장음표시 사용
291쪽
Wondormi carrying round of muscular fibres, Dom the base obliquoly to the right aud obliquely to the lest, toWard the apex of the cone,' Where they are continued round in a Lind of porsectspirat and helix: and this, not in Order that by such volutions the heari may tWisi and untWist spirally, but in order that it
may With greater ease simply expand and contrael. The casu isthe fame With the cerebrum, Where the congeries of the cortical substances, Or the cortical tori, discriminated by Winding sur-rOWS, malle a Sursace by performing Spirat convolutions. Butati the paris, as Weli as each pari in particular, have their planeS, RXOS, Rud centreS, and SO are prepared for motion, in Ordor that there may be a reciprocat respect of the planes by the sursaces, of the axes by the planes, and of the centres by the axes : and this, DOt With a vieW to enable the cerebrum totWisi and utitWist spirally, but to enable it to beeome more eastly vii lded, that is, to enable it more eastly to animate; hetice ali the paris of the cerebrum are most ordinately localedin the stream Of this motion, as shewn above n. 28 I). The cerebellum agnin has iis sursace discriminated in sueti a manne that overything in it has the exactest relation to iis axes and centres, nay, to iis potes and cynosures; While Within tho sursace every part is so kΠotted up, that When a single part animates, So does the Whole, and this so easily, that it evolves audiuvolves iiseis and iis coit almost spontaneouSty, as Will be seen
in the Paris on the Cerebellum: and this is not With a viem totis performing a spirat mode of gyration, but that nothing may prevent it Dom sto ving into reciprocat expansions iapon theagency of the stightest force. Such then is animation in the livingbody, and such is iis mode; so that When the least subordinat-ing force Or life is Once begun, animation is continued Uithout any dissiculty, and consequently the fluids are propelled Domtheir starting-places to their destined gonis. Animation then, considered in iiself, is a locat motion, but one that is reciprocul in the fame place, and in the fame sphere; sor Whicli reason itis the fountain and origin os the motion os the fluids, Whichterminates in undulatory Or modificatory motion. 302. But such simple animation, Or intumeScence and detu-
292쪽
On the other haud, in the most simple substances the spirator helix is perpetuat, and there is nothing What ver that does not tend to animation in the most perfeci manner; and hencethe natural spontanei ty that is attesnod Only in the purest substances of the Lingdom. This me stro taught by the doctrine os degreos to Whicli I have adverten; and moreOver We see a Lindos ossigy of it presented in the heari and brains, and in the conglomeration of their paris, On Whicli Ialter subjeci I have
303. The question noW is, What and Whetice is axillary Orcontrat motion 3 and What ann Whenoe is conatus 3 We ansWersirst, in regard to amisiary molion, that is any substance, or litile volume os substances, tWisi and untWist in a spirat, that is, in a perpetuat circle, there Will follow, froin the notion of the fame principie, an axillary circumvolution, as in fluid paris, or iuparis not connected io, or continued Mili, any aloining Substance sit. IOI . Thus a spirat expansion being granted, Wegrant upon the Same principie an axillary gyration. In like
293쪽
to beeome expanded, although the effori is una valling fili tho
natus ; and that nothing but resistance offered by the proximato
permit. 3. That the conatus itself begitis to die aWay, Wheu the substance cannot any longer be brought into gyration round Ru RXis Or a centre. 4. That this conatus is the first movi gprincipi e of animation, as Weli as the last; for it essecis animation ; this animation effecis a locat motion os the fluids; this locul motion of the fluids effecis undulation; this undulationterminates in conatus; and thus returiis again into iis sirstprincipie. There is there re a circle Os moti Ons DOm conatusto conatus, to Whicli nil motions tend as to their natural equilibrium. 5. All the substances of the atmospheric Worid, as u ellas ali of the animal hingdom, are formed With a vieW to such a
property and possibility of animation; and hunce it is that Wosaid, that they are formed in motion and sor motion. These Ob- Servations are Only generat. To Obtain a solid conviction oti tho Subjeci, Me require an application os principies to eXamples, Orto the facts of eXperion O. 306. Is it be asked, Whetice is this conatus or est Ort ' orwhat is the sirst natural poWer that causes the more Simple Substances of the ut mospheric WOrid, and the living Substances of tho animal Lingdom, to be in a state Of conatus 3 We anSWer,
294쪽
is a least volume, niid a typo of iis largor volume, lience a least Volume and type Os iis universe, as it exisis in that degree n. 156). For nothing general can exist in the fluent ulmo- Spheres Without there being a similar particular, because it is
Out Of singulars that nature malles the generat, especialty Where Singulars aut most Deely ; so that in the grand universe We mayHWays contemplate the character Os iis minimal substance. In Shori, RS the WhOle universe Or great solar vortex granting that there is One) revolves round a centre, so also does iis Smalle8t Volume, R Vortiele, or a pari. As the Whole of this great vortex is quiescent ut iis potes, so also is iis smallest vorticle and pari. As the whole of this vortex describes iis greater circles, iis equator und Zodiac, in relation to iis potes, so also does iis tesserand least vorticle. As the whole vortex describes tesser circlestu relation to the larger circles, So also does iis least vorticle Orpari. Ait these motions are performed according to the irrefragabie principies of geometry. As the whole vortex includes in iis centre a mOSt active Sun, Which gives the principie of activityto the universe, so uiso does a least Vorticle Or pari include Sub-
Stanees having a similar activity Or gyration; not much dissering om that to Whicli I have adverted on the subject of fire n. 84). Such then is the origin os conatus, and suci, the sirst naturalpower that causes substances to be in a conatus to motion.
Such noW is primitive nature in her highest simplicity, perfection, and universality, the knowledge of whicli is the fame Withthe knowledge of the universe of nature, stud constitutes true physical and geometrical astronomy. Ρerhaps it will be botterat present to defer any further exposition Os primitive nature, since is I introduced susticioni illustratiotis, I might be digress-ing too far hom my subjeci; and on the other hand, is I didnot, I might be considered as deviating Dom Well-knOWn experimental facts into Obscure SpeculationS.
295쪽
307. II. W0 have hitherio spolien Of the Origins and diversitius os activities: let us noW proceed to the generat mode os
formation displayed by the chicli in the ogg. In the livingpoint of the cicatricula there is a certain perpetuat animation, Whicli is asterWards manifested also in the circumfluent Zones, and in the vesicles, as observed by Malpighi und Lancisi. Butthis animation When carried On in the purest substances, n8 in the living p0int, may be termed the analogue os an animatOry
tho sorce of forces, or the first principie of the law of acting, or et se Simply a determining principie. Animation hoWevor is frequently con unded With conatus, Whereas conatus is iis firstiliternat principie of acting, and may persist Without a reni eX- pansion. But let iis return to the first living potnt in thecicatricula. There is reason to bellove that this pollit is in a stateos animation, although the ogg may not be incubated Or submitten to Warmth; for this srst living potnt is inclosed in iis own proper colliquamentum, and this is distinet from the albumen, so that nothing impudes iis acting according to the conatus; foris the central or axillary gyration cense, then the conatus tonnimate censes in a stiori time n. 304, 305). LeeuWenhook relates, that in the globules of blood ho observon another Lindos motion, in that eaeli globule gyrated round iis oWn axis' u. 29 . Harvey says : There is room to doubt whether besore tho hoari and even the auricles pulsate , the blood itself, Orthe spirit, has not in it an obscure palpitation, sueti as I haveseen continue uster denthV n. 246 . Mulpighi says: I ostenkopi tho chich, and dried the yolli undernereth it, and the pulsation of the heari continuod Without intermission sor a Wholed: V n. 242). Again ho says: I have Osten remarked, asu usual piece of nature's play, a motion present in the gones, by the coming and going of Whicli, the areas and cavities of thecariun Were either enlarged or obliterased V n. 243 . Lancisi' observed someWhat similar in the vesicles surrounding the hend. φ For is an animation such us I havo stated lives in the
296쪽
bl00 the heari, the gotios, and the vesicles, Why Should it notin the least living potnt, since in iis oWn proper colliquamentum it enjoys the completo liberty os animating and of Ii ving. In these minutest potuis, the inappreciable quickness of the animatory action causes it to appear continuous, and thus to RSSume the semblance of rest; a circumstanee Whicli is very COmmon
in the ense of those revolving bo dies Whose motion is too rapidio be followed by the eye. 308. The albumen of the ogg cannot be actualed by this living potnt untii the warmili os incubation relaxes the coher-
ence of the puris, Or removes their torpor, and excites a certa in
species of activity. Whon the albumen is in this State, then, byiis aid, the potui Whicli is in a perpetuat state os animation, is enabled to extend the sphere of iis activi ty further, inasmuch asthrough the medium os a fostering and moderate Warmili, theseverat paris in the egg are releaSed hom their bonds, and mosthight y prepared, and obelsant to the living activity. How this activi ty potars forti, in the purest substances of nature, as it Were Spontaneola Sty DOm a given centre to ali the peripheries, is very evident Dom the modulation Os soland in the uir, and the modification of iniuges in the ether; for in highly elastic bo dies no impressed force is e ver lost, but continues similar to itfel and in au essori to attain iis ultimate destination. That thereis great elasticity in the paris of the album en, is evident Domthe experimentes that have been made respecting it. 309. The living potnt then, by means of iis animation, exeris and diffusos iis forces into the albumen, n OW excited by Warmth, and no longer torpid : for nothing resisis this pollit, ormines any essori against it; but ali the various paris are culledinto existence conformably to iis determinations, being as it
Were Obedient to iis Orders. Thus there is an abundant confluxos things conformabie to it acting at the centre, and forces aremultiplied; Whenue the animation takes a plural forin, or is Imay SO Spenk, beeomeS compound ; consequently the sphere ofiis activi ty is extended, and continues to extend as the chichpasses through iis stages of composition or epoclis of develop-
297쪽
through the yolli and albumen' n. 242 . Τhus it appears, that perpetuat animatory mutation arises primitively hom perpetuat conatus; the expulsion Os the purest fluid to iis destinod locality arises 1 Om animatory mutation, and in the place of the fluid expellud there is a Desti influx of suid for the purpose of maintaining the generat equation and equilibrium sit. 227) : themodification of tho fluid arises Dorn iis expulsion, the modification extending to the peripheries determined by the centre; and a central or axillary gyration of the individunt paris arises
Dom this modification; and so again We have a conatus to a similar animation. Thus the universat circulation is carried OD,
by means of Whicli everything in this limited universe is continued, supplied With moisture, nouriShed, renovaled, formed, actualed und vivised sit. 154).310. It may noW be seen, that this primitive animation Oranalogiae os animation, is life in iis generat Or Common State, or rather that it is the living force, the vis viva, as it is called, that is Wont to be ascriben to nil the substances existing in the Worid, Whicli are in a state of animation similar to the fore-going. But considered in iiself this animation is not properly animal lise, for to animate is not the fame as to live, but determinately and distinctly to animate, is to live; and the more determinately and distinetly, the more and beller is the lisse. Thus sensitive life raised to higher Or superior poWers is theverimost lise. 3II. But hoW the representative determination ean essectively produce these firsi and successive mutations in the forma. tive Substance and Drce, Or in the foui, and What the distinctive nature of this determination is,-these are subjecis Whicli cannot
be oasily treaten Without a mathematical philosophy Os universalsand a doctrine os degrees; sor Without sotiae sueti nid we should sud that to bring the question Within a stiori compasS Wouldonly be to malle it obscure, since nothing adequale can be predicated of the foui by means of the formulas of the JOWer degrees. Yet inasmuch as nil the superior poWers are related by analogyio the inferior, and vice versa, and we may be alloWed Dom the
298쪽
inferior to soriti inductions With respout to tho superior RS themore eminent; since ono may be illustraled by the other, as bye amples, I Wili select for comparison the systolic motion of the beari and the systallic or animatory motion of the brain. ΤhUS,
determinod Dom tho hoart through tho arteries in to the motiVesbres of the muscies, and into the corresponding sibres of the glanda, the economy of tho hody could not exist, nor the animal live in action n. 13 l). The blood Would bo ouly an indeterminate fluid ; iis motion indistinet, generat, und incapable Oflila. Again, utiless the bratiis mere most accurately discriminated into cortical tori, and the cortical tori into spheriales, byWhicli the medullary and nervolas fibres mirat be excited, their animation Would be a mere indeterminate motion, and there Would be no lise; because to animate is not the sume as to live, but to animate distinctly and determinatoly is to live. In like manner there Would be no corporeal life unless in the body, onething lived in complete sub ordination to the other. So also in regard to the higher substances of nature, uniess they had representative determinations, life could never be predicabie of them. When hoWever they have their determinations, thentheir animation is not a mere motion but a generat Or commonlise; for in ordor to the existetice of a distinet particular, a Common or generat is requirest. Every potnt then of the spiritu us quid is to be conceived os as most perfectly determined, or et se, is yOu please, represented, or having Within it determinations Which ure representative Os iis own litile World; audWhen suci, is the case, this potnt is a determining Or repreSent-ing potnt, Whicli faut constitutes iis lila. But ali theso things cannot exist Dom themselves, Or subsist by themselves; theymust derive their being 1 rom another, Who nione is Dom him Self, and DOm Whom is the universe, und ali that it contains. 312. III. It Was shewn ubove, that in the Work of formationtho spiritu iis quid is the sirst cause, the purer blOOd the second,
and the red blood the third n. 271, 272); and thus that the
299쪽
Vesicles are formed, for in Stanee, Whicli surround the tenderbrain and spine; these Vesicles again are surrounded by fluontgones; and est these, having derived animation Dom the firstliving potnt, themselves also animate. Thus WhateVer nutritive substanco lies in the albumen Of the ogg, receives modifications commodiscatur Whicli are in most persect accordance With the animation and determination of the before-mentioned livingpoint, so that nothing but What is adsequato to it seolis thispoint as iis centre. In the first stage of formation, impercepti-ble pores are prepared, Whicli Iead through the very sursaces of the vesicles; and through these pores the spirituous suid is con
egg : it is nexi conducted through the interiors of the vesicles, and So on, untii Dom Want of nutritive juice these vehicles be- come obscured, dried up, obliterated and deciduous. The great tendency of the albumen of the ogg to vesicular formS, appenrSon iis being Well sh ahen, a process by Whicli it is so remarkablythrown into Doth, that one Would be disposed to say it consisted of Scarcely anything but vesicles, in Whicli tho fluids that are tominister in forming the chicli are in beautiful ordor in their severat allotted places. But it is Worth While to extraci DomMalpighi's descriptions that pari Whicli relates to the gones and vesicles, SO that We may be able to comprehend in One simplevieW the process of sormation. The sollOWing is a summary of
313. At the end of 12 bours, the carina, desined by White
300쪽
Aster 40 hours, the vesicles Uere not so evident. The ZODe WRSDRTYOWed Or Contracted, and as usual surrounded the brain and Spinal marroW. In 48 hours, the vesiclos siled the curvingliead; the sacculi os the vertebrae Were stili more apparent, forming longitudinui lines. At the eud of 2 days and 14 hours, the vesicles of the brain Were supplied With blood-vesseis. At the end of 3 days, there Were sive vesicles turgid With fluid, Whicli represented the brain. At the top of the hend there Wasone Os considerable sige, furnished With vesseis, and in Shape like a hemisphere, and which on the subsecpient dVS WaS in amanner divided into tWo. In the occipiat there Was a Lind of triangular vesicle, but the deep region Os the sinciput Was OCCupied by an ovat vesicle, close to Mitch were placed the Otheri Wo, completing the sive. At the end of the 4th day, the sive vesicles constituting the brain Were Stili more conspicuous, and had come nearer together, and When lacerated, let out an ichoror suid. The round bodies representing the vertebrae Were in- creasingly protuberant. The cristate vesicle Was siled With a cinereOus and SOmeWhnt concrete substance. Not far DOm thetice in the Occipiat, at some litile depili, the second, or the vesicle Ofthe cerebellum, Was placed, and to it Was subjoined a portion Osthe Spinal marroW. In the auterior pari, at a greater depili, lay the third vesicle, and the Other tWo formed the termination Orapex in front. At the end of the 5th day, the head Was large, and the cristate vesicle Was seen, replete With a filamenta sub Stanee : the cerebellum Was attached to this vesicle. Anteriorly the tWo vesicles of the apex Were seen With the deoper vesicle placed above them. When the 6th day had elapsed, the fame V2Sicular Structure us hereto re Was observed in the brain : the cristate vesicle Kas furnished With a large vesset, and the vesiclenext to it Was concealed, and eould not be brought into vieWWithout denudi tig and separating the cerebrum. The great cerebrat vesicle Was in a manner double, divided by an oblongsisSure, and afrording perhaps a place for the falx, and When laceraten no fluid noW escaped. The two anterior vesicles of thebrain, le8s protuberant thau belare, Were someWhat Obscured by the incipient growth of flesti. The vesicle above and be- tWeen them, Was ulmost lost to vieW, as Was the case QSO Withthe fifth vesicle placed in tho occiput. At the end of the pth