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CAESAR AUGUSTUS. 7 7ssted seme time in the refusat, Dom a mixture of mameand fear, test the predidi ion in respe fi of him sKould heinferior to that which had been announced to Agrippa. Being persuaded however, after much importunity, to declare it, Theogenes stat ted up fro in his seat, and paid hi madoration. Not long after, Augustus was si confident of the great nesse of his destiny, that he publimed his nati-vity, and struch a silver coin, bearing upon it the signos Capricoria, under the influence of which he was
XCV. Aster the death of Caesai; upon his return DomApollonia, as he was entering the city, on a sudden, in aclear and bright shy, a circle resembling the rainbow sur-
rounded the body of the sun ; and immediately after, thetonab of Julia, Caesar's daughter, was struch by light- ning. In his sirst Consuli hip, whilst he was sitiing forthe observation os omens, twelve vultures presented them-selves, as they had done to Romulus. And when he o Lfered sacrifice, the livers of ali the victinis v ere solded in-ward in the lower pari; a Circumstance which vras re
garded by ali present, who had skill in things of that nature, as an indubitabie prognostic of great and wondei ful
XCVI. He certainly had a pre-sentiment of the issueos ali his wars. When the troops of the Triumviri were Collected about Bononia, an eagle, whicli sat upon histent, and was attached by two crows, beat them both, and knoched them down to the ground , in the vieW Osthe whole army; who the nce inferred that a differen cewould arise amongst the three colleagues, which wouldbe attended with the like event: and it accordingly happened. At Philippi, he was assured os successe by a Thessalian, upon the authority, as he pretended, of Caesar
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himself, who h ad appeared to him milite he was travel-ling in a bye-road. At Perusia, the sacrifice not presenting any favorabie intimations, but the contrary, heordei ed an additional number of vi Stims to be cui up ;but the enem y by a sudden salty carrying ali away, it was agreed among si the augurs as an infallible event, that allthe danger and misfortune Whicli appeared in the entra iis, Rould fati upon the heads of thos e who had got possession of them. And accordirigly it happened se. The dayhesore the sea-fight near Sicily, as he was walhing uponthe more, a fissi leaped o ut of the sea, and laid itself at his Dot. At Actium, while he was going down to his fleet to engage the enem y , he was mel by an asa with asellow driving it. The nante of the man was Eutychus, and that of the animal, Nicon . Aster the victory, haerected a braZen statue to each, in a temple bulli upon thegro und where he had encamped. XCVII. His death, of whicli I siali now speah, and his subsequent deification, Here intimated by divers manifest prodigi es. As he was finissa ing the Census amidita great crowd of peopte in the Field of Mars, an ea gleslew about hi in severat times, and then direct ed iis coui seto a neighbouring temple, where it sat down upon thena me of Agrippa and at the fir9 letter. Upon observingiliis, he ordered Tiberius to put up the vows, whicli it is usual to mahe on such occasions, sor the succee ling I iis trum. For he declared he would not medille th what itwas probabie he sliould never accomplisti, though the tables were ready drawn sor it. About the sanae time, the fit st' The good omen, in this instance, was munded upon theetymology of the nam es of the a s and iis dri ver; the formeros whicli, in Greeh, signifes uictorious, and the lalter, for
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lester os lais name, in an inscription iapon a ssatve of him, was struch out by lighining ; which was interpreted as apros age that he would live only a hundred days longer :which number the letter C stands for, and that he wouldbe placed amongst the Gods: as ct sar, Whicli is the re- maining part of the word Caesar, signifies, in the Tuncan language, a God. seing theres ore about dispalching Tiberius to Illyricum, and desiigning to go with him as
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severat days aster, he distributed Togae and pallia , uponcondition that the Romans stiould use the Grecian, and the Grecians the Roman dress and language. He like-wise constantly attended to ste the boys perform their exercises, aCCording to an ancient custom stili continuedat Capreae. He gave them likewise an entertainment in his preserace, and not only permitted, hut required stomthem the utinosi freedom in jesting, and strambling sorfruit, victuais, and other things which he threw amongsi them. In a word, he indulged himself in ali the ways ofamusement he could contrive . He called an istand near Capreae Απρα πολις, the city of the Do-litiles,' ' stomthe indolent life whicli severat of his company led there. A favorite of his, one Masgabas, he had used to callΚτι δες, as is he had heen the planter of the is and. Andobserving from his partour the tomb of this Masgabas, who died a year besere, frequented by a great company of peopte mitti torches, he pronounced upon it this verse
Then turning to Thrasylliis, a companion of Tiberius's, stat lay opposite, he asked him viliat poet he thought
was the author of that verse: who demurring upon it, he brought out another :
The Togae have been atready described in a note upon Chapter LXXIIL The Pallium was a cloah, or upper gar ment, Worn by the Greelis, men and women, secemen and servanis, but almost always by philosophers, and commonlyby both sexes at table. aud
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and put the fame question to him concerning that like-wisse. I he lalter replying, that, whoever was the a Uthor, the verses mere good, he set up a great laugh, and .sellinio an e traordinary vein os testing upon it. Soon after, passing over to Napies, though at that time greatly di Loi desed in his bowels, by the frequent returias of his disia ease, he continued a spe stator to the end of me solemn games which were performed every five years in honoros him, and came with Tiberius to the place intended. But in his return, his di sorder encreassing, he stoppes at Nola, sent for Tiberius bach again, and had a long disi oui se with him in private ; aster which he gave noni ther attention to businesse of any importance. XCIX. Upon the day of his death, he now and thenenquired, is there was any disturbarice in the town abouthim ; and calling for a mirror, he ordered his hair to becombed, and his falling cheeks to be adjusted. Then asking his frientis that were admitted into the room, -Do
iliat any person had dieii quickly and without patia, he
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wi1hed sor himself and his frietas the like ενρανασια, saneast dealb), sor that was the word he made use of . Hediscovered but one symptoni besore his de ath of his heing delirious, which wapillis he was ali on a sudden muchfrightened, and complained that he was carried away bysorty men. But this was rather a prelage, than any delirium : for precisely that number of soldiers carried out his corpse. C. He expired in the fame room in v hicli his sather Octavius had died, when the two SeXtus's, Pompey and Apuleius, were Consul , upon the foui te th of the calenda of September, at the ninth hour of the day, Wanting onjsive and thirty days of seventy-si X years of age. His re- mains were carried by the magistrates of the municipia and colonies, stom Nola to Bovillae, and in the night time, because of the sea n of the year. During the in tervais, the body lay in seme court, or great temple, Ofeach lown. At Bovillae it was mel by the Equestrian Order, who carried it to the city, and deposited it in the porch of his own hous e. The Senate proceeded with somuch Zeal in the arran gement of his funerat, and paying honor to his memory, thar, amongst severat other proposais, seme were for having the funerat procession madethrough the triumphal gate, preceded by the image of Victory, which s in the Senate-house, and the children
Municipia ivere foretgn towns whicli obtained the rightos Roman citigens, and were os different Linds. Some en-joyed ali the rights of Roman citigens, excepi suci, as could not be held without resti ding at Rome. Others were invested with the right of serving in the Roman legioris, but not thatos voting, nor of holding civit ossices. The municipia used their own laws and customs; nor were they obliged to receive the Roman laws utilest they chose it.
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of the iii st quali ty, of both sexes, singing the lanei alditiv. . Others moved, that on the da y of the tunerat, theystio uid lay a11de their gold rings, and wear vings of iron ;and others, that his bones stio uid be collected by the pri ests of the superior ordei s. One likewise proposcit totransfer the name of Augustus to September, because hewas born in the lalter, but di ed in the former. Anothermoved, that the whole period of time, frona his birili tollis dea th, mould be called the Augustan age, and be inserted in the Calendar under that titie. But at last it was judged proper to be moderate in the honors to be pa id tollis memory. Two funerat orations were pronounced in
his prat se, one before the temple os Julius, by Tiberius ;and the other he re the Rostra, under the old shops, buDrustis, Tiberius's son. The bo ly was then carried Uponthe sioulders of Senators into the Field of Mars, and there buriat. A man of Ρraetorian rank assii med uponoath, that he saw his spirit ascend into heaven. The mos hdistinguished persons of the Equestrian Order, bare foOtCd, and with their tunics loose, gathered up his relics, and deposited them in the maus laum, which had been bulli in his si xili Consulsbip, hetwixi the Flaminian way and the bank of the Tiber, at whicli time likewise he gavethe woods and wat s a bout it for the use of the
CI. He had made a will a year and four monilis be- fore his de ath. upora the third of tiae Nones of April, in the Consulsit ip of Lucius Plancus, and C. Silius. It consisted of two sitans of parchinent, wr itera partly in his hand, and partly by his freedmen. Polybius and Hilarion. It had bcen committed to the custody of the Vestat Virgins, Ity Whom it was now produccd, With three Other Volumes,
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ali staled up as weli as the will, whicli mere Oneread in the Senate. He appo inted for his fit si heirs, Tiberius for two thirds of his estate, and Livia for theomer third, whom he likewise destred to assume his nante. The heirs substitu ted in their room, in case of death, were Drusus, Tiberius's son, for a third pari, and Germanicus With his three sons for the rest. NeXt to themmere his relations , and severat of his friends. He lest in legacies to the Roman peopte forty millioris of sesterces; to the tribes three millions sive hundred thousan d; to theguariis, a thous and each man ; to the city-battalions fivehundred ; and to the soldiers in the legions three hundredeach; whicli severat sums he caedered to be patit immedia tely after his dea th. For he had taken care that the, money should be ready in his eκchequer. For the resthe ordered different times of payment. In some of his be- quesis he went as far as twenty thousand sesterces, forthe payment of which he allowed a twelvemonili; al-ledging for this procrastination the scantines; of his estate ;and declaring that not more than a hundred and fistymillions os sesterces Nould come to his heirs : notwith-
sanding that during the twenty preceding years, he had
received, in legacies si om his friends, the sum os fourtecialiundred millions ; almost the whole of whicli, with his two paternal estates, and others that had heen test him, he 'expended iapon the public. He lest order that the two Julias, his data gliter and grand-daughter, stould not bebui ted in his sepulchre. With regard to the three VO-lumes he re mentioned, in one of them he gave ordersabaut his funerat ; another contained a narrative of his
actions, which he intended stas uid be inscribed on brass- plates, and placed bes ore his mausoleum ; in the third Lehad drawn up a concise account of the state of the empire ;
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pire; as the number of soldiers in pay, what moneythere Was in the treasury, excitequer, and arrears OftaXes ; to which isere ad ted the nantes of the freedine nand flaves, froin whom the severat accounts might be
OCTAVIUS Caesar, afterwards Augustus, had nowattained tu the fame siluation in the state which had formerly been occupied by Julius Caesar; and though ho entered upon it by violence, he continued to ei oy it through life with almost uninterrupted tranquilli ty. Bythe long duration of the late civit war, with iis concomi- tant tra in os public calamities, the minds of men werebecome lesse averse to the prospee of an absolute govern-ment; at the same time that the ne N emperor, naturallyprudent and politio, had learned frona the fate of Julius the ari os preserving suprenne power Without arrogatingis himself any invidious marii os distinction. He affectedio decline public honors, disclaimed every idea os per- nal superiority, and in ali his bellavi our displayed a de-gree of moderation whicti prognosticated the most happyenecis, in restoring peace and prosperi ty to the harassedem pire. The tenor of his future conduct was 1ui tableto this auspicio us commencement. While he endea-vored to conciliate the assections of the peopte by tend-ing money to thos e who stood in need of it, at low interest, or without any at all, and by the eXhibition os public shews, of whicli the Romans mere remari ablyland ; he was attentive to the preservation os a beco ming ligni ty in the go vern ment, and to the correction ofrdiorais. The Senate, Whicli, in the time of Sylla, had encreas ed
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encreased to UpWards of Dur hundred, anil, during the civit war, to a thousand members, by the admission ofimproper persons, he reduced to si X hundred ; and heinginvested with the ancient ossice of Censor, which had forsome time been dilased, he exercised an arbitrary but legat authority over the conduct of every rank in the state ; bywhich he could degrade Senators and Knighis, and inflictUpon ali citiZens an ignominious sentende sor any immorat or indecent bellaviour. But nothing contributed more to render the new form of governinent acceptableto the people, than the frequent distribution os coria, and somelimes largesses, amongst the commonalty: for an
occasional scarcity of provisions had always been the clites cause of discontenis and tumulis in the capital. To the interests of the army he likewise pald particular attention. It was by the assistance of the legions that he had risento pomer; and they were the men vpho, in the last resor is lacti an emergency should ever occur, could alone en- able him to preserve it. History relates, that aster the overthrow of Antony, Augustus held a consultation with Agrippa and Mecaenas about restoa ing the republican form of government, When Agrippa gave his opinion in favor of that mensure, and Mecaenas opposed it. The object of this consultation, in respect of iis future consequences on society, is perhapsthe most important ever agitated in any Cabinet, , and re
quired, for the mature discussion of it, the whole collective misdom of the ablest men in the empire. Buthis was a re urce which could scarcely be adopted, either with security to the public quiet, or Writh unbiassed judgment in the determination of the question. The bare agitation os such a potnt would have excited an imme