The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

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TAE ARTERIES AND VEIN S.

volns is more quieScent, they Rre Os a COOler temperature, and more adapted to the task of compounding the various elemenis; nor is there Within them any violent propulsion Or circulation Of

202. But the Reparation, sequestration, and elimination, in the arteries n. I99, IV., V., VI.) Thus the functions of the animal kingdom are constantly pa88ing, according to Stated laWS, through their severat cycles, in unison With that of the blood ove described; and thus the generat propositions of Which We have hi therio been treating are accordant With each Other. 203. The more complete therefore is the state os puriscationfrom serum in which the blood is conveyed immediate from thearteries to the veins, the more nearly does the circulation approximate to iis natural and most perfeci state. That the arteries are continuod into the vetus, is a saet Whicli admits of no dotibi. Thus LeeuWenhoeli states, in speaking of the tadpolo, that ithecame evident to him, that the blood-vesseis observabie in this creature, and Which We are Wont to distinguisti into arteries undVeinS, Rre One and the fame class Of vesseisV n. 125 . Nor is there any doubi that the serosity Whicli accompanies the arterial blood, is, in the course of iis passage, secreted in large quantities and exterminated Dom the blood, bosore the latior is

at present is, Whether the blood be so depurated hom tho serum, as that the portion Whicli is continued into the vetiis is persectly pure, and entirely separated hom iis former associate. That the contrary is the case, I am induced to thinii, sor this reason, that it is not alWays the S mallest artery, or that Whicli transmits only single particles, Whicli anastomoses With a littiovein, but even that Whicli is much larger, Wider Open, Rud cap te Os conveying serum mixed With the bl OOd. Stili, hoWeve I observe, that in proportion as this is the case, the circulation degenerates Dom iis most perfeci State, as it does, sor instance, in every morbid constitution Of the body; Whence arise Obstruction, vitiated chylification, inflammation, aneuriSm, ecchymosis ; ali Whicli are indicated by Variations of pulse, Of respiration, Os transpiration, and by innumerable diagnostic phenomena and morbid accessions, and Whicli are So many proose osa very imperfeci circulation; that is tu say, os a circulation taking

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place only in the larger vesseis, in consequence of the minutor Ones being obstructed. Aud since at almost every moment ithappens, that in consequence of the body or mind laboringunder some aliment, the province of the minuter Vesseis is un-

in consequence of SOme undue relaxation in the Vesseis, rusties

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destrous to mahe it the palaestrum of her physical and chomiculexercises, consequently the blood is test to the jurisdiction os the vesset, and the vesset to the jurisdiction of iis biood. 3.

that is, uniess it Were depurated Dom the serum, it could notundergo any process of division or section into iis primitivo Spherules, consequently it could not enter into iis universat gyro, Or continue and complete it. 4. Nor Would thero be lostio the vetus the choice of such things as are necessarily and contingently required by the blood sor the purpOse of iis renovation, and by the animal kingdom for iis preservation; ΟΠWhicli subjeci the reader is referred to the subsequent artiete. For the volns being disinclinen to receive these aliments, Widerchanneis Would be employed, Which Would receive and transmit

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the pure blaod thus propayaled from the arteries into the vein' are imported by innum erable recipient vesseis, duot' and pore' Udiver8 Ordera, and are seized by the liliis vetas. That it is thoossice of the vetus to arrest and 8WalloW Such things as come into contact With them in the various vesicles, celis, and sores, is a subject on whicli I thinh no one entertatus a doubt n. 199). But we Would no v onquire Whether such things Onlyare imported to, and allocated at, the litile mouilis and lips of the minute Veins, ns are seiged and sWallOWed; Whether, conSequently, there be not a cause operating Dom a disserent quarterin producing an apposition Os alimenis, antecedently to anychoice exercised by the vetus; Whether, therelare, the Veius, properly Speaking, exerci Se no elective pOWers conformably to the structure of their litile orifices and tubes, but oesy indiscriminately absorb Whateuer is brought to them. That sueti is thosaci, We may infer, 1. From the laod Whicli is conveyed to thostomach, and the chyle Whicli is conveyed to the si clavianuein. 2. From the intermediate mesenterie glands, Whicli transser and sorWard the alimenis, and Dom the concatenaten Structuro os the thoracic duci. 3. From the sacrat and Other gland 8,

Whicli urge the pure lymph of the lymphatic vesseis toWard the

Same duci. 4. From the aeriat aliments, Whicli are admitted With the air into the pulmonary celis; as also Dom the etherealaliments, Which enter into the si in surrounding the body, and present themselves to be absorbed by the vetus. 5. Fromtho laci that the brain, by means of iis animation, presentS totho old blood a nes spirit, initiated into it in the venous sinuses ; and that these present it to the jugular vetus, and these again to the subclavian; ali of Whicli seige upon What is thus forwarded to thum for their imbibition. 6. From the laci, that in the spleen and Other similar cellular viscera, ali the blood Whicli is exfravasaten or expelled Dom the litile arteries throughthe celis, is presented to the vetus and is ali imbibed, With tho exception of the pure lymph, Whicli is most copiousty eliminaledand derived into the lymphatic vesseis, and not into the Veius froin the littio celis just mentioned. 7. From the conStructionos the venous lips and mouitis, Whicli immerse themselves into the liquids conveyed to them, and indiscriminately sucti themin. The mode and mechanism of Whicli process Will be suen in

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in Whicli the operations are not obvious, and Which belong to the sphere Of the smaller vesseis; that is to say, We may inferthat in the vetus there is no secret poWer Os attraction: that the Whole arteriai stream is not indiscriminately offered to thelitile vetus, but only such edibi e portions destined and prepared for this purpose, as are sui ted to the blood and the Lingdom;

and that there is a cause altogether of a disserent nature Whicli disposes the minutest sollicles, pores, and solds, to conVey thoSe aliments to the veitis, to form a commixtion Os Others, to prepare essences the most Widely disserent, and to reject Whatever

206. With What skill nature has so constructed her channeis os communication, that nothing is imported to the vetiis exceptWhat is purifled aud in agrestinent With their nature, is susti- ciently clear Dom this circumstance, that tho blood in iis sirst passage through the aOrta, and besore it arrives at the region os the minuter vesseis, liberates itself Dom ali spurious vehicles. It divosis itself, for instance, os ali impurities by means of the emulgents, Whicli lead into the kidneys, Where it deposits theurine and the useless and superfluous serum: it divesis itsolf ofali spurious substances by means of the hepatio arteries, Whichlead to the gall-bladder, Where the hard, Old, and obsolete sanguineolas particles are deposited. Aud test any blood accompanted by these particles should escape through the superior und inter-

at the smallest vesseis, Where the villous grOWth of the secretoryVesseis is suSpended DOm under every Ossset, the blood then eliminates the other substances in their series, and Such as areeliminated are asterWards dispensed Ono by One to their usus and end 8, by means of that stupeudous order Os operations sorwhicli the economy of nature is distinguished. Were the caseotherWise, We should have no means Os ascertaining in What

io form juices of most disserent natures, and Others brought

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bach again to tho arteries; or in What manner animal nature persorius her various functionS. 207. Phus it is that the arteries hold in aversion and rejectthose thinos which are not suilable to the blood, while the Meinsseest ovi and procure to themselves such as the blood necessarilyand contingently requires for iis renovation, and the animal kiny-Gm for iis preservation. To the arteries We attribute RVerSion, and to the veitis appetency, in the fame manner RS We attribute nausea and hunger to the stomach, and thirst to the gul-let, When nevertheless these assections are assections of the blood, in a State Os common Or generat need, occasioning a Similarstate of need in the fibros and thoir fluid, hunce also in the Whole system; Whenoe there is eXcited a common or generalassection os the brain, and Which, as the brain is concented Domour notice, We are in the habit Os calling natural instinct. The arteries ure the instruments of rejecting those things Dom Whichthe entire system is averse, and the Veins are the instruments of

procuring those things of Whicli it is destrous. Thus, in prOportion to the greater degrest os aversion in the system, thegrenter also is the degree of generat pressure and circulation assumed by the arteries, and the more openly do they expandtheir secretory tubes in the fame moment in Whicli the veitis struiten, compress and shut their re sorbilory iubes; While onthe other haud, in proportion res the system is in a state of petency, the more openly do the vetus expand their imbibitorylips and mouilis, and sold them back or everi them,' in Orderio bucome the more effectualty dronchod in the thick-comingstream. Hence their tunius groW dry, the palate is parched, nil the extremities are in a state of hungor and thirst, and is no stliment be conveyed to them DOm any other quarter, or isthis state os destre be nos allayed, they Ded on the salty sub

an appetency for the ingredients Which enter into tho blood, notonly With regard to their quantity, but also With regard to their quality. When there is a deficiency in the quantity of solid

' Expandunt, replicant, reSupinant, &e.

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olemonis, of WhateVer genus and Species, the Veius hunger aster thom. When there is a deficiency os fluids, they thirst forthom. When there is a deficiency Os animal spiriis, the consciolis brain looks round upon the Whole mundane System, inqueSt of a proper Supply. Hence arises the longing selt bypregnant semales for incongruous alimenis, and Whicli the youngembryo suctis in sor iis OWn support. Aversion and appetite in relation to qualities are, hoWever, common and familiar to brutes, Whicli, under the tuition os nature, linoW What it is they ought todestre, What sori of DOd to eat, and What to rejeci. On the other haud, in the human species, aversion and appetite are almostentirely in relation to quantity; appetite being manifested by

states of hungor and thirst, and aversion by states of fastidiovs-ness and nausea. There is Seldom aversion Or appetite in regardio quality, except for the salie merely of the taste, or the idea of utility suggested to the miud; Or excepi in enses of SichneSS, in Whicli the idea of quantity may excite a certain obscure nudin definito sensu os abundance or deficiency in quali ty. Τhus We frequently nauseate What We before destred, and destre What me helare nauseaten, as though uneonscious Of the EXCiting onuse. This cause, hoWever, is to be found in the cerebellum, Whicli is consciolis of the state of the animal economy, and by dispens-ing these sensations, kc., through the medium Os the glands, VeSicles, and pores, through their muscies and fibres, arteries und voins, thus provides for the requirements of the system, the Sasely and preservation Os Whicli, both as to iis Wholo und iis paris, depend upon iis OWn WiSe prOViSion S. 209. These aversions of the arteries and appetoncies of tho

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it out, to sorWard it to the vetus, and generalty to affect and

modisy it in a manner conformabie to the contingent appetenCy. 210. To prevent therefore any undue aversions of the arteries, Or appetencies of the veins, as weli as other contingencies, fromprovino detrimental to the animal economy. We must agnin Te-mind the reader, that aversions are attributed to the arteries, and appetencies to the vetus, as to their proximate cauSeS; WhenneVeriheless these aversions and appeteticies are those of thebrains, Whicli derive them Dom a previous change experieneed by the system, and Whicli asterWards aut Dom them as Domtheir oWn sirst principies. It is moreover to be observed that these appetencies are themselves the vertest ossicient causes Ofmany natural dispositions. SO long as Wo live as animal beings,

a perpetuat round of cupidities is exciting the animal mind; nor indoed is there anything Whicli more frequently assecis it,one perpetuatly sollOWing upon the Steps Os another. Τhose Whicli are stiori and just beginning, escape our attention; butas their duration longiliens, they extend their innuence, and

citated and warmed, utiless the fibre inhaled iis spirit, thecapillaries of the arteries and vetus Would lie idie and their functions discontinuo; for these cupidities are media, Whicli are emplOyed as excitants of lise, such being the will of the Deity. Unduly repressed or indulged, they bee me detrimental to lise, and assume the naturo Os vices, Whicli are the more inexpiablethe more they invade the higher region of the iniud, disturband invert the operations os reason, eligage it to find specious

lay desolate the economy of the system, depriving it of the

exercise of ali public rule and authority. Lest, hoWeVer, any undue repugnance of the arteries, appetency of the Veius, Orother contingent disorder, should prove detrimental to the

211. Nature has adopted a precaution in the establishment of a perpetual communication of the vessela one with the other. This communication is thus described by Verheyen: 'Not only,V says

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he, are blood-vesseis of disserent hinns connectod with caeliother, but also blood-vesseis of the fame Liud; frequently, thatis to San vetus With vetus, aud arteries With arteries; So much So, indeed, that there are scareely any considerable tWigS Tun ning DOm the fame trunk to the fame region, but after their division again unite, ut any rate by minute anastomoses. MOStanatomisis have hi therio considered such anastomoses to be COΠ- sinod to tho rogions os the heud and uterus; . . . but they Rre beautifully seen externalty in the si in os a foetus Os siX Or Severi

lar plexuses, Such as may be observed in the leaves of trees; and this is more particularly the casu belWeen the muscies und the Shin, Where the luxuriatice of these vesseis is so great, and their interVeaVings are so Wondersui, that it is impossibie to have a

the bones, Where We find both membranes, Vesseis, and humors n. 126). I catl the blood Within iis oWn vesseis the efficient cause; for the fluids represent nature and her DreeS, nny, utSO, the mundane System and iis substances u. 66). There is a multiplication of vesseis theremre in every one of her degrees, RSthey proueed froin their maximum to their minimum, Or to their minima. Thus they decrense in magnitude, but increase iumultitude; sor Whicli reason, quantity, Whicli involves as Woli magnitude as multitude, continues to be predicabie Os ench extreme. Τhus magnitude may here be called inferior quantity, whicli is the continuous quantity of the ancients; and multitude, the superior quantity of the fame degree, Whicli is the discriminaled quantity of the ancients.

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213. Tho ineruasu os multitudo in proportion to tho decrenseos magnitude, Operates as a principat cause in enabling theblood to purisy itself Dom iis concomitant serum n. 203, 204 , to divido isseis into more simplo blood, and to elevate itsulf inton higher sphere, Order, and virtuo, for the sine of performitigitS more universat circle. Whon arrived here, it stili surthermultiplios itsolf and iis causos; and in tho highest sphere, iis number is almost in os able anu unassignabie, this being the sphoro os as it Were the universality of iis particularities.'214. Andsnul , in the subordination os vesseis of one Gyreelo et esseis of another depree. n. 67, 137, 138, 14I, 146, I 48, seqq )215. When e the certitude of the effect is ensured. For abranch will bo noWhere berest os iis biood, and die Os emptiness,

Since although the current mere anyWhere intercepsed, stillthere are innumerable Others Which Would 1low to it, and tho more innumerable in proportion as they conspire to a more univorsat ond: thus in the bratus they are more innumerable than

in tho body; in man than in brutes; in the organs and members Whicli more directly minister to the foui, than in theothers. Such is the manner in Whicli the certitude os effecis is

216. And the severat causes operate in repatriny whatever δε- sciency or waste had taken place in the thinos severalty caused. The manner in Whicli the cause 1lows in to accomplis i iis effectin the animal kingdom, is a subject of the profoundest enqui . It is a mystery Os nature Whicli can never be revenien Without a right understanding of the subordination Of things, nor canthis subordination itself be understood Without a generat experimentes knoWledge, and more particularly an an atomical kΠOWledge of the brain and the body, Where nature dwelis in heroWn vertest science and Rrt, her OWn magnificent palaestrum and theatre os dispori. In this manner Hone can ono linii bu sitiento another, und n chnin be completed sufficiently strong to boartho Weight of the argument. We cannot theresere enter uponthis extensive subject Without applying Ourselves to the knOWledge of causes in generat, and being led to perceive that theyare internat and externat: that internal causes are those Which

In the highest sphere every particular is a univerSal.- Tro