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by Caius for effeminacy. When he came for the wawh- word, the lalter would give him Priapus or Venus; andupon his occasional egpression of than ks, would osse rhim his hand to hisse' in a figure and gesture of lewdimitation.
LVII. His approaching sate was indicated by many prodigies. The statue of Jupiter at Olympia, V hicli heli ad ordei ed to be talien down and brought to Rome, alion a suilden burs h out into lacti a violent fit os laughter, that the machines employed in the work being put intodisorder, the workmen ran away. Immediately Uponthis incident, there came up a mari nam ed Casiius, whosaid that he was commanded in a dream to sacrifice a bullto Jupiter. The Capitol at Capua vias si ruch with light ning upon the siles of March ; as was likewise, at Rome, the apariment of the principat flave belonging to the Palatium. Some construed the lalter into a prelage that the master of the place was in danger frona his ownguariis ; and the other they regat ded as a si1gn, that an execution similar to what had formerly happened on thal
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ΤΗE LIPE OFof that event. Whiis: he was at sacrifice, he was se. spatiered with the bl ood os a flainingo. And the pantomimic Mnester danced a tragedy, whicli the tragedian Neoptolemus had formerly acted at the games, in whicli Philip the hing of the Macedonians was flain. And in the piece called Laureolus, in whicli the actor running out in a hut ry and fallisag vomited blo , severat of the secondary actors vying with each other to give the best specimen of their ari, made the whole stage he overilowed with blood. Anil for the night was intended a fori of play, in whicli the fabulo us accounts of the insernat regionawere to be represented by Egyptians and AEthiopians. LVIII. Upon the ninth of the Calends of February, and abo ut the sevenili hoυr of the day, being in semedoubt whether he should rise to dinner, as his stomachwas disordered by what he had eaten the day before, atlast, by the advice of his si leniis he came out. Some boysos nobie extraction, who had been brought froni Asia toaet upon the stage, watting for him in a private portico through whicli lie was to passe, he made a sto p to vlewand to speah to them ; and had not the clites of them iuidhe had got coid, he would have gone bach, and havCmade them adi immediately. In respect of what followed, two different accounts are given. Some say, that,
whil si he was speal ing to the boys, Chaerea Came be-hi nil him, and gave him a great cui in the nech, sirs hcrying oui, Mind this that then a Tribune, by
Da me Cornelius Sabinus, a nother of the ConspiratorS, ran
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LIX. He lived twenty-nine years, and rei gned three years, ten monilis, and eight days. His hody was Carried privately into the Lamian Gardens, whero it was halfburiat iapon a pile hastily rat sed, and then as Caretes Styburied. It was after artis taken up again by his fisters, opon their return f om banissa nitent, essed ually burni, and buried. Before this mas done, it is weli lino Nn that the Leepers of the gardens were greatly disturbed by apparitions ; and that not a night passed without sonae terribio fright or other in the liouse where he was sain, untii it
her braius knoched out against a wall. LX. of the miserable condition of those times a nyperson may easty forna an es imate frona the followingcircumstances . For after his death Was made public, it Was nOt presently credi ted. Peopte entertained a suspicion that the report of his being killed had been contrive land si read by himself, with the vie w of disco vel ing ho
they stood affected tori arils him. Nor had the conspira- tors pitched iapon any one to succeed hi m. The Senators mere so unanimo us in their resolutiori to asseri the liberty
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of their country, that the Consuls assembled them at franot iii the usual place of meeling, because that had iis name from Julius Caesar, but in the Capitol. Some pro- posed to the hou se to abolisti the memory of the Caesars, and levet their temples with the ground . It was parti-ticularly remarhed on this occason, that ali the Caesars, who had the praenomen of Caius, died by the Mord, ever 1ince him who was salia in the times os Cinna.
UNPORTUNATE LY a great chasm in the Annalsos Tacitus, at this period, precludes ali information frontinat historian respecting the reigia os Caligula : hut frontwhat he mentions towariis the close of the precedingchapter, it is evident that Caligula was forward to scizethe retias of go vertament, ii pon the death of Tiberius, whom, though he rivalled hi in in his vices, he was sarisoni imitating in his dissimulation. Amongii the people,
the remembrance of Germanicus's viriues cherimed fortiis fami ly an attachment, which was probably encrea sed by ita missor tunes : and they were anxious to De revivedin the son .the popul urity of the fa ther. Confidering, however, that Caligula's vici ous disposition was atready known, aud that it had even been an inducem ent With Tiberius to procure his succession, as xvliat might proVea Mil to his own memory ; it is sui priling that no effortwas made at this jumflure to shalae olf the despotis in whichii ad heen so intolerable in the last rei gn, and res ore thea iacient liber ty of the Republic. Since the commenCement of the imperiat dominion, there ne ver liud been any pericd so favorabie sor a Counter- revolution as the Pre' sent crisis. There existed noxv no Livia, to influencente mines of the Senate and peopte in respect of the go
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Vernment; nor Was there any ollier person allied to the family of Germanicus, whose countenance or intrigues
could .promote the views of Caligula. He himself was now only in the twenty- fifth year of his age, mas totallyinexperienced in the administration os public assairs, hadnever performed even the smallest service to his country, and was generalty known to be of a character which diia graced his illustrious descent. V et, in spite os ali thesecircumstances, lach was the destiny of Rome that his accession afforded joy to the soldiers, who had known him in his childhood, and to the populace in the capital, asHeli as the peopte in the provinces, who were flatterest with the delusive expectation os receiving a prince whomould adorn the throne with the amiable viriues of Gem
ing, Or a Corruption os morais, Was more conspicuous in
the character of Caligula. He scems to have discove redfrom his earliest years an innate depravity of mind, whichmas undoubtedly much encreased by a defect of education. He had lost both his parenis at an early period oflife : and froni Tiberius's own character, as weli as his vlexus in training the person who flaould succeed him onthe throne, there is reason to thin k, that is any attentionwhatever was pald to the education of Caligula, it was directed to vitiate ali his faculties and passions, rather manto correct and improve them. Is such was reatly the ob-jest, it was in deed prosecuted with successe.
The Commencement, homoer, of his reign was suchas by no means prognosticared iis subsequent transsition.
The sudden change of his conduet, the astoniihing mi X- ture os imbecillty and presumption, of morat turpitude B b et aud
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lach as rolling himself Over heaps of gold, his treatinent of his horse Incitatus, and his design of mahing him Consul, seem to justis' a suspicion that his brain had actually been affected, either by the potion, sa id to have beengiven him by his wife Caesonia, or otherwisse. Philtres,
Or love-potions , as they were Called, were frequent in those times; and the people belleved that they operate lupon the minit by a mysterious and sympathetic power. It is, however, beyond a dolabi, that their essedis mere produced entirely by the action of their physical qualities Upora the organs of the body. They were usually maduos the satyrion, whicli, according to Pliny, Was a prOVO-cative. They were generalty given by women to their liuia bands at hed time ; and it was necessary towards their successsul operation, that the parties smould sieep together. d his circumstance explains the whole mystery. The phil- treS Were nothing more than medicines of a stimulatingquali ty, whicli, after exciting Violent, but temporarycssedis, enfeebled the constitution, and occasioned nervo us dis orders, by whicli the mental faculties, as weli as thecorporeat, might be injured. That illis was reatly the case with Caligula, seems probabie, not only froin the falling sichness, to which he was subject, but froni the habituat watchfuinesse of which he complained. The profusion of this emperor, during his stiori reign of three years and tela monilis, is unex ampled in his ory. In the midst os profound peace, without any eXtraordinarycharges either civit or military, he eYpended, in tesse than
One year, besides the current revenue of the empire,
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posed upon the people, and those too on the necessaries of life. There existed now amongst the Romans every motive that could eXcite a generat indignation against their governiament ; yet such was stili the dread os imperiat power, thoughvested in the han is of so weak and despicabie a fovereign, stat no insurrection was attempted, nor any eXtensive conspiracy formed ; but the obnoxio his emperor isti atlasta sacrifice to a sew Centurions of his Own guard. This reign was of too saori duration to afford any ne productions in literature : but, had it been extended to amis ob longer period, the effects would probably have been the sanae. Polite learning never could Bourish under anem peror who enteria ined a desigia os destroying the writ-ings of Virgil and Livy. It is fortuitate that these, and Other valvabie productions os antiqui ty, were too widelydis sed over the worid, and too care ully preserved, to bella danger os peris hing through the frenZy of this capri-ctous barbarian.
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TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CAESAR.
I. LIVIA having married Augustus when she was big with child, was within three monilis after delive redos Drusus, the fallier of Claudius Caesar, who had at first
This Drusus, during the time of his being Quaestor and
Praetor, commanded in the Rhaetic and German wars, and
was the fit si os ali the Roman generals that salied the Northeria Ocean. Ηc made likewise sonae prodigioustrenches heyond the Rhine, which to this day are called by his name . He overthrew the enem y in severat batiles, and drove them up a great way into the desert paris of the country. Nor did he desist stom the purisit untii a barbari an woman os more than human sire appeared tollim, and in the Latin longue sorbid him to proceed any sarther. For these atchlevemenis he had the honor ofan Ovation, und the triumphat ornaments. Aster his Praetornati', he immediately took upon him the Consulate, and returning again to Germany, died in the summer-samp
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TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CAESAR.
Camp, whicli then Ce obta ined the nam e of the wiched camp. V His corpse was Carried to Rome by the principat persons os the severat borough to vias and colonies UpOn the road, being mei and received by the publicscribes of each place, and buri ed in the Fi id of Mars. In honor of his memory the arm y erected a monument, round whicli the soldiers used, annuallu, upon a Certa inday, to march in solemn processiora, and persons deputed froin the severat cities of Gaul made their supplicationsto his gliost. The Senate like ise, amongst various other honors, decreed for him a triumphat arch of marble thtrophies in the Appian way, as also the cognomen os Germanicus, for hi in and his posteri ty. He was consider-ed as a person by no means os an assum ing temper, butambitio tis of glory. For besules his victories he broughtosf the spolis called Opidia ', and frequently singled out
aiad pursved the German commanders up and down theirariny, With the ut most haZard of his lise. Ηe lihewiso osten declared, that he uid sonae time or other, is possibie, restore the ancient go vern ment. Ora thiS BCcount, I suppose, sonae have ventui ed to assim that Augustus was j ealous of him, and recalled him : and hecause hemade no has te to comply with the order, took him OE by The Spolia. Opima v ere the spolis taken Dom the generat of the enem y, when he was sta in in single combat by the generat of the Romans They were alWays hirng up in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. During the whole time that the Roman state existed, tho se spolis had been obtained onlythrice; the fit si by Romulus, who siew Acron, Ling of the Caeninenses ; the nexi by Α. Cornelius Cossus, who se Tolumnius, hing of the Veientes, A. U. 3i8 ; and the thii dby M. Claudius Marcellus, who ste Viridomarus, hing of he Gauis, A. U. 33O,
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omission, more than because I thin k it either trire or probable ; since Augustus loved hi in se much when living, that he always, in his villis, made him joint heir with his sons, as he once declared in ille Senate, and upon his de Cense, eXtolled him in a 1peech to the people, to that degree, that he prayed the Gods to mahe his Caesars like him, and to grant .him as honorable an exit out of this woridos they had given him. V And not satisfied mulli inscrib- ing upon his tomb an epitaph in verse composed by laimself, he wrote likewise the history of his lisc in prose. He had by the younger Antonia severat oblidron, but test belli ad him only three, viz. Germanicus, Livilia, and Claudius, II. Claudius was born at Lyons in the Consulsa ipos Julius Antonius, and Fabius Africanus, Upon thefrst of August, the very day υpon whiCh an altar Wasfrs: dedicated there to Augustus, and was named Tiberius Claudius Drusus. Soon after, upon the adoption Ostiis et ter brother into the Julian fami ly, he assumed the Cognomen os Germanicus. He was test an infant by his fallier, and during almost the whole of his minori ty, and for sonae time after he attained the age of manhood, waSafilicted with a variety of stubborn compla nis ; insona UChthat his minii and body being greatly impatred, he Was, even aster his arrivat at years of maturity, never thought lassiciently qualined sor any public or private emplOyment. He was thereiore during a long time, and even alter theeXpiration of his minori ty, under the direction os a paeda
him severely on every tristing occasion V On account of this