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TI ERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CAESAR. 387 causes in favor of the party that appeared, against lachas did not, without enquiring whether their absence was occasioned by their own fauit, or reat necess1ty. Onproclamation os a man 's being convicted of forgery, and
that he ought to have his hand cui olf, he ins1sted that an executioner should be immediately sent for, with a swordand a butcher's bloch. A person being prosecuted forfalsely assuming the Deedom os Rome, and a disputeari 11ng betwiXt the advocates in the Cause, whether heought to mahe his defence in the Roman or Greciandresse, to fhew his impartiality; he commanded hi in tochange his cloaths severat times according as he was a C-cused or defended. An anecdote is related of him, and belleved to be true, that, in a particular cause, he deliver-
witness whom he had sent for fro in the provinces, decla ed it was impossibie for him to appear, Concealing the ea n for me time : at last, after severat interrogatories mere put to hi in oti the su edt, he answered, The man
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and allowed to give evide iace against him, upbraided him in very severe language with his folly and crueity, and then threw his style, and s me books which he had in his hanii, straight in his face, with lach violence as togive him a considerable wound in the cheeh.
XVI. He like vise took upon him the ossice of Censor, which had been discontinued, since thin time that Paullus and Plancus had held it in conjunction. But upon this occasion, again, he bellaved very unequally, and with astrange variet' of humor and conduct. In his review of those who were allowed a war-horse by the public, hedisinissed, without any mark of infamy, a profligate young man, Only because his fallier eXpressed his approbation of his bellavi our, saying, He has his own pro-
bauching of youth, both male and semate, and adultery, heonly admonimed to indulge his youthful inclinations
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TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CAE SAR. 389
speah for himself, however meanly he was quali fied forthe pui pose. He dis graced many, and some that litile
expected ii, and for a reason entirely new, nam ely, sorgoing out of Italy mithout his linowledge and permission ;and one likewise, for having attended in his province u pona hing, as his companion: observing that, in formertimes, Rabirius Posthumus h ad been prosecuted for trea- n, only Upon the account of attending Ptolem y to Alexandria, to secure payment of abdebi. Severat others, whom he attempted to dis grace, through the great negligeiace of the persons employed to enquire into people's Characters, he, to his own greater stame, found perfect-Iy innocent; thos e whom he charged with living in celi-baCy, want Os Child ren, or estate, proving thenaseives tobe lius an is, parenis, and in afluent Circumistances. Onethat was accused os an attempt made Upon his own ii by the sword, stris ped hi niself to let hina see there Wasnot the leas mark of violence upon his body. The follo ing incidents were remari able in his Censorstaip. Heordered a silver Chaise, of very sumptuous workmans hip, and which was eXposed to sale at the Sigillaria, to bepurcha sed, and hewed in pieces bes ore his eyes. He publii hed twenty proclamations in one dav ; in one of whichhe ad vised the people, Since the viniage was Very plenti fui, to have their cassis weli secured at the bung withpitch And in anotlier he tol l them, that nothingwould oner cure the bite os a viper, than the Dp of the
XVII. He undortook only one expedition, and thatonly of shori continuance. The triumphat ornaments decreed hi in by the Senate, he considered as below theimperiat digni ty, and was thereiore resolved to have the honor of a complete triumph. For this purpose, he
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made choice of the province of Britain, which had neverbeen attempted by any 11nce Julius Caesar, and was then
monilis froin the time of his departure, and triumphed in the moli solemn maniter ; to the sight of whicli, he not oralypermitted some governors of provinCeS to Come to tOWn, hut sonte likewise who were in banissiment. Amongst the spolis taken from the enemy, he fixed up n the domeos his house in the Palatium, a navat CroWn near the Civic which was there bes ore, in token of his having passed, and as it were, Conquered the Ocean. Messalina hismis e followed his chariot in a Carpentum . Those whohad attained the honor of triumphat ornaments in the samemar, Came after in Chario is, the rest on foot, and clad in the robe used by the great ossicers of state. Crassus Frugi Was mounted upon a horse richly accoutred, in an Cmbroidered robe, because this was the second time of his attaining that honor. XVIII. He was partihularly attentive to the city, and toliave it weli supplied with provisions. A dreadfui si re
The Carpentum was a carriage, commonly With tWOwheeis, and an arched coveriug, but sometimes without aco vering ; used chieny by matrons, and named, accordingio Ovid, from Carmenta, the mother of Evander. Women were prohibited the use of it in the second Punic War, by the Oppian law, whicli ho wever was soon after repealed.
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TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CAESAR. 39Ιhappening in the ramiliana, whicli continued some time, he passed two nighis in the Diribitorium ' ; and the sol-diers and gladiators not be ing lassicient to extinguish it, he summoned the commonalty by the inagistrates out ofati the s reeis in town, to their assistance. Ρlacing baiaheis fuit os money before hina, he encoua aged the peopleto do their ulmost, declaring, that he would immediately, upon the spol, re ard every one of them according totheir merit.
XIX. During a scarci ty of provis1ons, occasioned by bad crops for sonae years successively, he was stopped in the naiddie of the Forum by the mob, who attachedhim with such scurrilous re pro a Ches, and pieces of bread, that it was with some dissicut ty he at last escaped by a
received their pay. It was also a place where, when the RomanS Went to give their voles at the election os magistrates, they were conducted by ossicers na med Diribitores.
It is possibie that one and the same bullding may have beenu sed for both puxposses.
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a queduel, which had been beguia by Caius, a canat sorthe dis charge of the Fucine lake, and the har bour of Ostia; though he know that one of these had by Augustus been dented to the Marsians, who frequently applied to him upon the subject; and that the other hadbeen severat times intended by Julius Caesar, hut as ostenabandoned on account of the dissiculty of execution. Hebrought to the city the cool and plentiful springs of the Claudian water, o ne of Νhicli is called Caeruleus, and the other Curtius and Albudinus as likewis e the river of the new Anio in a fione canal, and disposed of them into many fine lakes. He attempted the Fucine Lahe, as1Duch from the expectation os advantage, as the glory of the execution ; since me offered to dra in it at their own CXpence, Upon Condition that they might have a grant of the land whicli it occupied. He completed a canal three
a bend in to the sea, mahing a mole at the entrance in adeep water. To secure the foundation of the superstruc
sor the direction os mariners in the night. XXI. He osten gave large sies to the peOple, and en tertained them with a great variety of public diversions,not only such as were usual, and in the usual places, but sume of ne w invention, others revived si antiqui ty,
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TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CAESAR. 393 and in places where nothing of the Lind had ever besorobeen exhibite l. in the games that he presented upon theopening of Pompey's theatre, which had been burni, and was rebulli by him, he pressi ded upon a throne erected for him in the Orchestra ; having sit si pald his devotions in the Upper pari; then coming down through the naiddie of the Cavea, whilst ali the people hept their seats witti pro und silence. He likc isse eκhibited the Secular Games Under pretence of their having been anticipaled by Augustus ; though he laimself says in his history, Thatthey had been neglected be re Augustus, who had made
He lihe vise frequently presented the Circen Dan games in the Vatican, somelimes with a hunting of wild beasts, after every sive Courses. He beauti sied the great Circus with marble barriers, and gilded goals, which be fore 'vereos common stone and wood, and assigned proper placessor the Senators, who vvere used to sit promiscuoustywith the other spes a tors. Besides the chariot-races, heexhibited there the Trojan game, and wild beatis froni Africa, which were encountered by a troop of the horse-gUards, with d ribunes, and the commander in chies atthe head of them besides Thessalian horse, that drivem ad bulis round the Circus, leap upon their backs whenthey are tired, and puli them down by the horias to thegro und. He gave smws of gladiators in severat places, nil os vario us Linds : an anniversary one in the Pi Ietorian camp; but without any liunting, or the usual apparatus ζ
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paratus : another as usual in the Septa ; and in the fame place, another out of the common way, and of a fewtays' continuance. only, which he called Sportula ; be- cause When he was going to present . it, he informed thepe te by proclamation, that he invited them as it wereto a sinali supper. V Nor was he in any hind of public
Palumbus ' sa gladiator , he seid, He would give themone when it was calched. V And the following likewise, though well-intended, and well-timed, when having with great applause discliarged an Essedari an, upon the intercession of his four sons, he sent a billet immediately round the theatre, to remind the people, how much it Con- cerned them to have children, since they had besere theman instance, ho useful they had been to procure favorand security for a gladiator. V He likewise represente lin the Field of Mars, the taking and sacking of a town, as also the 1urrender of the Britisti hings, and pae-sded in his generaPs cloah. Immediately be re the dis-charging of the Fucine lake, he exhibited upon it a navalfight. But those on board the feeis crying oui, Healthattend you, no ble em peror : dying men salute yota an dite replying, Health attend you too, V they ali refusedio fight upon it, as is hy that ans ver he had meant toexcuse them. Upon this incident, he was in do tibi with
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XXII. With regard to religion, me management of a fati s both civit and military, and the condition of the severat Orders of the peopte at home and abroad, me Usages he corrected, other. which had been laid asside he revived, and some regulations he introduced enti rely nem. Inchoosing new priesis into ibe severat companies of them,
quake happened in the city, he never falled to summinthe peopte together by the Praetor, and appotiat holidayssor religious wors laip. And upon the sight of any ominous bird in the city or Capitol, he i siued an or ter for public prayers, the words of whicli, by virtve of his ossice of high-priest, after an exhortation to the peopte froin the Rostra, he repented before them, for them to join in, ali common mechanics and flaves heing firs: ordei ed towithdra . XXIII. The colaris of judicature, which had formerly been used to sit only sonae monilis in the summer, and sonae in winter, he ordered, for the dispalch of business,to sit the whole year round . The jurisdiction in mattersos trusi, which used to be granted annually by specialcommission to certain magis rates, and in me City only, he granted in perpetui ty, and the same to the provincesti hewisse. He repealed a clause added by Tiberius to therapia-Poppaean law, as is men os siXty years of age
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XXIV. He likewise granted the Consular ornamentSto his procurators called Ducenarii. From sucti as declined the Senatorian dignity, he took away that of the Equestrian ; though he had in the beginning of his rei gn
ora condition that he should be adopted by a Romanknight. Being afra id however of incurring censure bystch an adi, he informed the public, that his ancestor Appius Caecus, the Censor, had elected the fons os freed-men into the Sena te; for he was ignorant, it seems, that in the times of Appius, and a long while aster, person Smanumised were not called Libertini, but their sons that mere Dee-born. Instead of the expence Malch the iresia tors were obliged to be at, for the paving of the high-ways, he ordered them to give the peopte a slaow of gladiators ; and dives ting them of the provinces of the Ostianand Gallic coas , he resto red to them the charge of thetrea svry, whicli, since the time it was talien from them, had been managed by the Praetors, or those who h ad formexly been lach. He gave the triumphat ornaments to Silam sa