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TH E patrician branch of the Claudian House - there was a plebeian branch, too, of equat influence and distinction - came to Rome, ich had then been only recently founded, froni the Sabine to of Regilli, bringing with them a large train os dependanis. They did soat the invitation o Titus Tatius, who was ei ther Romulus's co-king or according to a more widely held version of the story) reigned at a later period and shared the govertament of the City with Atta Claudius, the head of the Claudians, about sta years aster the expulsionos the tangs. The Claudians were enrolled among the patricianhouses, and also publicly decreed an estate beyond the Anio sor their dependanis to farna, and a fami ly buriat ground at the ot of the
Capitoline Hill. In course of time they amassed twentPeight consul-ships, five dictatorships, seven censorships, Sta triumplis, and two ovations. Many disserent forenantes and sumames were used by members of the House, but they unanimousty decided to ban thes renanae Lucius, because one Lucius Claudius had been convicted asa highwaynaan and another as a murderer; and added the surname Nero, whicli is Sabine for 'strong and energetic'.
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DOTHE ΤWELVE CAESAR Sa. History records many distinguished services and equesty grave injuries done to the state by Claudians. Let me quote oesy a fewinstances. Appius Claudius the Bliud prudently adrised the Senatethat an alliance with Κing Pyrrhus would not be in the nationalinterest. Claudius Caudex was the sirst to tine a fleet across the Stratis
of Messina, and expelled the Carthaginians froin Sicily.η Tiberius Nero intercepted Hasdrubal as he arrised in Itala from Spata withpowerfui rein rcemenis for his brother Hannibal, and des eated himbe re a junction could be effected.δOn the debit side of the ledger must be set Claudius Regillianus's
attempi, while one of the ten commissioners for codi*ing the laws,to instave and seduce a fre bom giri - a wicked act whicla made thecommons desert Rome in a body, for the second time, leaving the patricians to their own devices. Then there was Claudius Russus, Whoset up a crowned image of himselfat the town called Appius's Forum, and attempted to conquer Italy with the help of his armed dependanis. And Claudius the Fair who, as Consul, took the auspices bes re a navat batile off Sicily and, finding that the sacred chichens had refused their feed, cried: 'Is they will not eat, let them drinkl' He threw themitato the sea, fought the batile in desiance of their warning, and lostit. hen the Senate then ordered Claudius to appotat a dictator, hemade a j oke of the critical military siluation by choosing one Glycias, his despalci rider. An equas dispari ty may be found belween the records of the Claudian women. There was a Claudia who, when the ship whichwas bringing the sacred image of the Idaean Mother-goddess to Romegrounded on a Tiber mud-bank, publicly prayed that she might beallowed to refloat it, in proos of her perfeci chastiW: and did so.βAgainst her achi evement may be set that os Claudius the Fair's sister. She was riding through the crowded streeis in a carriage, and mahingsuch slow progress that she shouted: 'Is oesy my brother were aliveto lose another fleeti That would thin out the population a littiet' She was consequently tried for treason in the People's Couri, as hadhappened to no woman bes ore her.' All these Claudians were aristocrus and pillars of the patrician party, with the sole exception os Publius Clodius, who found he could best expel Cicero from Rome by becoming the adoptive son os a plebeian - as it happened, a man
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TIBERIUS IIIyounger than himselfλ Moreover, they were so rude and violent in thela altitude towaias the commons that, not even when tried on a capital charge, would any of them condescend to wear suppliant dressor sue for mercy; and some, in their constant quarreis with the tri
bunes of the people, actualty dared to strie them, though their
persons were ossicialty sacrosanct. Once, when a Claudian was about . to celebrate a triumph without first obtaining the commons' consent,
his sister, a Vestat Virgin, mounted the decorated chariot and rode Nith him ali the way to the Capitol, thus mahing it sacrilege sor the tribunes of the peopte to hali the procession. 3. Tiberius was doctly a Claudian: his fallier having been descended from the origines Tiberius Nero, and liis mollier from Appius the Fair, both of them sons of Appius ille Blind. His maternalgrandfather had, however, been adopted into the Livian famila. The Livians were originalty plebeiam, but had also achieved great distinction: Mnning eight consulfhips, two censorships, three triumplis, and Uie lides of Dictator and Master of the Horse. Among the bes known members of tius Ho e were Livius the Salter, and the two Drusi. Livius the Salter had been convicted of malpractices while Consul, . and Ged: yet was re-elected by the commons to a second term indeven appotated Censor - whereupon he set a mark of ignominyagainst the names of every tribe that had voted for him, to register his disapprovat of their fictaeness. δ The first Drusus gained this honourabie sumame by Hlling an enemy clites tala called Drausus in single combat, and it hecame hereditary. 3 He is also said to have brought back from Gaul, where he was a governor of praetorian rank, the goldwhicli his ancestors had pald to the Senonians in ransom for captured
Rome:β this contradicis the tradition that the treastire had atready been redeemed by the dictator Camillus. His grea grea grantion, known as 'The Senate's Patron' because of his statwari opposition to the refornis of the Gracchi brothers, test a son who was treacherouslymurdered by the popular party while carrying on the fame poticy in
similar circumstances and with equat resolution. . Tiberius's fallier Nero, a quaestor, commanded Julius Caesar's
fleet during the Alcxandrian War and was largely responsible for his eventuat victory. Caesar showed his appreciation by mahing Nero Chies Pontiri in substitution os Publius Scipio, and sent him to plant
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colonies in Gaul, including those of Narbonne and Artes. Yet at Caesar's death when, to prevent further rioting, ais the other senatorsvoted for an amnesty, Nero moved that rewards should be conferredon ine assasstas. Later he was elected praetor; but towards the end of
his term two of the triumvirs, Main Antony and Lepidus, quarret ted among themselves; so he retesned the emblems of office longer than was his legat right and followed Mark Anto 's brother Lucius, then a Consul, to Perugia. When Perugia fell, oesy Nero os as Roman magistrates in the city scomed to capitulate. He stood loyalty by his
convictions, and escaped to Palestrina, thence to Naples, and after ava in attempt at enlisting a force of flaves with a promise of aris and
Deedom, took refuge in Sicily. There Sextus Pompey, stili carryingon his dead father's war against the Caesareans, was flow to grant himan audience and dis proved of his refusal to lay down the fasces. Taking offence, Nero crossed over to Greece where he joined MarkAnto . On the conclusion of peace he presently returned in Antony'strain to Rome: and with him came his se Livia Drusilla, who had borne him one son and was pregnant of another. Yet when Augustus wanted to mar Livia, Nero surrendered her to iam, and died soonasterwards. The elder son was named Tiberius Nero; the younger,
s. Some belleve that Tiberius was born at Fundi, but their oesyevidence is that his maternat grandinother originaled there, and thata statue os Prosperity has since been set up in the town by decree. Thebul os trus orthy opinion makes him bom on the Palatine Hill in the course of the civit war which was to be decided at Philippi: thedate being given as 16 November, and the Consuls as Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Munatius Plancus - the lalter for his second term. Both date and birthplace are, indeed, recorded in the calendar and the officiat gagette: yet some writers stili insist that he was born in theprevi ous year, during the consulfhip of Hirtius and Pansa, or in the following year, during that of Servilius Isauricus and Mark Anto 's
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II 3 that he nearly betrayed the whole par . He was nexi hurri ed ali over Sicily, where Sextus Pompey's sister Pompeia gave him a cloah, abrooch, and some gold butions: whicli are stili on show at Baiae near Napies. His parenis finalty fled to Greece, and entrusted him to the public care of the Spartans, who happened to be vassais of the Claudians. Augustus's men followed in pursuit, and while Livia was escaping with him stom Sparta by night she ran into a sudden forest ire whicli scorched her hair and part of her robe. On their return to Rome, a senator named Marcus Gallius made a wis adopting Tiberius: he accepted the inheritance, but soon dropped the name of Gallius, the testator having been one of Augustus's political opponenta. At the age of nine Tiberius mounted on the Rostra to deliver his sither's f erat eulogy, and four or fiue years later took part in Augustus's Εgyptian triumph after Actium, mounted on the lest trac horse of his decorated chariot, while Marcellus, Octavia's son, rode the right. He also presided at the City Festival - originalty celebrated at Athens in honour os Dionysus - and led the delachment of elder boys in the Troy Game at the Circus.7. The principes evenis belween Tiberius's coming of age and his accession to the liuone may be summarieted as follows. He staged a gladiatorial contest in memory of his fallier Nero, and another inmemory of his grandi ather Drusus. The first took place in the Forum, the second in the amphitheatre: and he persuaded some retired gladiators to appear with the rest, by paying them I,ooo gold pieceseach. There were theatrical performances, too, but Tiberius did notattend them. Livia and Augustus Ganced these lavisti entertain-
Tiberius married Vipsania Agrippina, daughter of Augustus's admirat Marcus Agrippa and grantidaughter of Caecilius Atticus, the Roman knight to whom Cicero addressed many of his letters. Itproved a happy marriage: but when Vipsania had atready borne hima Son, Drusus, Whose paternity he achnowledged, and found herself pregnant again, he was required to divorce her and hurriedly marry Augustus's daughter Julia. Tiberius took this very sit. He loved Vipsania and strongly disapproved of Julia, realiging, like everyoneelse, that she had felt an adulterous passion for Lim while stili marti edto his fassier-H-law Agrippa. Tiberius continued to regret the divorceso heartily that when, one day, he accidentalty caught sight of Vipsania and follo ed her with tears in his eyes and intense inhappi-
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ess written on his face, Precautions were taen against lais ever feeinglier again.
At first he lived on good terms with Julia and dutifully reciprocaledher love: but gradually conceived such a loathing for her that, after their child had died in infancy at Aquileia, he broke off maritat rei tions. On the death in Germany of his brother Drusus, Tiberius brought the body back to Rome, walhing in front of the cossin ali the
8. Tiberius's civit career began with his defence, against various charges, of the Jewish Κing Archelaus, also the Trallians and the Thessalians, at a couri presided over by Augustus. Nexi, he appeared besere the Senate as advocate of the Laodiceans, Thyatirans, and Chians who had appealed for relies, because of losses incurred in aneariliquiae. When Fannius Caepio plotted against Augustus with Varro Murena, Tiberius acted as public prosecutor and secured their condemnation on a charge of high ixeason. Meanwhile he had under-taken two special commissions: to reorginige the desective grain supply and to inquire into the state os flave barracks throughout Itala - the owners having made a bad name for themselves by confining lawful travellers in them, and by harbouring men who wouldrather pass as flaves than be drasited for military service. 9. His frst campaign was fought against the Cantabrians, as an infantry colonet; neXt, he took an army to Armenia, where herestored Κing Tigranes, personalty cro ing him on his throne ofjudgement; then he proceeded to collect at the Parthian Couri thestandards, captured stom Marcus Crassus at Carrhae and Dom MarkAntony's heuienanis in a later War,* whicli Augustus had requiredhiis to surrender. For a year or so after this Tiberius governed the LongMatred' province of Transalpine Gaul, inere barbarian raidsand seuds belween the Gallic chiesilains had caused considerableunrest. Aster that he fought consecutiely in the Alps, Pannonia, and Germany. The sirst of these campesgns brought about the subjugationos the Raetians and Vindelicans; the second that of the Breucians and Dalmatians: and in the third he took some 4O,OOO German prisoners, whom he brought across the Rhine and setiled in new homes on the Gαllic bank. Tiberius's exploits were rewarded with an ovation, followed by a regular triumphδ; and it seems that what was then a novel honour had previously been conferred on him, namely trium-
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IIS phat regalia. He became in turn quaestor, praetor, and Consul, andalways bes ore he was old enough to quali' officiat ly as a candidate. A few years later he held another consulfhip, and was given the tribuniciat power for a fue-year period. Io. Yet, though in the prime os hse, in excellent health, and at thel eight of his career, Tiberius suddenly decided to retire as completelyas possibie Dom state affairs. His motive may have been an inveterate disile of Julia, whom he dared not charge with adultery or divorceon any other grounds: or it may have been a decision not to bore his fello countrymen by remaining too long in the public eye - perhapshe even hoped to increase his reputation by a prolonged absence DomRome, so that is the need of his services were ever felt he would berecalled. Another viem is that since Augustus's grandchildren Gaius and Lucius, now also his adopted sons, had recently come of age, Tiberius voluntarily resigned his established position as second man in the Empire and lest the political field open for them. This was, in faci, the reason which he afterwards gave, and their Ather Agrippa haddone much the fame when Augustus's nephew Marcellus began his ossiciat career - retiring to the istand of Mytilene so as not to over-shadow Marcellus by his great reputation, or be mistaken for a rival. At the time, however, Tiberius applied sor leave os absence meret y onthe ground that he was weary of Oisce and needed a rest: nor wouldhe consider et ther Livia's express pleas for him to stay, or Augustus'sopen complainis in the Senate that this was an act os desertion. Onthe contrary, he deseated their vigorous est oris to blunt his resolution,
II. As Tiberius coasted past Campania, news reached bina that Augustus was iit; so he cast anchor for awhile. But when longues
began to wag, accusing him os standisag by in the liope of sellaing the throne, he at orace made the best of his way to Rhodes, though the wind was almost dead against him. He had cherished pleasant memories of that beautiful and healthy island since touching there,
during his retum Voyage froin Armenia, many years besere; and contented himself with a modest town house and a neamby country villawhich was not on a grand scale ei ther. Here he bellaved most una
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sumingly: after dismissing ltis lictors and runners he would ostenstroli about the gymnasium where he greeted and chatted with simple Greeks almost as is they were his sociat equess. It happened once that, in arranging the neXt day's programme, he had expressed a wish to visit the locat sich. His sitis mis derstood hi m. Orders went out that ali the patients hi town should be carriedio a public cloister and there arranged in separate groups accordingto their aliments. Tiberius was shoched: for a se he stood at a loss, but at last went to see the poor fellows, apologizing even to thehumblest and least important for the inconvenience he had caused
In Rhodes he exercised his tribuniciat pomer ora a single recordedoccasion only. It should be expla ed that he constantly attended theschools and haps where professors of philosophy lectured, and listenedio the ensuing discussions. Once, when two sophisis had started a violent argument, an impudent member of the audience dared abusebim for joining in and appearing to support one sophist at theeXpense of the other. Tiberius flowly retired to his boufe, Dom whichhe ali at once reappeared with a group of lictors; then, instructing aberald to summon the scurrilous wretch bes ore his tribunal, presently ordered litam off to gaol. Soon afterwards, Tiberius learned that Julia had been banished forim morai and adulterous bellaviour, and that his name had been used by Augustus on the bili os divorce sent her. The news delighted him, but he feli obliged to send a stream os letters urging a reconciliationbetween Augustus and her: and though weli aware thcit Julia deservedali sile got, allowed her to keep whatever presents she had at any timereceived from him. When the term of his tribuniciat power expiredhe asked Augustus's leave to return and visit his fami*, whom hegreatly missed: and confessed at last that he had setiled in Rhodes onlybecause he wished to avoid the suspicion os rivalry with Gaius and Lucius. Now that both were fully grown and the acknowledged heirsto the throne, he eXplained, his reasons for keeping away from Rome
were no longer valid. Augustus, however, turned down the plea,
Ι2. Thus Tiberius remat ned, most unwillingly, in Rhodes; and could hardi y persuade Livia to wheedle him the titie of ambassadorfrona Augustus, as an officiat cloah for his dissavour.
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Gaius Caesar, Governor of the East, the standers spread by Marcus Lollius, Gaius's guardian, ensured him a chilly welcome. Agala, some centurions of Tiberius's creation, who had returned to camp froni leave, were said to have circulated mysterious messages, apparently incitemenis to treason, emanat g from him. When Augustus informed Tiberius of this suspicion, he answered with reiterated demands that sonae responsible person, of whatever rank, should be
13. Tiberius discontinued his usual exercise on horsebach and on ot in the parade ground : wore a Greek cloah and stippers instead of the Roman dress sui table to a man of his standrig: and sor twoyears, or longer, grew datly more despised and shunned - untii thepeople of Nimes, whom he had Once governed, were encouraged tooverturn his statues and busis. One day, at a private di niter partyattended by Gaius Caesar, Tiberius's name cropped up, and a guestrose to say that is Gaius gave the ordor he would sati straight to odes and 'fetch back the Exile's head' for he had come to beknown simply as 'the Exile'. This incident brought home to Tiberius the extreme danger of his siluation, and he pleaded most urgently fora recali to Rome; Livia supported him with equat warnath, and Augustus at last gave way. But this was partly due to a fortunatechance: Augustus had tesse the si1nal decision on Tiberius's case to Gaius, who happened at the time to be on rather bad ternis with Lollius, and theres ore did as Augustus wished, though stipulating that
Tiberius should take no pari, and renounce ait interest, in politicS. ,14. So Tiberius returned to Rome aster an absence of more than SeVen years, with the fame unshaken belles in a glorious future that
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Tiberius was a mere infant, Scribonius the astrologer prophesi ed forhim an illustrious career and a crownless hingship - though, of Course,nobody in those days knew that the Caesars would soon becometangs in ali but nante. Again, when he first commanded an army, and was marching through Macedonia into Syria, the altars consecrated by the victorious Caesareans at Philippi, twenty-twΟ years previously, were suddenly crowned with spontaneous fires. Later, ontiis Way to Illyricum, he stopped near Padua to visit Geryon's oracle: there he drew a tot whicli advised his to throw goiden dice into the uniam os Aponus, is he wished his inquiries to be answered. He didso, and made the highest possibie cast: one can stili see the fame diceshining through the water. Finalty, a few days be re the letter arrived recalling him froni Rhodes, an eagle - a bird never previousty seen in the istand - perched upon the roos of his house; and on the very eve of this welcome news the tunic into which he was changing seemedio be ablage. When the ship hove in sight Tiberius happened to bestrolling along the cliffs with Thrasyllus the learned astrologer, whom he had made a member of lias household. Now, Tiberius was tosingsaith in Thrasyllus's powers of divination, and regretted having rashlyco ded secreis to him: for, despite his rosy predictions, everythingseemed to be going wrong. Thrasyllus was, indeed, in immediate danger of being pushed over the clisf when he possited out to sea and announced that the distant sh ip brought good news; a lucky strohewhicli persuaded Tiberius of his trustworthiness. 13. On his return to Rome Tiberius introduced his son Drusus topublic lisse, but immediately afterwards moved from the PompeianHouse in the 'Κeeis' to another residence in the Gardens of Maecenas also on the Esquiline Hill) where he lived in strict retirement. Before three years had passed, however, Gaius and Lucius Caesar were bothdead: Augustus then adopted Tiberius as a son, along With Agrippa Postumus, their only furviving brother: and Tiberius was himselfobliged to adopt his nephew Germanicus. He thereupon Ceased to actas the head of the Claudian family, surrendering ali the privileges whicli this position entailed: and, because now theoreticalty in pupillage to his adoptive fallier Augustus, maὰe no more gisis, freed nomore flaves, and even refunded ali inheritances and legacies wluch could not be entered to a private savings account. Yet Augustus did