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sneer at ali Who cannot drin down the lide with equat sinoothness and considelice. An honest minit Will risk any charico os singularity and distavo ur in the pursuit and assertion os truth. Nullius addictus juraro in verba magistri. V They who talk of their contented and happy ignorance, and of their determination to abide by the opinions of prescription and antiquity, may be reminded that tho brute ei oys iis ignorance in a much higher degree, and adheres to the usages os iis ancestors With amuch stricter fidelity. Is the cause of liborat and usesul knowledge have an ardent well-Wisher and sincere admirer, I Would claim to bo ho. Inovor know what it Was to fear that man could groW too Wise, orthat tho worid might become too enlightened. Superstition and tyranny may couri refuge in ignorance, may love to fhroud themselves in artifice and delusion, and may require a darkenedstage to aci their paris. It is their interest to extinguisti intellect and stis e enquiry. They are birds of the night; and they clamour ut each streak of the daWn. They are guardians
of the sepulchre ; and they grudge the laint quivering Iampwhich hangs in it, tost it should disturi, the dea d. I hail tho
Was the meanest fragment or particle os truth, I Would colloctit. Isis rat sed her monuments to each limb of Osiris. Truth, in the sense of physical faci, cannot be known without dispensing some advantage. Truth and goodness,V says Bacon, are one, dissering but as the seal and the print; for truthprinis goodne88.' The greater multitude os anti-craniologislsare they who have made it their Vaunt that they have never, not
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The system is frequently impugned for meddling With therelations whicli exist belWeen mirid and body. But mind and body are never Seeti apari in the present state of things. Inevor think of asking myself Where is my mind, it being nosubject of my Senses, or my conSciousne8S ; and locali ty, so saras I know, seems no law of mind. Now the Craniologist is byno means ob sed to have an opinion upon the manner of the connexion belWeen the two,-ali ho is bound to say is, that themin d must act by certain sensibio mediums, and be assected by particular materiai conditions. A mechanicat action is supposed, on the part of Some ofiis opponenis, to be attributed by it to the minit. The bodyis a machine. The types os almost ali such contrivance are contained in it. There are the pulley, the lever, the hydraulicengine, the Stringed instrument, the pendulum. Νow the minddoes impet iis cerebrat apparatus. I Will to open mine eye, it opens,-there is the poWer, and the instrument obeys. Butno mechanicat action need be attributed to the mind, eventia ough the various paris of the brain be appropriated to iis
functions-the question hoW a particular nerve, or maSS of medullary substance, is moved by the volitions of the mind, notforming a necessary branch of the investigation. It is useless to discard the system hecause it represenis somany propensities and dispositions to be common to man and animais; and malles so frequent an appeat to comparatiVe anatomy. We are animais, whether We like to be told so or not.
again, he writes, Nature, Whicli is stronger than ali the reason of thosse Who depreciate human nature, convinceS them more PoWerfully of man's greatness, than reason can perSuade them
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of his meanness. ' Physical conformity does not preclude great intellectual disserenoes. Bratiis are ut least possessed by both. And both oxhibit an astonishing coincidelice in eating and drinking. Α craniologist may hold in equat horror With othersthe philosophy of animal siems and origitis; and recognise, What I cannot suppose any doubt, the naturat, eSSentiat pre-
Fatalism, With some Ahow of reason, has been charged uponthis system; but it scarcely seems inevitably to belong to it. It certainly assumes an Original distinction of intellectual capability. I have no doubt of the fame fact; I only doubi this Organic mode of explaining it. It is Surely not mere poetryto speak of heaven-borii genius, of mental originality, of those Prectous specimens os character Whicli are just shown to thoearth, but are not suffereti to abide.' Are there no native geritis Which spring up in spontaneous luxuriance 8 of ali myantipathies, the opposite doctrine creates the Strongest: that
ilis susceptibility whicli never stirs itself, a centre whicli only vibrates to that whicli is Withoiit, a spring on Whicli outWardiolaches alone can aci l We are no more accountable sor the adoption of any habit, or the bias of any courge, than thestream sor iis impregnation With the minerat over which it rolis, Or the conversion of the insect into the colour of the leas onwhieli it Deds. It is forgoiten that we Create OUr Circum SinnCOS. We form our oWn worid. Society but represenis and shapes Out our hearis. Iis temptations but obey our suggestions and propensities. Iis pallis are but Our froWard WayS. We pre-sido at tho distass and wind tho tissus. Commend me to the schoois in which sh ull-meters teach the maxillis of intellectualinequality, illustraled by unequat conformation, rather than tostose parallelogranas in Whicli men are cooped to bo blendod
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and assimilated; Where, as on the hed os Procreiastes, allcharacters ure racked or topped to a standard. Materialism has in some cases been maintained in connec-tion With Craniology,-but hundreds who hold the lalter, contenti most religiousty and unequivocalty for the necessarydistinctiisss os mirid Dom ali modifications os matter,-and candour must alloW that the very idea os organs implies a Superior, independent, poWer Whicli can use them. The very objoctors speak of the eye Whicli Sees; and what grosser materialism can there he than this p They have no hesitation incalling the brain the instrument of thought, and yet Would denounce in the sanae breatli those Who imagine it tho many instruments of diversified thoughis lIt is quite fastionabie to deride innate ideas, and, there- fore, the opponents of Craniology have rather adroitly essa edto prove that it Was favourable to that exploded opinion. ΝοW,had they attended to the most bungling advocate, they mUSthave perceived the futility of the charge. The question is offaculties,-ideas are the resulis of faculties employed. ThoughI do not admit tho existerice of innate ideas, I bellove that manWas made to be assected in particular Ways, and is originaltyondowed With the capacity of particular notions and impreSSionS. Tho student of this scienco need not contend sor more. But indesd many have litile clearer notion of What is meant hyinnate ideas than Dogberry to bo a mell-favo ured man is thegist os fortune ; but to write and read comes by nature.' Α stippant remark is osten mado, that tho dissectiori of the portions os brain, lying under the severat devel opinenis, eXhibitno peculiarity of structure, and no siness to their correspondirigonds. Hut this proves too much; for let the optic, or any, nervo be traced hom iis thalamus to iis termination and expansion ; and there is no operator, however keen his taci, hoWevermicroscopic his eye, Who could shoW Why the one assisis invision, another in hearing, and a third in laste. Titi nervolas structure and influence be bellor understood, it seems indecentio allege our ignorance of the appropriateness of the brain tothese pretended usos, in disproos of the systom that assignf
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thoni. The onus is sussiciently heavy on the System to prove
bili*. It is not the inducement Whicli constitutes character; it may bo that the character is made up of self-control. Andshould it be said, that, Upori any revolution of sentiment and conduci, these organs misi ead, t may be replied, No, for this revolution supposes the most Counter qUalities, and, accordingto this system, a change Will be Wrought on the head, thesbra in altering, and the bone recruiling, according to the vital
Other extenuations are fairly admissible. Μany of thoorgans are named, Dot froin their common but eXtreme action.
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Should it bo reflectod on this theory, that, instead os prov- ing particular organigation and structure to be the cause of mirid, it contenis itself with the mere coincidenis, We mustremember that a thousand things are belleved by us to be relatodwithout bsing able to Oxhibit the link: that our conclusions aremore generalty determined by the post hoc, than the propterea
the organs. The foui has not to be running abolit to look fortis lacqueys and servants : they ali stand thicli togother in filosand clusters. It has not to send for them ait over the grotan is :they are alWays Within sight, or at least, hearing. The cranium thus hecomes an ex change in Whicli the intellectuat nations may assemble, a baraar Where ali mental busineSSes may be negoci-ated; an ossicina gentium perhaps, eVen Soane constructed the colaris of Westininster on this commodious principie, sothat it is easy to practice in all. Νor is it improbable; therebeing a close resemblance in the things. What is the organos Secretiveness or cunning but a Court of Common Pleas p
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What the organ os conscientiolisness biit a Court of Equity ΘWhat the organ os causative ess biit a Court of Κing s Bonch ΘWhat tho organ of acquisitiveness biit a Court of Exchequor ΘΜarvelloiisDess and Veneration hold their jurisdictions apari: marvellousness sits in the Admiralty, and veneration in tho Spiritual, COUrt. And willing, as I am, to state ali in my poWer that cantavour this system, it is only just to remark on the cast of popular langu age. Is not the whole founded Upon a recognitionos it 8 What was the ancient cry, O Tempora, Ο ΜΟreS,- that is, O tho stato of the human brows l O the degeneracyof the morat sentiments Whicli ought to be ensconced abovethsem l And even the most modern and Vulgar idioms conveythe fame opinion, that the Shuli is Variola Sty motanted by organs,
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it. Νow the diaphragm Was originalty thought to be the seatos mind. It was a happy idea to locate it so centrally, that nojoalousy could be felt by the molantuineers Or loW-landers. Helice the terni, analogically, and not properly, came to beused to signify mind.-For us, there re, Who doubi the manifestation os intellection by the cerebrat apparatus, to cali this theory phrenology, Would be a Dolisti misnomer, sor there is no reserence to sueti apparatus in this titie, and a gratuitous concession, sor We do not discover in this science the philosophyos mind. It is most true, that disordered intellect is expressed by a similar Word, but What can phrenolois havs to do with
And what is tho sirst assumption of this theory 8 Thattho brain is the instrument of mind. Upon What is this assumption Dunded Θ Wo Dei consciolas, it is replied, that we thin liby the brain. Being accustomed to speah in popular langua geof the head as the seat of our thoughis, this is pleaded to decidetho laci. But is not the heari the seat of the assections as truly Θ
rium. Νot a single proos has ever been furnished that a mentaloperation is connected With the head or iis interior paris. Shakspearo spealis of The liver, brain, and heari, those fovereign
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tries and frivoloiis ConceitS.
Independently of the absence of ali proof that the brain istho ministering ossice of thought, there is reasonable dotibi,
whether it be so essentiat to the nervolas system. It is rather strange that the fame Substance Should stand, as Variolis anatomisis assert, in relation to this system os origin, termination, and centre: ερ iis sirst, iis last, iis mi isti V When nervolis influenco is explained, it Will be time enough to attempt to conceivo it. Dr. Baillio has shown, in his Alorbid Anatomy, that in the casse of original monstrous formation, there may be Want-ing a great part of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the medulla spinalis ; even a totai Want of the brain, Without myappearance of the spinat cord . In this case he observes, εμ oneshould expect a want of nerves through the whole body. It is, hoWeVer, not so; nerves are found distributed in the common way through the limbs, and the dorsal nerves can be Seen arising om a membrane someWhat resembling the dura mater in thecanal bellind tho vertebrae.' -The inserenoe is, that the nerves may be as necessary to the brain as the brain is to the nerves. Ido not wish to dopreciate the brain, convinced as I am, that therorem uin innumerable phaenomena of iis structure and physiologyto be explorod. I Wish to rescite it Dom a perversion Whichthreatens to retard and discredit iis study. Ι Would leavo iis -- book and volume unmixod with basser matteri' I Would, With Lord Bacon, alloW it to be με cathedra et universitas,' providenthere be netther craniological prebeiad, nor chair lThat the intolloci may bo unimpatred, noth Withstandingilio destruction os large quantities of cerebrat substance, has long since received anatomical demonstration. From a paper intho Μanchester Philosophical Transactions, communicated by
Dr. Ferrier, I transcribe the following quotations. A giridied very latet y Willi evident sympionis of an oppre8Sed brain, but in perfeci possession of her intellectual powers. When theiapper part of the skuil Was removed, besore opening the dura mater, I Was Surprised at the flaccid appearance of ths brain : itdid not seem to sill iis mombranes, and it moved under the
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hemisphere Was found to be destroyed by suppuration. Yet the man retained his faculties perfectly tili tho instant of his death. La Peyronte quotes the folloWing case. A child, fixyears old, received a pistol Shot in the head: a suppuration
Is sor a moment We think of that disorganigation whichmust be occasioned by large bodies of fluid occupying thocavities of the cranium, We shali be stili more disposed tosuspect this singular organolo . During a healthy state th
could not be made to hold more than two or three ounces. In hydrocephalic cases severat potinds have been effused. In their internat and chronio forin the ventricies of the brain have been greatly enlarged by such content8. NoW there must be a great alteration, under Such circumStances, in the relative position os the paris, even Where there is no derangement of structure. But the convolutions of the brain become broader, tantii attength tho forni os convolution diSappears, and there remains