dot, and prevenis thei being out o breati, the Course, moreover, is norin soli diro und, ut in a deei fando here the oot an neveri firm, ut si ipsarua frona bene ath them exercise them likewi se in eaping ove ditches, with leaden eight in thei han is, and teach them to throw daris at a great distance : ou must have een also in the gymnasium, a bras thing like as mali hie id, round and without 'an die or strings; ou ook one ui', Ire member, and thought it ver heavy, and o sinooth that ou could notho id it this they thro; up into the air, or iurat for ards, contending
place, e do it that the combatanis a noti uri thenaseives on the ground ,
Sira GJ Luci an has here gi venis a preti exact descriptionis the quoit, o discus, and the anne oi playing illi it a proos, at the fame time, a the earned r. est observes, that ut the competitor made se of one and the fame di se, hicli is confirme by the testimontes of Homer, Ovid, and Statius. The dis vias probabi composed os different materiais, a iron, brasse, stone, o Wood, and thrown underhand much in the fame manne a thequoi is amongi us, though no a we do at an particula mark, their hol endeavour eingio thro beyon orae another, an he who thre farthe obtaine the victory. With the
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who is an Ointed withisil, and olle in the had besides, is no eas lassi: ali his, a I efore observe to ou may be se fui in time o war, is ori
them fir the most dissiculi hings, that those hici are es s may be performe by them illi the greater facili ty the and moreOver, revenis thei sippin Maway rom acti ther; besides that, heia spre ad ver thebody, taeeps in the weat, mahes them stronger, and inder the old irseor enterin into thei opera ores it like Nise Alpes off the filth, and
makes the an appea more ea and clean Pana sure ou ould presin one of thesea ou delicate outh that are brought u in ille had P, evenwithout putiing thei ab ilities to the proos as ou ould nil the od of the onerarm sol id, and compact, of the ther sost, pale, and loodi esse. Thus, y frien d do e exerci se ur orith, opin by these means torende them the guardians of our ity, and supporter of the common-Neat, that the will defendistar liberties, conque our enem ies, and mali Us fear' lan respected by ali roundis in peace the beeonaeae iter subjects areabove any th in that is base, and do no run into vice an debaucher fromid lenesis, ut spen their et re in these sesul emplo; ments. I ali his,
there re a common good, and the greatemhappines Whicli, ei oy that Ou youn men are thus prepare for ea ce and war, an are alKay thusengaged in haesis both innocent and prat se-wOrthy. AN ACHARSIS.
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knowiet ter Lo to malae se LANA CHARSIS. And pray, Solon, hereabout is our armory have ooked ali absutili city, and could neve findisne.
The Thraeians. Eumolpus by sonae supposed tot the son of Orpheus by ther of uisus, disputed the in udomi Athens illi Erectheus. Both caders ere alii in the contest. The Athenians, after thei dea th, ave the throne to the fami ly o Erei theus, an bello ed onthat o Eumolpus the dignit of hierophantes, o chie pri est in the Eleusinia mysteries, here- incit is sat esto have continued for twelve hundred years. II pol ia. J Queen of the Amazons Hercules by command of Eurystheus, invade herxingdom, illedie brother Mygdon and Amycus, toocher prisoner, and gavete in marri aget his friend Theseus.
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Yo stem to conside the strengiliis an ascis it a like ater, ine, oran other liquor that by in os abola it ould evaporat out of the esset, an leave theiod dry and empty, havin no refourceo suppi it illi more; ut this is no the case, for the more strengili is exhausted by exercise the more is adde&; like the hydra, hici, when ne head was ut ostri produce two in the oom oscit; ut is the are no inured to labour Domthei infancy, and by that gain supplies of strengili, then are the qui chly consumed and worn Way by the east tot or exertion it is like re and a candie, the sanae breatli,hicli add force to the ne extinguishes the otheri you domo suppi it illi fressi matter. AN ACHARSIS. I reali domo understand ou; our allusion a re to refined, and abovem comprehension: ut I should e glad o no wh at the Olympie, Isthmian, and Pythian games, when o an peOPle, as ou teli me, cometogether o see our Xercis es, o do not arm Our oung men, ut sendthem fortii aked, o beatoked an beat about, and when the conquergive them nothinibu apples and olive garland s.
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SOLO N. De cause it ahes them more incline 1 to labour an assidui ty, he theys e the victor thus crotan ed illi honour in glor by the applatis os allGreece besides that bella oblige to appear aked, mahes them Leepthei bodies eat an dit ora seen As to the re ards, they, a I be fore ob serveest yoti, a re by no means inconsiderable tot pratsed by the spectato is, and potia ted ut a superior to thei rivals is a priZe sussicient for them ad yto his that numbers of the spectators, hos age demand the like exerci se, eel the a me ambition os excelling, and prepare thenaseives for labour. ak away the love o fame rom man hi nil, and what virtv Nould re main amongstis, O Who ouldirive to perform great an splendid actions:
- Da ij, s e. The fightingis quails is mentioned by severat authors, as a favourite diversion amongst the ancients Circillos faciunt says Belingerus, in illisque Coturnices statuunt, Quas ad pugnam inter se stimulant; Coturnix quae victa circulo ejicitur cedit domino Coturnicis vi tricis. See ut Caesar Belingerus de Ludis Veterum. B this account i appears that thensought in a pit, lihetur gam cocks. The ancients had, probab ly, a great plent of these martia birds in England the are rather carceri e there-
' Fightin eo. ἀό. Our 1 avourite diversion os cock-fightin has , Nessee, at east the plea fantiqui ty, and perhaps, it is the ni ple it an boas , in savoti os t. t oes not, howe ver appear that the ancients furnis hed them as e do, with an artificiat arm to destroyone another. For a circumstantiat account of the places an manne in hicli these bl dybatiles e re seu glit, I reser the curious reade to a Tradi on his subject in the Hist dest Acad. de Inscript anci Belles Let tres.
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As oti propose, e re our return home, to vis the ther paris of Greece, ou illis ot Iiope, hen o come t Lacedaemon, augh at, orcondemn the Spartans, o frequently ait ling one nother about a bali orsor assem bling together in a litile is and surrounded with ater, here the Lycurgeans and Herculeans attac furioussy, and thro each ither into the river after hicli, a peace succeeds, and the a re ali good frien d again; nor, ab ove ali muli Joibe offended hen o se thei 'bo unguen hippedat the altar, and iuream in ruith lood hil thei fallier anil mothei, fland by intrea ting them to suffer it courageoussy, and even proceed tothreais, is the do noti ea it illi patience and resolution many have die dunder his discipline, ather than acknowlege hem se lues nequat to itie rethei frien d an relations Statues of thes have frequently been erected atthe public expence hin not, there re that the a re ut of thei senses, hecause, either orced by thei enenates, nor at the command of a tyrant, they submit o sicli punishments Their law-giver, Lycurgus, ould giveyou very good ea sons for it Nould teli ou that he oes no thus hasti them frona hatre o crueity, ut illi intent, that tho se Iulio a re to defendtheir country, a b endoNed illi extraordinar patience, and be superiorto ali ain and amiction But, Without LycurgUS's apology, o must,
Vas Lycurgus himself hipped thus henae Nas a b ovili, or beingi assed the whipping, id he asely an securet e folia his discipline tot practi sed by ther p
When e made these laws he was an id man, and just returned rom Crete, whitherae had ravelled, on account of the excellent statutes hic hhe had heard were establis hed therea Minis the o of Jupiter. AN ACHARSIS. And wh do not ou imitate Lycurgus, and flog our ouia mens it is an oble custona, and worthy Dyou.
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SOLO N. Because Uriwn exercises are of thenaseives lassicient besides that et hinlicit beneat his to imitate orctgners. AN ACHARSIS. That is noto our ea son; ou are convinced, I am ire, that to tye prounimentaked in his manner, by both thei han is, and whil aliena, canans e no good end whais ever, ei the to the individual, o the whola coni
munit; and sive I gorio Sparta, andrand them at this spori, I hali certain lybeioned sor aughing at them, heia I se them hipping thei nyo ung menlike so many thieves and obbers. That city, in my opinion, and in needo a good quantity of hellebore, Which gives iis public sanction to any thingso absurd and ridiculo Us,
Thin not, y good frien d to gain the victor by thus arguing ithout amantagonix; ou illiundis Sparta nough, homillie able to an Me and consule ou. ut asci ave old yota allisur custonas, hicii ou kem notmuch to approve of I have a right tote in retur that ou ill acquaint me illi our 's, tha I mayano how ou exercise an bring up ou Scythian ovili, and by ha means o make them good an honest men. AN ACHARSIS. To his, Solon, o have, o doubi a fair claim, an da illiive ou an ex ad account of ou laws an custonas, though the are o si gran and respectabi as our's, nor in dee any Way resembling them, as e neve so much a venture ociive o ne another a sap on the faceri e re rather afraid, indecd of the consequence : Owever, lach a the are, ou halliave them: buid must defer it tili 'o-morrow that Lma have timerio reflexa liti leon hat ou have old me, an recollecto hac amo inform ou of in the mean time, Ne must par for the present for tris almost arti.