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was a Plebeian family of the sanae name, no way inferiorto the other either in power or dignity), came originalty from Regilli, a town of the Sabines. They remove lineiace to Rome Mon after the bullding of the city, witha great body of their dependanis, under Titus Tatius, who was pariner With Romulus in the Lingdom, or per-haps, what is related upon beller authority, under Atta Claudius, head of the familv, si1κ years after the eXpulsionos the Tarquitas; at whicli time they were by the Senatechosen into the body of the nobility ; receiving likewisestom the government lands beyond the Anio, for their dependanis, and a burying-place for thenaseives near the Capitol. Aster this period, in process of time, the familyhad the honor of eight and twenty Consulmips, five Dictatorstips, seven Censor sttips, seven triumplis, and two ovations. Their descendants were distinguis hed by Various praenomina and cognomina but reject ed by
Consent The Romans mere divided into various clans Gentes , and each Gens into severat families, sin Familias vel Stirpes). Those of the same Gens were called Gentiles, and those of the same family, Agnati. Relations by the fallier s fide ivere also called Agnati, to distinguissi them hom Cognati, relations
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Consent the praenomen of Lucius, after two of them withthat nam e were Convicted, one of robbery and the otheros murde r. Amongst other cognomina, they assumed thatos Nero, whicli in the Sabine langu age signifies stronga nil vallant. II. It appears Dom record, that many of the Claudii have performed signat services to the state, as weli ascommitted adis of delinquency. To mention the mos Gnly by the mother's side. An Agnarus might also be called
cognatus, but nul the contrary.
To mark the different genies and familii, and to distinguis a the individuals of the fame family, the Romans had Commonly three nam es, the Praenomen, PVomen, and Cognomen. The Praenomen was put first, and marhed the individuas. It was usualty written with one letter; as A. for Aulus ; C. Caius; D. Decimus: somelimes with tum letters ; as Ap. for pius ς Cn. Geius : and semetimes with three ; as Mam. for
The Nomen was put aster the Praenomen, and marhed thegeus. It commonly ended in ius : as 'lius, Tullius, Cornelius. The Cognomen .was put last, and marked familia ; as Cicero, Caesar, &C. Some genses seem to have had no surname; as the Μarian ; and gens and familia stem semetimes to be put ones or the other; as the Fabia gens, or Fabia familia. Sometimes there was a Durth name, properly called the 'nomen, but sonaetimes likewise Cognomen, which was ad dedupon account of s me illii strious action or remarhable event. Thus Scipio was named Publius Cornelius Scipio Afrisanus, frona the conqhiest os Carthage in Africa . For the likereason, his brother vias called Lucius Cornelius Scipio A ticus. In the same manner, Fabius Maximus received the in nomen of Ctinctutor, from his checking the impetuosi ty
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TIBERIUS II ERO CAESAR. 249remarhable only, Appius Caecus dissuaded the Senatefrom agreeing to an alli ance with Pyrrhus, as preiudicialto the public. Claudius sirs passed the sti ait of Sicilymith a fleet, and drove the Carthaginians o ut of theis anil. Claudius Nero cui Osf Asdrubal with a vast at myupon his arrival in Italy from Spatia, besore die could jo in his brother Annibal. On the other hand, Claudius Appius Regillanus, one of the Decemvir8, attempted in aviolent manner, frona a criminal passaon, to have a youngwΟman, Who was free born, declared by judiciat sentence a flave; a transaction Ghicli occasioned a secondseparation of the commons frona the Senate. Claudius Drusus erected a statue of himself covered with a crorun in the Forum os Appius, and endeavored by the me alas
of his dependanis to malae himself master of Italy. Claudius Pulcher, Lear the coasi os Sicily, when the pulleis,upon his using them in the way of augury, would noteat, in Contempt of the ominous presage, funk ilaena iuthe sea, as is he was resolved they siould di in k at least, is they would not eat; and immediately enga ging theenemy, was deseated. Being ordered by tse Senate toname a Dictator, as is he was resolved to mahe a jest of the public danger, he na med his pursvivant Glycias. of the women of this family, likewise, the annals of the Republic a Tord examples equat ly repugnant to each other. Forboth the Claudias were of this family : stae, Who, When
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from a great Crowd in the streeis, me openly exclaimed, I xvim my brother Pulcher was alive again, to lose another feet, that there might be lese throng at Rome. V Be-11des, it is notorious stoin the records of past times, thatali the Claudii, excepting only Ρ. Claudius, Who, to aC- compli1h the banishment of Cicero, procured a Commoner and one lihewise younger than himself, to adopi him, mere always of the Patrician party, as meli as great stichlers sor the honor and power of that Order ; and solviolent anil obstinate in their opposition to the Commons, that not one of them, even in the case of a triat for Ese by the people, would ever condescend to put on mourning, according to custom, or mahe any supplication to them for favor; and lame of them, in their contests with the Commons, have even proceeded to lay hands on their
Tribunes. A Vestat virgin lihewise of the family, whenher brother was resolved to have me honor os a triumphin spite of the authority of the peopte to the Contrary, motanted the chariot with him, and attendedi him into the Capitol, to prevent the Tribunes stom interposing toforbid it. III. From this family Tiberius Caesar is descended, and
indeed both by the fallier and mother's fide; by the for- mer froni Tiberius Nero, and by the Ialter fioni Appius Pulcher, who were both sons of Appius Caecus. Helikewise belonged to the family of the Livii, by the adoption of his mother's grand- ther into it: whicli family, though plebeian, made a distingui med figure, having had me honor of eight Consulstips, two Censorsa ips, threo trium plis, one Di natorshir, and the ossice of Master offae Horse : and was famous for eminent men, particularly
Salinator and the Drusi. Salinator, in his Censoriuip put a mark of infamy upon ali the tribes, for their inconstar Cy
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TIBERIUS NERO CAESAR. 2 1stancy in mahing him Consul a second time, and Censor, though they had condemned and fined him aster his firs Consulmip. Drusus procured sor himself and his posteri-W a new surname, by Lilling in close fight Drausus, a
generat of the enem y. He is lihewise sa id to have re- Covered, when Pro- praetor in the province of Gaul, thegold which had been formet ly gi ven to the Senones, in the siege of tbe Capitol, and had not, as is reported, been forced froin them by Camillus. His great-great-grand-son, who for his extraordinary services agains: the Gracchi, was styled the patron of the Senate, test a son, Who, projecting a variety of schemes, during a similar dissension,
IV, But the fallier of Tiberius Caesar, being Quaestorto C. Caesar, and commander of the fleet in the war οἱ Alexandria, contributed greatly to the successe of it. Hewas theres ore made one of the high-priesis in the room ofP. Scipio ; and was sent to se ille sonae colonies in Gaul, a amongst the rest tho se of Narbonne and Artes. Aster thedeath of Caesar, however, wlien thς rest of the Senators, for sear of public disturbarices, were for having the trans action buried in oblivion, he even moved expressty the bouse for rewarding those who h ad killed the tyrant. When his Praetorsiaip was expired, upon occasion Os adisturbance breahing out amongst the Triumviri, in theend of the year, he hept the hadges of his ossice beyonditie legat time ; and following L. Antonius the Consul, brother to the Triumvir, to Perusia, though the rest submitted, yet he by himself continued firm to the party, and got oss fit si to Ρraeneste, and then to Napies ; Whence, having in va in invited the faves to liberty, he fled over tobicily. But conceiving relaniment ta not being imme-
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diately admitted in to the presence of Sextus Potnpey, and being bessides sorbid the use of the Fasces, he went over
quest of Augustus, gave up to him his wise Livia Drus1lla, though she was then big with child, and had bes reborne him a son. He dieii not long after ; leaving lRhiud him truo solas, Tiberius and DPusus Nero.
V. Some have imagined that Tiberius was horia at Fundi, but upori a tristing foundation sor the conjecture, hecause his mother's prandinother was of Fundi, and that the image of Good Fortune was by a decree of the Senate erected in a public place in that town. But accordingto the greatest number of writers, and thos e too of thebest authority, he was born at Rome, in the Palatium, upon the si Xteenth of the Calends of December, when M.AEmilius Lepidus was seconil time Consul, with L. Munatius Plancus, after the batile of Philippi ; for so it is registered in the calendar, and the public ad s. Accord- ing to sonae, however, he was boria the preceding year, in the Consulmip of Hirtius and Ρansa; and others say, in the year following, during the Consul sh ip of Servilius Isauricus and Antony. VI. His infancy and childhood were passed am id st agreat deal of danger and trouble. Ηe ac companted his parenis every where in their figlit, and had like to have botrayed them by his crying at Naples, as they were pri-
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TIBERIUS NERO CAESAR. 253Wished to ea se thb women of their burden. Being car-1 1ed throuo Sicily and Achaia, and enti usted so me timeto the care of the Lacedaemonians, Who were under the
rounded the whole company closely, that part of Livia's cloaths and hair were buriat. The presents whichwere made him by Pompeia, sister to Sextus Pompey, in Sicily, viZ. a cloah, a classe, and goiden bullae, a re stili extant, and shewn at Baiae to this day. Afiter his return to
the city, being adopted by M. Gallius, a Senator, in his
Will, he entered upon the es fate; but soon after declinedine u se of his name, hecause Gallius had been of the partyagainst Augultus. When only nine years of age, hepronounced a funerat oration in prat se of his fallier uponthe Rostra; and afterwards, when he had nearly attainedihe age of manhood, he attended the chariot of Augustus, in his triumph for the victory at Actium, riding upon theoulside horse of his chariot on the lest hand, whil si Marcellus, Octavia's son, rode upon the right. He likewise pressi ted at the games celebrated upon account of that victory; and in the Trojan games intermiYed with the Circensian, he commanded a troop of the tallest boys.
VII. Aster assuming the manly habit, he spent hisyouth, and the rest of his life untii he came to the go Vertament, in the following manner. He gave the peOplean enteria in ment of gladiators, in memory of his faether, and another for his grand ther Drusus, at different times
and in disserent places : the fit si in the Forum, the second in the amphitheatre ; me gladiators who h ad been honorably dis charged, being inducet to engage again, bya re ard of a hundred thousand sesterces. de like vise
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flli these he did in a splendid in-nner, at the Charge of his mollier and fallier-in law. He married Agrippina, thedaughter of M. Agrippa, and grand-daughter of Caecilius Atticus, a Roman knight, the fame person to whoriae Cicero has addi essed so many episties. Aster he had by herhis son Drusus, he was obliged to part with her, thoughsae retained his affection, and was again pregnant, to mari y Augustus f daughter Julia. But this he did with eκtremereluctance: for, besides having the warmest attachmentio Agrippina, he was dis gusted wim the bellavio ur ofJulia, vilio had made indecent advances to him during the life time of her former lius band ; and that sine was amoman os such a character, mas the generat opinion os her Aster the divorce of Agrippina he felt the deepessregret; and Upon inceting her asterwariis, he loohed a fiater her with eyes so passionalely cxpressive os affection, that Care was talicii siue smould never come more in his
with Julia: but a rupture so on ensued ; whicli hecame se violent, that, aster the losse of their son, Who was horn at Aquileia, and dicit an infant, he never would sieep withher more. He lost his brother Drusus in Germany, and brought his body to Rome, travelling ali the way on footbefore it. VIII In his fit si essuys in the ossices of civiI Iise, heplea ded the severat causes of king Archelaus,. the Trallians, and Thessalians, bet ore Augustus, who sat asjudge ut the trial of them. He interceded with the Sc- nate in bellais of the Laodiceans, the Thyatircans, and Chians, who had suffereti greatly by an cartiiquake, and solici ted relies of the Romans. He prosecuted Fannius Caepio, who had buen enς aged in a conspiracy With
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TIBERIUS NERO CAESAR. 25svarro Muraena against Augustus, and procured sentenceos condemnation against hi m. During these transactions, he had a double charge upon his hands, that os supplying the city with corn, which was theia very scarce, and that os purging the work-houses throughout Italy : themasters of which were fallen under an odious suspicionos seiring and keeping confined, not Only travellers, butinose whom the sear of being obliged to serve in the wars, had driven to steli refuge in lach places. IX. He made his first campaigia in the war of Cantabria, in quality of a Tribune. Asterwariis he ted anariny into the East, where he restored the Lingdom ofArmenia to Tigranes ; and being seated upon a tribunal, put a Crown upon his head. He, lihewise received froni the Parthians the standards whicli they had tali en stomCrassus. He neXt governed, for near a year, ille Pro- vince of Gallia Comata, which was then in great dis Order, on account of the incursions of thu barbarians, and the seuds of the grandees. He asterwards Commandidin the severat wars against the Rhaetians, Vindelicians, Pannonians, and Germans. In thu Rhaeti an and Vliadelician wars, 'he subdued the nations in the Alps ; and in the Pannonian, the Bruci and the Dalmatians. In the German war, he transplanted into Gaul forty thou sand of the enem y that had sui mitted, and asiigned them Jands near the banks of the Rhine. For these actions, he entemd the city in ovation, but mounted on a Chariol, and is suid by me to have been the first that ever vas honored with this distinet ion. He entered veryyOung upon the public ossices of state ; and rara throughthe Quaestorsitis , Praetormip, and Consulate almost successively. Aster sonae intervat, he was chos en Cousiit a second
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X. In the nitdst of ali his prosperity, in the prime of his years, and a good state of health, he ali on a suddens Ormed a resolution to withdra to a great distance froni Rome. It is uncertain Whether this mas owing to any Consideration of his wise, whom he net ther dursi complain os, nor divorce, and with whom the conneXion be-Came every day more intolerable ; or to prevent that indifference towards him, whicli his constant residen re in the city might in time produce ; or to the liope of supporting and improving by absence his authori ty in thestate, is me public stio uid have occasion for his serviCe. SOme are of opinion, that hecause Augus fus 's fons were noW grown Up to years of maturi ty, he voluntarily relinquished the possession he had long enjoyed of the secondpost in the govertament , as Agrippa had done bes ore him ; Who, When M. Marcellus was advanced to publiCosnces, reti red to Mitylene, that lae might not seem tosta nil in the way of his promotion, or in any respe et lassen him by his pressetace. The same rea n likewi se Tiberius gave asterwariis for his retirement ; but his pretexi at this time was, that he was satia ted with honors, and de si rous of heing relieved froni the fatigue of busi sinesse ; requesting there re that he might have leave to
nate, that he was deserted by him, could prevati uponhim to alter his resolutiora. Upon their persisting in the desigia os detaining him, he refused to talie any suste- nance for four days together. At last, having obtained permission, he quitted the city with bis wi se and son, and