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PROP. Q THE IND. 77 modification, o mode, hicli expresses the natur ofGod in a definite an determinate manner.
Scholium.-Suret ali must admit that without Godnoth in cani orie conceived For it is an accepted fac With al that God is the sole cause of at things, both of thei essence and of thei existen ceri that is, God is the cause of things, no meret with respectriothei comin into existence, a the say, but also illi respectri their eing. A the fame time many saytha that elong to the essence of a thin Without whic the thin can either e nor e Conceived. Consequently the either belleve that the natur ofGod elong to the essence of create things, o that create things a b orie conceived ithout God, Or, Scis more probabie, the are inconsistent Thecause of this I belleve to be that he have o observed the proper order of philosophieting. The have belleve the divine nature, hich hould e contemplate before everythingislse, sincerit is prior both in knowledge an in nature, to e las in the orde ofknowledge, and the things calle objects of senserio befirs of all. Whenc it has come to as that Whilethe contemplate the things o nature, the thoughto nothin cles than the di of the divine nature, and when afterWard the summone thei minxto the contemplation of the divine nature, there Was nothing they
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ΡROP. II. The ne hin that constitates Me acturimis of the human in is noe in eis Man Me idea frame individua Min actuau existing. Proj.-The essetace of man θ Me corollarrso Meprecerin proposition consist os certain modes of the attributes of Goda amel saxis et o modes of
thinhing, to ali of hicli axiom 3 an de is prior
by nature, and when his is present the ther modes
those, that is, o hicli the idea is prioris nature)must be present in the fame individual θ Me fame axiom). Thus an idea is the fars thing that constitutes theaeing of the human ind. ut it is no theideam a non-existent thing for then 8 coro the idealtself could notis sal to exist it is, heia, the dea of a thin actuali existing. Not ho ever, o an infinite thing. For an infinite thinc I et anta et mustalWays necessarii exist but this is axiomo absurd therefore the firs thing that constitutes the actualbeing of the human in is the idea os an individualthin actuali existing. Q. E. D. CorollarF.-Ηenc it follows that he human minora is a par of the infinite intellectis God When there-
fore, e say that he human in perceives this orthat, e a meret that God, o in sociar a hecis infinite, but in sociar asine is manifeste by the nature
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of the human ind that is in sociar asae constitutes the essence of the human mino, has this o that idea and When e say that God has his o that idea, notmeret in o farras e constitutes the natur of the human mino, but in sociar a simultaneousi With the human in he has also the idea of another hing, W say the human in perceives herili in partiallyor inadequalely. SMolium.-Ηere, oubiless, m readers illistich, and wil devise any things hicli ili cause delay. For his reasono e them to procee Wit me sto ly, and noto pas judgmen o these attersunti the have read ove the whole. ΡROP. I a. Muper satis place in the ob et o Meide Mai constituus Me human in mustu perceived θ Me human minae Mat is, an idea re Maret iniis necessaria in Me minae her morius is Me ob et o Meidea Mar constituus Meduman indie a boo, nothin cantate place in that Mae wis out bring perceivedi the minae. Proof.-Whateve tahes place in the objectis any idea, the knowledge of it is necessarii in God 9 coro, in sociar a hecis considere a affected by the de of that object that is ri), in sociar as e constitutes the in o any thing. Whatever, then, ahes placein the objectis the idea that constitutes the humanmind the nowledge of it is necessarii in God in sofarras e constitutes the natur of the human mino, that is ii, raro, the nowledge of it is necessarii in the mind, o the in perceivescit Q. E. D. Scholium.-This proposition is evident also, and
PROP. I 3. The ob et o Me idea hae constitutes Me human in is the oo, Mat is, a de ite mode of sensio actuasi existing, anae nothis esse.
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oow-Ι the od were no the objectis the human mino, the deas of the modifications of thebod Would noto in God 9 cor.), in sociar as heconstitute our mino, but in sociar as e constituted the in of something else that is ix cor.), theideas of the modifications of theiodyMould noti inour ind. ut axiom 4 we have ideas of the modifications of the ody. Therefore the object of the idea that constitutes the human minoris theiody, and that 11 actuali existing. Again is, esides thebody there ere stili another object of the mino, since nothinc I, 36 exist from hic some effect does no folio , there hould II necessarii be inour in theside of some effect of this objeci.' ut axiom 5 there is no such idea Therefore the objecto our in is the existin bod an nothin else. Q. E. D. Corollas.-Ηenc it follows that man consist ofmin and body, and that he humanaod exists, just
tha the human in is unite to theiody but also what is meant by the union os in and body. No
tinctly unlessae firs gain a adequate knowledge of the nature nou body. What we have prove so sarhave been very genera trullis, hicli do no applymore to me than to ait ther individuals, hicli areall. though in different degrees, animaled For ofeverythin there is necessarii an de in God ofwhicli God is the cause jus a there is an idea of the human bod therefore, haleve we have sat of theide of the humanisod must necessariisbe aid of theide of verything et e cannot en that ideas
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differ amon themselves as do thei objecis, and thatone is more excellent than another, an Contain more
reality, justis the objectis the oneris more excellent than the objecti the ther, and Contain more reality. Therefore, in orde to determine in ha the humanmin differs froni themthers, an in halcit excels theothers, it is necessar foris to gain a noWledge, as We have said, of the naturem iis objeci, that is, of the human Ody. his, however I cannot here explain, nor is it necessar for ha I isticio prove Stillomahe the genera statemen that in proportio as nybod is more capable than the res of actingi heingactedispon in many Way at the fame time, iis in is more capable than the est os perceiving many thingsat the fame time; and the more the actions of abod depend pon iiset alone, and the les other hodies Oin illi it in acting the more it min is cap- able o distinc comprehension. From his e may
explain and prove these things ather elaborately. To do his I must premis acie istatement Concerning the natur of hodies.. Axiomo.-Ali odies are either in motion or at
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evident That hodie areio distinguishedi reasono thei substanceris evident both froma s, an I, 8.Ι is stili more evident rom ha is sal in the scholium to I, 5. Lemma a.-AE Maeses aerae in ome respecu. Proos. Ali odies agree in the firs place in that the involve the conception os ne and the fame attribute dein i, In the secon place in that they
again branorare, and sis in in. Proj.-Bodies dein Lare individual things, which lemma 1 are distinguished rom ne nother hyreason of thei motion an rest therefore I, 8, each must necessarily have been determine to motionor est y another individua thing namely 6 byanotheriody Whicli olom 1 his also either in motionor at est But his, io, b the fame reasoning, could no have been in motion or at rest, initia no been determine to motioni res by another, and this in turn θ Me fame ravoning by another, and o toinfinity Q. E. D. Corollar -Ηencerit follows that a bod in motion remains in motion unti it is determine by anotherbod lo comerio rest; and a bod a res remains, too, at rest unti it is determine to motion by another. This is, esides, self-evident. For suppos abody for instance-to berat rest, and domo direct m attention to ther movinibodies, I can sa nothingos theiod excepi that tris at est But hould itasterWard appen that the od Acis et in motion,
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iniit excepi that it is in motion But should it after-ward appen that Acis rought to est, that trulyCould neve have arisen from the motion hic it haebefore cimm the motion nothingilse could solioW than that A shouldie in motion It arises, therefore, romsomething Whic Wasmo in A, namelydrom an externalcause, by Whicli it a determine to comerio est. Axio I.-Al the modes, in Whicli an bod is affected by anotheriody are a consequence both of the natur of the od affecte and of the natur of thebod affectin ita so that one and the a me od isset in motion in divers Way accordin to the diversityos natur of the odies settin it in motion and onthe other and different odies are se in motion indifferent Way by one and the famelody. Axio a.-When a bod in motion impinges ponanother hic is a rest, and whicli it anno se in motion, it is reflecte in such a Way that it continues in motion, and the angi made by the line os reflection it theplane of the od a rest, Pon
Τhis is true of the mos simple hodies, hicli aredistinguished romone another ni by motion or
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84 THE PHILOSOPHY or 'PINOZA. PARTII De uson.-When severat bodies of the fame sige oro different sietes are so presse upo by theriodies a tocli against acti ther, or i the move illi thesame or illi different degrees of rapidity in such away a to Communicate to acti ther thei motion saccordin to ome fixe laW, e say that the are unite to each other, and that ali together compose onebody that is, ne individual, hicli is distinguishedfrom allisthers by this union o bodies. Axiom 3.-In proportio a the paris of an individual, or Composite Ody, are in contact illi achother by greater o les furfaces, the les O more easti can the be force to change thei place and, ConSequently the more ordes eastly can that individualbe adeo tahe another hape. enc I hali call ard hodies the paris of Whicli are in contacti large surfaces oret, thos the paris of whicli are in contactby mali furfaces an fluid those, finalty whose paris are in motion amon themselves. Lemma 4. γ, fram a DdF, or individual, composed of mav odies, ome odies are satin amo, an a Mesam ume jus a man os Me fame nature sale heir ace, Me individua wEI Her Me nature i ha be re, mit oui an change of tu euence. Proj.-Bodies lemma i are o distinguished by reason of thei substance cit is, hoWever, a union ofbodies θ Me precedin de ition that constitutes theessenc os the individual But his θ fpothesis itretains, even though there e a continuat change of bodies The individual ill retain therefore, as respects both substance an mode the natur that ith ad hesore. Q. E. D. Lemma 5. Me component pares of an individualbe me greauror Iras bur in sucri a se Marisu preserve
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by hypothesis, at that, have give in iis definitionas constitutiniit essenCe. Lemma 7.--remer, Me individual, Mus composue, re uin tu nature, flecter ole it moves His atreu, or et erae is moves in his re in har direction, o Ion as ac par reminius motion, and communica eius Me rest, s before.
Proj.-The proo is evident rom it definitions, .hic se before lemma 4. Scholium. Thus, e se hos composite individual cani affecte in many Ways, and yet preserve iis nature. So far e have conceived an individual, hicli is composed meret os hodies that re distinguished romone nother ni by motion or est,sWisines o sto ness, that is, hicli is compose of the mos simple odies. I nowWe Conceive another compose of many individualsi different natures, eshal find that it cani affecte in many the WayS, and et preserve iis nature For, since ach os iis
paris is compose of many bodies, ach pari Wil beabie θ Me precering lemma, Without an change of iis
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ceive a thir classi individual composed of this sec-on hind we hali in that it cani affected in many other Ways, Without an Change oscit essence. In ego on thus to infinity, we hali asit conceive thewholeis nature asine individual, hos paris that is, ali odies, var in an infinit of Ways Without nychange of the whole individual. ad it been m professed purpose to treat of body, I should have explainedan prove these things more a tength. Buta have jus sal thates have another purpose, an bring thesethings forwar for no ther reason than thates caneasit deduce rom them ha have underlahen to
I. The human od is composed os many individual o different natures, ach ne of whichris highlycomposite.
a. of the individuals hic compos the humanbody somerare fluid Some Sost, an some hard. 3. The individuat whicli compos the humanaody, and consequently the humaniodnitself, are affected in many Waysi externa bodies. . The human od neeos for iis conservation, many ther odies by Whicli it is continuatin ascit
s. When a fluid par of the human od is determine by an externa bod to impinge osten pon asof part it changes the plane of the alter, and imprinis pon it certain traCes, ascit,ere, of the impellin externa body. 6. The human od can move externa hodie in man ways, an dispos them in many Ways.