The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

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heads, and these to One universat principie, the idea has osserodiiseis, of a certain equalion os quantity and qualitu in the suids, pervading the System, and lo Whicli nature, as is for the salio osequi librium, tends and aspires With ali her might. But since in the body there is a perpetuat loss and restitution Os equilibrium

and rest, and conSequently, a change of equation; theresore, Dom this fource resulis the diversity of the blood and the serum in the disserent viscera. FOr Wheu more of One species of liquidis demanded, cOnSumed, or eliminaled, in One extreme than iunuother, a nem liquid of the Liud must immediately ruti thitherto supply the Want, stom ali paris, corners and provinces of the Lingdom, near and remote : and this, by reason of the equationos quantity and quality, Whicli nature has ordained throughoiit,sor the sine, as We be re suid, of maintaining her equilibrium.

srst instance, is loadud With substances in a gradunted series, Dom the lips, the gums, the fauces and the oesophagus, ali theway to the stomach and the intestines; Why the spirit of thomother is emulged by the embryo; Why the poWer of venery isoncreased by iis exercise; Why the brensis and lenis oversioWwhilo tho insant sucks; and Why habit becomes second nature; Uith many other things, Whicli proceed DOm this single, simpleand universat fource and laW. But this is a Subject requiritig

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mini refereneo to facis, iis delatis must appear for the most part

228. The artery, the moment it is dilated, becomes also elan-yaled or extended in both directions. As sor instanee, When it istraversed by the wave, or heid in distension by a more thanu SHalty large quantity of blood. This faci may bo exhibitodio the sensem both os sight and touch, by removing an arteryfrom the body, and then injecting liquid into it, or insertingin it cither a cylinder or the singor. The cause of this circumstance is found to exist in tho structure of the artery itfeis; for iis muscular tunic is composed os multisold series and layersos motive rings, Whicli are by the expansion os the vesset divari- caten or mutuatly draWn apari Dom each Other, so that When insolded lateralty they bocome uti Ided also longitudinalty; theinmost coat, Whicli subtendes and collecis the rings, meanWhile moderating and desining the expansion and extension sit. 188).It is hoWover to be observed, that the artery, when pre8Sivbrioard iis biood torvariis iis ramiscations, contracis and almost closes iise vainst the antecedent volume, in order that it may detrude iis other volume downwarri; for is the undulation traverses the arteriat iube, We can assign no Other cause of elevation in the solid or undulating vesset thau Wo could in tho fluidor Water; namely, that the superior pari, or that Whicli hasbeen traversed, fatis in, or becomes closed, While the inferior part becomes Opened and extended. 229. The means by Which this divarication and separationare performed, it is not in Our poWer in the absence of facts fully to explain; We may hoWever presume, that there are litile fibres Or membranes interposed belWeen the rings. BidlOO, indoed, in One Of his tables represenis the . . . fascicles fas SuperimpΟSed One upon another, and connected together bymeans of villous fibriis' n. 117). Is this be granted, then gemay Suppose that While the circles are mutuatly receding Domeach other, und the severat series un&lding, the ligamenis probably revolve themselves Dom One circle to the right, and Dom

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230. Consequently, a muscie composed os motive Fbres is necessaris constricted on the e uision os arterial blood, and vice versa. FOr What obtains in the larger arteries, oblatus also in

23 I. The strenoth and life of the bo lie in the arteries and in their blood. The contram is the case with reuarii to the veins. Tho degrosi os life in tho body is just such as is the degreo oscirculation of the blood in the arteries, and the degree Os circulation is just such as is that of the generat equilibrium os pressure n. 180, 181). The action Os the muscle depends upon thecirculation, upon the equilibrium os pressure, and consequently upon the arteries n. 230 . In the samo manner, upon the Circulation and equilibrium depends the Wholo os animal chemistry

contained in the nrteries, and only a just proportion of it is transmitted into the voltis, so sar me live. But so far as thebl od is not confinen to the arteries, but is potiren out Unrestrict-edly tuto the Veius, so far Wo approach the state os deuth; thus Wheu vo are dying nil the blood si s Dom tho artorius into the VeiΠS. Every Viriue, therelare, Whicli rostraitis the arterial blood om sying in to the vetus, is an abodo of lise; as in the instance of heroic courage, in intrepidity, in the ambition of earningsrom society some meri ted tolion Os distinction, or in other similar cases; in Which We pass DOm a loWer into a higher sphere of

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life, and put on a certain specios os immortality. On the Other haud, We belloid an image of deuth in that stato Which banishesthe arterial blood and precipitates it into the vetus; as in iu-Stances of timidi ty, terror, astonishmetit, poWerless and dejected States of mind, or Others of a like nature, Which bring to an

that One person lives more than another.

232. As I havo horo been tronting of the strength and liso of the artorial blood, I may, With the reader's permiSSion, venture a litile sarther into somo illustration Os the nature of that heroic valor to Whicli I have adverted. Genuine VRlO then, is preceded and accompanted by no palpitation of the heuri, no coid sWeat, no defection of the Senses, or drooping of

the limbs; that is to say, there is no immoderate suae of blood into the vetus; no half-dying With fright; no dread os death; but rather a presence of miud, a quieti intellectuat discernmens, a strength of limb, a Lind of Dothing of the cheelis Dom their glands, and an evolution os gloWing heat; that is to say, life is more in quantity and beller in quality. For the arterial blood

then vigorOusty acts upon the museles and On the organio begin- nings of the nerves, and suffers itself but sparingly to be transmitted into the venous repositories. This action os the arterialblood resulis Dom the imperative mandate of the foui, Whichaspires to the glory or plensure anticipaten DOm the achievenient of generat good to a society, and stili more to a numberos societies. This genuine valor We may observe illustrated in

they thought to have excluded the Carthaginiau hosis solely by

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ille barrier of their OWn single persons y What Was the iam os Africanus Major and Africanus Minor 8 Os Cato, likeWiso, Whoarose in the interval betWeen theso heroes 8 . . . Can We thinli

the wonderfui transmission of the arteries through Osseous and membranous rings; DOm their application under the muscies and nerves ; DOm their circumvolution through the fame ; and Dommany Other mechanical contrivances, Occurring in the armS,

IOins, thorax, and every other part of tho body a hundred times

over: although it foems to have escaped observation that suci, ContriVanees Were made Mith a vieW to this purpOse. In thesaris on the Brain Wo shali seu, that in that organ there is a stili more astonishing distribution of the blood, innsmuchas there We find scarcely any Other vesseis than arteries rami- fying over iis entire circuit; so that even ali the fibres seemto assume the nature Os arteries, While the Veliis are extrem elyseW in number, and banishod to the extremitius of tho homi- spheres, beside the large sinuses of the dura mater. Not tomention innumerable Other modes Os complication, Conneetion, and constratus, in order to admit os a communication os additional force to the imagination, and hunce to the genius Whenon the Streteli; Or, in a Word, in ordor that strength and liso may bo derived to the bruitis Dona the arteries. 234. I. The smallest vesseis are to be considereii as placedia one Giremtly of the sanctuineous system, and the heari in the other. These two have a mutuat relation to each other throi h the larger arteries, as intermediates. The first beginning

of the pulmonary arteries is the right ventricle of the heari;

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Ventricle of the heart. The aorta there re is siluated the high- est up, and is hunco the sirst to emit the wave that the others receiVe, and successively sor ard to the ultimate vesseis, Whichare the gonis and boundaries of the circulating blood, and theo1Rprings of the one storta. The hestri there re is siluated ut oneeX treme, the region Of the capillaries at the other, und the twohold a mutuat relation to caeli other through the arteries as intermediates ; Whatever there re occurs in One extremity is perceived in the othor through tho intermediate arteries. II. Thereuion of the smallest vesseis is that in which nature most eve-cialty emercises her potvers and celebrates her animal sporis. ForWhen nature is in that region, she is as it were tost Hone to her-Self, and is in her OWn palaestrum, Where sile is most persectUDee to aut . For this reason it is that she has here compotin dedand disposed her motive fibres, and through the medium os thomuscies exhibiis to vieW her force Os acting. In this region also Ahe has arranged her Secretory vesseis, VeSicles, and SmalleStonvities, nud commences her course of animal chemisto; noris She prepared for the performatice of the least office in horeconomy besore She comes into her pure sirst principies; she hasi heros ore surrounded her heari With a similar region, Or With anentire muscio, Which While it is in otio extreme, is also dialy ob Servant Of the ollior, bocause it is compounded of the Othor. III. These smallest vesseis, or the whole of this reuion, are more immediates than the Dryer vesseis dependent on the rule emercised

by the brains. For in this region the nervous fibro is in iis simplicity, perfection, universali ty, and higheSt degree Os preSeiice, and proximately invests every vesset Whicli it actuates as One Which is immediately iis oWn, or as itself in form; and since thevesset is here tho vesset of tho si bro, and the blood is the bl ood of the vesset, henco the blood is tho blood of the fibre, and consequently the blood of the cerebrum and cerebellum, Dom Whichthe fibre 1lows, ut Whoso stightest intimation it is constrained tonet; a truth Whicli is very obvious froin the influence of the Will

mOSt membrano, Which ultimately produces the veri est fibres asit Were by a modo os derivation from itself, clothos tho fibratod membrane of the vessul, and of iis secreting and absorbing

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stamina: Whence the bratus soW in and net upon the smallosi vesseis through the medium os a tWosold arrangoment; that isto say, through the medium os this membrane, and Uso throughtho medium of the fibres. This is tho reason sor Which nature has thero located the vertest laboratories of her chemicat ars, and transcribed thither as it Wore tho mind or animus of thebraitis. IV. Hen e it is, that the mutations are perpetuat in this resion of the smaller vesseis, and are a cording to the varisus actions and asylections of the braing. There aro hundreds, is notthousantis, of these mutations Within the space of n day or an

that there are here suta a number of momentaneous fluxesaud refluxes Os blood, os currenis and Vortices, of Openings and compression S, Os Waves tending forWard into the vetus and backWard again Out of them, of obstructions and perpetuat loculaneurisins; so that unless the bruinS Were conStantly present, and as it Wore indwelling Within them, they Would, as Osten asthey oecur, piunge the Whole System into anarchy and ruin. Seo n. 2I0-219. That the mutations here are thus perpetuat, is stlown by the varieties of transpiration, exhalation, SWentS, urine, and respiration; by the varietios os color in tho suco an dextremities; by the varieties of pulse, states of health and discase ; by the proneness to the formation Os tendinous sub-Stances, to consolidations, concretions, and innumerable otherthings; so that in these perpetuat mutations it appears as isthere Were an imitation os an atmosphoro; and as is in the body, particularly the human, there Was nothing more constant than inconstancy; and as it the cause of Oid age, di sense, and dealbWere perpetualty in action. V. Every one Of the8e mutation' eX- istino in the reyton of the smallest vessela or in One Giremity, produces a correspondino result in the other extremity, or thro h the

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medium of the intermediate arteries, in the pulse of the heuri. The Variation of the pulse is not derivest 1 rom these mutations Only, Since it arises not only Dom internat causes, or Dom the influxos the brains through the fibres into tho smallest vesseis of thelieari and the body; but also Dom externat causes, or Dom the

DOm polypoHS concretions, indurations, Spurious and genuinenneuri Sms, and Other accidentia circumstances: the internalcauses of Whicli are excited by externat things, Or the externalthings by the internat causos; und Whether it bo Dom the formex or from the lalter, still When the smallest vesseis arenisected, the generat equilibrium os pressure and circuintion be- come assected, and lienee also the pulse. But inasmuch as thedoctrine of the pulso is that Dom Whicli medicat men derive the prognostications and symptOms of health and convales-Cence ; and innsmuch as We cannot persect this doctrine With

Out traversing the circle of the anatomy and physiology bothos mind and body; it is to bo remembered that I have hereanticipaled the mention Os only one, although the principalcauso by Whicli the blood is assected.

235. In cases of insanied paris and membrane8, a more immediate reme cannot be exhibiled than that of opening the velawhose rosis are derived froni those paris. This is sheton by thephenomena os revulsion and derivation. In the vetiis there is a Simple impletion, and an equation os their blood, but no circulation such as exisis in the arteries n. I9I-198.) Τhe impletion of the Veins, hOWever, and the equation Os their current, does notextend in a direction Dom the trutili to the branches, becausethere are litile valves Whicli prevent the reflux; they proceed consequently Dom the loWest radicles into the litilo tWigs, thenue into the branches stili larger, and nexi into the largest n. 205, 206, 222). Τhus When a proper venous branch is laidopen, the old, pernicious, Stuggisti, and Obstructive humor annblood are perpetuatly separaten, und the neW arterial blood, frOm near and DOm far, is draWn by frequent bestis and impul-Sions into iis own and into the clogged aud inviscated Venous VeSSeIS, together With a purer moisture supplied by the absorbent Vesseis n. 222, 223.) Henco causes are en led tO Operate for the restoration os suci, things iis have fallon into dilapida-

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viscus, and the discovery of this branch must depend upon Our linoWledge Os anatomy. For certain Linds os inflammation in particular paris, a more immediate and Sensonable remedy eannot be applied. The more common or generat therelare bo the Vein Whicli is opened, the more generat and effectunt Will buthe result; While oti the other hand, the result Will be lessgenerat an d more tardy, is the vein Whicli is opened be confined to a particular quarter. This is olearly und uniformiy attested by the wondersul phenomena os revulsion and derivation ; by the sudden mitigation of bad symptoms in cases Osaccident; by unexpected recoveries; by the effecis produced in

areas of the orifices Whicli open Dom any one trunk into thebranches, are collectively much larger than the area of the cavi ty of the trutili. In the fame manner the diameters of thesmaller Vesseis collectively, exceed the diameter of the parent branch; and so On continually. It is the samo With bloodas With Water; a large quantity derived DOm One commonstream may be collected in the smaller streams Whicli divergesrom it. This is evinced by the fleshy substance of the muscies, the blood os Whicli, When expressed, considerably exceeds thecapacity of the aorta, considered exclusively of iis branches. For the wme Whicli ut every systole is expelled Dom the heari, is not the fame With that Whicli is extruded through the onds of the arteries, but is the propagation of the undulation thus be-gian, Whicli permeating ali the ramuscies, urges the blood 1 romthem toWards the vetus Whicli Open Dom them. FOr When themuscular fibro is constricted, no blood can be transferrest Domiis arteries into iis corresponding vetus, so long at least as themuscle remains in a state of constriction ; on the contrary, it is transferrod through the fibre of the antagonisi muscle, thenthrough the fibre os sume Other muscle, and SO On. Henect