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ao. His military dispositions were as sollows. The legions and their auxiliaries were distributed among the various provinces: one fleetbeing stationed at Misenum, and another at RaVenna, to command respectively the Westem and Fastem Mediterranean. The rest of his armed forces served partly as City police, pardy as palace-guards; seraster Antony's deseat he had disbanded a company of Calagurritanian Gaias, Dom near Lyons, and a company of Germans after the Varus disaster both of which had served in his personat bodyguard. HoweVer, he never kept more than three companies on duty at Rome, and even these had no permanent camp but were bisseted in various Citylodging houses: the remainder he stationed in near-by to S, chmging them regularly from summer to winter quarters. Augustus also standardiged the pay and allowances of the entire Army - at the fame time fixing tiae period of service and the bomty due ora iis completion - according to military rank: this mould discourage them Domrevolting, when bach in civit lise, on the excuse stat they were eithertoo old or had insufficient capital to eam an honest living. In orderto have sufficient funds always in hand for the vpkeep of his militaryestablishment and for pensioning of veterans, he formed an ArmyTreas y maintained by additional taxation. At the beginiung of his reign he kept in close touch wissi provinciat affairs by relays ofrinners String Out at shori intervali song the highways: later, heorganiged a chariot service, based on posting stations - wllicli has proved the more satisfactory arrangement, because post-boys can becross-eXamined on the siluation as weli as desivering written messages. 3o. The first seat Augustus used for fas conducis, dispalches, and private letters was a sphinx; nexi came a head of Alexander the Great: lastly, his own head, cui by Dioscurides, the seat whicli his successors continued to employ. He not oesy dated every letter, but entered the exact hour of the day or night when it was composed. II. There are numerous positive proosi of Augustus's clemencyand considerate bellavi our. To supply a fuit list of the politicalene es whom he pardoned and allowed to hold high goverment ossice would be tedio . It will be enough to record that a fine was the sole punishment he awarded Junius Novatus, a plebeian, for circula
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ing a most damaging libet on him under the name of Agrippa
Postumus: and that Cassius Patavinus, mollier plebeian, Who openlyboasted at a large binquet that he would e oy assassinating him and had the courage, too, escaped with a mild form os exile. Then again hearing, at an inquiry lato the case of Aemilius Aelianus the Cordo ban, that the most serious of the many charges brought against him was one of 'viliseing Caesar', Augustus pretended to lose his temper iand told the co set for the prosecution: 'Ι wish you could prove that charget Ι'lt show Aelianus that Ι have a nasty longue, too, and vili' him even worset' He then dropped the whole inquiry and neverresumed it. When Tiberius mentioned the matter in a letter, with violent expostulations against Aelianus, Augustus replied: 'My dear Tiberius, you must not give way to youthlal emotion, or tiae it toheari is anyone spealis is of me: let us be satisfied is we can misepeopte stop short at unland words.'sa. Although the voting of temples to popular proconsuls was a commonplace, he would not accepi any such honour, even in the provinces, Oless his name mere coupled with that of Rome. He evenmore vigorousty opposed the dedication os a temple to himself athome, and went so far as to meli down the sit Ver statues previousiuerected, and to spend the silver coined stom them on goiden tripodssor Palatine Apollo.
on his taee and throwing bach his gown to expose his naed breast, implored their silence. 33. He always felt horrified and insulted when cassed 'My Lord', a form os address used by flaves to their owners. Once, while he was watching a comedy, one of the players spoke the line: O just and generous Lordi'whereupon the entire audience rose to their feet and applauded, as is the phrase referred to Augustus. An ingry look and a peremptorygesture soon quelled this gross flattery, and the nexi day he issued an edici os stern reprimand. Aster this he would not let even his adopted
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through the streets of Rome, and on other occasions in a closed litter. His morning audiences were open to commoners as weli as knighis and senators, and he bellaved very sociably to ait who came withrequests - once a petitioner showed suci, nervousness that Augustus
ought to let senators say exactly what they th k about matters of public importancel' When every senator was required to nominateone other for enrolment in the reformed Order, Antistius Labeo cliose Marcus Lepidus, an old enemy of Augustus's, then living in exile. Augustus asked: 'Surely there are nobtemen more deseruing of this honour ρ' Labeo inswered: 'A man is entilled to his own opinion.'Yet Augustus never punished anyone for showing independence of miud ora suci, occasions, or even for bellaving insolently.
constantly posted up in the House, but took troubie to prove their potaticisness: and instead of t ing to discover their authors, merelymoved that hence riti it should be a criminal offence to publish any defamatory libet, ei ther in prose or verse, signed with another's name.
damaging johes current at his expense, he vetoed a law that would have suppressed free speech in the preamble to wills. Wheneverassisting at the City Elections he used to tiae the candidates with himon a tour of the wards and canuass for titem in die traditiones manner.
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not bring himself to evici the owners of the houses which would have been demolished had his original plan been carried oui. He nevernominated his adopted sons for ossices of state without adding 'Istheydeserve this honour.' Once, Wisile they were stili boys, and the entire theatre audience stood up to cheer them, he eXpressed lais annoyance in no incertain terms. Although a ious that his friends should tinea prominent share in the administration, he eXpected them to bebound by the fame laws as their fellow-citigens and equalty liable topublic prosecution. When Cassius Severus had brought a charge of polsoning against Augustus's close friend Nonius Asprena, Augustusasked the Senate what they wished him to do. 'Ι find myseis in a quan da ,' he said, 'because to speak in Nonius's defence might be construed as an attempt to fhield a criminal, whereas my silence would suggest that I was treacherousty prejudicing a friend's chance of acquittat.' Since the whole House consented to his presence in Couri, he sat quietly for severat hours among the adVocates and wimesses, but abstained even stom testi*ing to Nonius's character λ He did, bowever, appear for some of his own dependanis, among them a former stafossicer named Scutarius, who had been accused offlander Yet he intervened successsulty in only one case, and then bya personat appeal to the plaintiff. 'Ι should be most grates ut is youwould drop your charge against the defendant,' he said. 'Ι am de Uin his debl for a timely disclosure of Murena's conspiracy.'57. The degree of affection that Augustus won by such bellariourcan eastly be gauged. The grate ita Senatorial decrees may, of Course, be discounted as to a certain extent inspired by a sense of obligation. But the Equestrian Order voluntarily and unanimousty decided tocelebrate his birthday, spreassing the festivities over two days; indonce a year men of sl classes would visit the Curtian Laiae, into whichthey threw the coicis previousty vowed for his continued wel belag.
I. Is this was Lucius Nonius Asprenas, Consul in 6 Α.D., and not the othe wise obscure Gaius Nonius Asprenas, whom Augustus sumamed 'Torquatus' as a consolation for his broken leg, he must have been acquitted; since he is sald
by Tacitus Annais, i. 33ὶ to have been the proconsul who Ordered Agrippa
Postumus's execution when the news of Augustus's death reached Rome.
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They would also climb to the Capitol on New Year's Day withmoney presenis, even is he happened to be out of to . With thesum that thus accrued Augustus bought valvabie images of the gods, which he set up in each of the City wards: among them the Apollo of Sandal Street, and Juppiter of the Tragedians. When his Palace on the Palatine Hill burned down. a fund for iis rebullding was started by the veterans, the guilds of minor officials and the City tribes: to which peopte os every fori made further individual contributions according to their means. Augustus, to Show his gratitude for the gist, took a token coin frona each heap, but no morethan a single silver piece. His homecomings after tours of the Empire were always acclai med with respectial good wishes and songs of joyas weli: and it became a custom to cancel ali punishments ora the dayhe set ot in Rome. 58. In a universal movement to confer on Augustus the titie 'Fatheros his Count ', the first approach was made by the commons, whosent a deputation to him at Antium: when he declined this honour ahuge crowd mel him ouisi de the Theatre with lauret wreatlis, and repeated the request. Finalty, the Senate followed fuit but, instead ofissuing a decree or acclaiming him with shouis, chose Valerius Messalato speah for them ait when Augustus entered the House. Messala's
'Caesar Augustus, I am instructed to wish you and your familygood fortune and divine bl effings: whicli amounts to wishing thatour entire City will be fortunate and our count prosperous. The Senate agree with the People of Rome in saluting you as Father of
With tears in liis eyes, Augustus answered - again I quote itis exactwords: 'Fathers of the Senate, I have at last achieved my highestambition. What more can I ask of the immortal gods than that theymay permit me to enjoy your approval untii my dying day 'β9. Augustus's private physician, Antonius Musa, who had pulledhim through a serious iliness, was honoured with a statue, bought bypublic subscription and set up beside Aesculapius's. The will of morethan one householder directed that his heirs should take sacrificiat victims to the Capitol and carry a placard before them as they went, inscribed with an expression of their gratitude for Augustus's havigbeen allowed to ouilive the testator. Some Italian cities voted thattheir officiat year should commence on the anniversary of his sirst
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visit to them; and severat provinces not oesy erected temples and altars to him and ine Roman people, but arranged for most of theircities to hold games in his honour at fiv yearly intervals.
dressed in the gowns of faeir honorarγ Roman citigenship, without any emblems of royalty Whatsoever, and visit Augustus at Rome, oreven while he was visiting the provinces: they would attend his moming audiences missi the simple devotion os family dependanis. 61. This completes my account of Augustus's civit and Milita career, and o he govem Hus,ide Empire in peace and war. Now follows a description of his private lisse, his character, and his
At te age of twenty, while Consul for the first time, Augustus tost his mollier: and at the age of fift four, his sister Octavia. He had beena devoted son and brother while they lived, and conferred the highest
62. As a young man he was betrothed to the daughter of Publius Servilius Isauricus, but on his reconciliation with Maia Antony, after their first disagreement, the troops insisted that they should becomeclosely allied by marriage: so, although Antony's step-daughter Claudia - borne by his Mia Fulvia to her ex-husband Publius Clodius - was only just nubile, Augustus married her: however, he quarret ted with Fulvia and divorced Claudia be re the union had been consum- maled. Soon aste ards he married Scribonia, both of whose previous h bands had been e consuli, and by one of whom she had a child. Augustus divorced her, too, 'because,' as he wrote, 'I could not bearthe way she nagged at me' - and immediately took Livia Drusillaaway from her husband, Tiberius Nero, though she was pregnant atthe time. Livia remalaed the one Woman whom he truly loved untilliis death. 63. Scribonia bore iam a daughter, Julia; but to his great dis potniment the marriage with Livia proved childless, apari from a premature birili. Julia was betrothed first to Maia Antony's son and then to Cotiso, Mng of the Getans, whose daughter Augustus himself proposed to marry in exinange: or so Antony writes. But Julia's sest
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husband was Marcellus, his sister Octavia's son, then hardly morethan a child; and, when he died, Augustus persuaded Octavia to let
is he were only a knight, eventuatly choosing Tiberius, his step-son: this meant, however, that Tiberius must divorce his wise, who hadalready given him an heir. 64. Julia bore Agrippa three fons - Gaius, Lucius, and Agrippa Postumus: and two daughters Julia the Yo ger, and Agrippina the Elder. Augustus married this Julia to Lucius Paulus whose Ather, of
the Same name, was Censor; and Agrippina to Germanicus - the sonos Octavia's daughter Antonia by Tiberius's yo ger brother Drusus. He then adopted Gaius and Lucius, and brought them up at the Palace: aster buying them stom Agrippa at a token sale - touching the scales three times with a bronge cola in the presence of the Citypraetor. He trained his new sons in the busin s of govemment whilethey were stili yoing, seniung them as commanders-ὶ-chief to the provinces when only consess-eleci. The education of his davgliter and grantidaughters included even spining and weaving; they were so bidden to say or do anything, either publicly or in private, that could not decently figure in the imperiat da book. He took severe meas es to prevent them forming friendships without his consent, indonce Wrote to Lucius Vinicius, a young man of good family and conduci: 'Vou were very ill-mannered to visit my daughter at Baiae.' Augustus gave Gaius and Lucius reading, swi ing and other simpletessons, for the most part acting as their tutor himself: and was at palas to mine them modet their handwriting on his own. Wheneverthey dined in his company he had them sit at his seet on the so-cassedlowest couch; and, wlide accompinying him on his traveis, they rodeeither ahead of his carriage, or one on each side of it. 63. His satisfaction with the success of this family training was,however, suddenly dashed. He found out, to his missortune, that the
Elder and the Younger Julia had both been indulging in every fori ofvice: and banished them. When Gaius then died in Lycia, and Lucius eighteen monssis later at Marseilles, Augustus publicly adopted his remaining grandchild, Agrippa Postumus and, at the fame time, his ste'son Tiberius: a species bili to legallae this act was passed by apeople's couri, consisting of thirty lictors under the Chies Pontiff
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Yet he soon dis heriled Postumus, whose bellaviour had lately been vulgar and brutal, and packed him off to Sorrento in disgrace. When members of his fami ly died Augustus bore his loss with farmore resignation than when they disgraced themselves. The deallis of Gaius and Lucius did not breah his spirit; but aster discovering hisdaughter Julia's adulteries, he re sed to see visi tors for some time. He wrote a letter about her case to the Senate, staying at home whilea quaestor read it to them. He may even have considered her execution; at any rate, hearing that one Phoebe, a seeedwoman in Julia'sco dence, had hanged herself, he cried: 'I should have preferred tobe Phoebe's fallieri' Julia was forbidden to drink wine or enjoy any other luxury during her exile: and dented ali male company, whetherseee or servile, excepi by Augustus's special permission and after heliad been gi ven fuit particulars of the applicant's age, height, complexion, and of any distinguishing marks on his body - such as molesor scars. He kept Julia for fiue years on the prison istand of Pandatariabe re moving her to Reggio in Calabria, where sile rece ed some-what milder treaiment. Yet nothing would persuade him to forgivehis davgliter: and when the Roman peopte interceded severat timeson her bellais, earnestly pleading for her recall, he stormed at a popularassembly: 'Is you ever bring up this matter again, may the gods curse
Augustus refused to let the fallier acknowledge: it was exposed at hisorders. Because Agrippa Postumus's conduci, so far from improving, grew datly more irresponsile, he was transferred to the istand of Planasia, and held there under military sumet sance. Augustus thenas ed the Senate to pass a decree mahing Postumus's banishment permanent; but whenever his name, or that of either Julia, came up in conversation he would sigh deeply, and somelimes quote a sine froni
seli Dom favour: apari from Salvidienus Rufus and Cornelius Gallus,
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tears of the infortunate position in which he was placed: the oesyman in Rome who could not punish his friends merely by an expression os disgust for them - the matter must always be taken further. However, as I say, the cases of Rufus and Gallus were exceptionat.
Augustus's other friends ait continued ricli and powerful so long asthey lived, despite occasionat coo esses; each ranking among theleaders of his Order. It wis be enough to mention in this conten his annoyance at Marcus Agrippa's show of impatience and at Maecenas'sinability to hold his longue. Agrippa had felt that Augustus was notbellaving as Warnaly towards him as usual, and when Marcellus, nothimself, became the second man at Rome, resigned ali his offices and went offto Mytilene in Asia Minor: Maecenas was guilty of confidinga state secret to his wise Terentia - namely that Murena's conspira
name, Was Only too apparent; nor could he repress his satisfaction isthey remembered bim with loving gratitude. But wheneVer a testator, of whatever Order, lesit him et ther legacies or shares i pro sed inheritances, Augustus at orace resigned his righis in favour of the man's grown-up sons or daughters, is he had any; and, in thecase of minors, hept the money untii the boys came of age or the giris maresed, whereupon he handed it over, increased by the accumulated
67. Augustus bellaved strictly but hindly towards his dependanis
and flaves, and honoured some of his freedmen, such as Licinius,
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Celadus, and others, with his close intimacy. A flave named Cosmus, who had complained of him in the vilest terms, was punished merelyby being put in irons. Once, when Augustus and his steward Diomedes mere out wsking together and a wild boar suddenly chargedat them, Diomedes took fright and dodged belliud liis master. Augustus later made a j oke of the incident, though he had been in considerable danger, preferring to cali Diomedes a coward than any- ιthing worse - after est, his action had not been premeditated. Yet, when one Polus, a favo ite freedman, was convicted os adultery withfree-born Roman matrons, Augustus ordered him to commit sulcide: and sentenced Thallus, an imperis secretary, to have his legs brohensor divulging the contents of a dispalch - his see had been twent sive gold pieces. And because Gaius Caesar's tutor and attendanis used their master's sic ess and subsequent death as an excuse ser arrogant,greedy binariour in the province of Asia, Augustus had them fiunginto a river with weighis lied around their neclis. 68. As a young man Augustus was accused os various improprie ties. For instance, Sextus Pompey jeered at his esse nacy: MarkAntos alleged that Julius Caesar made him submit to Onatural relations as the price of adoption; Antony's brother Lucius added that, after sacrificing his virtve to Caesar, Augustus had sold his favours to Aulus Hirtius, the Governor-Generat of Spatia, for 3,ooo gold pieces, and that he used to sosten the hair on his legs by singeing them withred-hot wa ut sitelis. One day at the Theatre an actor came on thesi e representing a eunuch pri est of Cybele, the Mother of the Gods: and, as he played his timbret, another actor eXclaimed: Look, how this invert's finger beats the druml' Since the Latin phrase could also mean: 'Look how this invert's fingersinos the world r the audience mistook the line for a liant at Augustus and broke into enthusiastic applauSe. 69. Not even his friends could deny that he osten committed adu tery, though of course they said, in justification, that he did so forreaSonS of state, not simple passion - he wanted to discover what hisene es were at by geriing intimate with their Wives or daughters. Mark Antony accused him not oesy of indecent haste in marWing Livia, but os haesing an e consul's wi se from her limband's dining room into the bedroom - be re his eyes, tool He brought the woman bach, says Antony, blushing to the ears and with her hala in disorder.