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Iust ecause versification is o osten utareasonablynegleCted a reat Par of the Charin that poetry assordedio the men o olden time is vellei or holly aken waysrom students. very eaCher no Sohat o mos Studenis,unti the reach the ighest Classes in the gymnasium, Scannin is a veritable Via, V hicli has contributed nota litile to keel alive the rejudice against Classica authors, whil in realit the mos bearitim creation of the genius os lan age is the versification of the Classi poets hi h arereat in the schools To produce a love so this versification and an understandin os it, hi h may utlive theyears of schoo life is the purpose of this book. Truly I must e sor it an indulgent reCeption. It is no eas in a an ibook, hich hould e t iacethoroughi scientisic bries, and generali intelligibie, to satisf ali Di demandes, o to mention the uia Dir Thetas was ali the arder ecause, although sor a long time have ad a livet interest in the practica questions os classica philolog as et a in the need of the gymnasia, stili on account of m position I have come ut litue intodirect ouch illi these institutions and o have been deprived of the quali inspirin and mani id impressions produced by ait immediate contact with outh. o muchthe more grate sui ought I to e that experienCed eaChersos different Countries have assisted me illi thei advice. The were also, almos Without exception, of the opinionilia I should reat in oni a cursor Way of the lyricalparis of the ree tragedy. For the est, perhaps this andbook, though primarilyintended for the uppe Classes in the gymnaSia, a ProVeno ianwelCome to any student os Philology, even the
The introduction is, o Coui se, principali sor eaChersand philologisis. For the part reatin os Greeli versification I must S indulgence, since in the metrical ortis known to me even in the excellent book of Christ hi h have osten sed there is no simple Connected Statem entos the development of Gree versification. For his Pari, a Keil a so the whol book, an Corrections o hinis os qualisie i philologi sis o teacher Will e OS WelCOme.
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION. I. Rhythm an Metre 372. Lon and hori Syllabies Arsis and hesis 38
O TH RHYTHMICAL STRUCTUR O THE VERSE.24. Genera Remari s 723. Rhythmica Structur os the Hexameter and Pentameter 926 Rhythmica Structur os the Remaining etres 3
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HOMERI PROSODV. 43. Peculiarities o Prosod in Homer III
DEVELOPMENT OF CLASSICAL VERSI FICATION.
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active and intelligent, tradition os metrica ari uias throughout antiquity. his a greatly sui thered by the uild of poets
dria, and Ome and again aster the time o Alexander thec reat by the Care of the grammarians, homo oni Caresullyanalyged the versification of the classica poets, ut also heptuse ninterrupted intercOurse illi Poets.
I the Gree versification os the classica age, do vn to the time o Alexander the reat, is compared with the Latin ut toHadrian's time, it ill e een that the reeli versification is distinguished by originali ty, oldiaeSS, verSatili ty, graCC, and variability, in Consequence of hi Cli Characteristic it ome- times salis into arbitrary and irregula sornas though the GreehPoeis, and even Homer inaseis, are much stricter in their versification than a formeri supposed), hile the Latin is distinguished by earnesiness, dignity, and StriCtnes Os rute, whicli descend to the minutes delati as et a b a Clearunderstandin and judiciolis application of this StriCtneSS. This as et sui ted to the peculiarities of the Latin angvage,
the Strong, energetic, and Sonorous, ut much les ricli and variabie, Sister longue of the Greek although, as a reSult, Latin verse Sometimes sui sered rom monotony, Pedantry, and
In the choice of metres for the different hilad os poetry the Greeks Suali Surpassed the Romans in aste, as it is generalty the case that in the artificia imitation os the metres of another Peopte istahes in iis easit arise. During the classica periodo Roman poetr it is speciali the polymetrica fornis os verSe
The lighines and mobilit of the Ioni dialect iis ichnessin hor syllabies the possibilit os increa Sin Stili more theniimber of these hor syllabies by lac in long sinat vowelsin a hiatus the possibility on the ther and of tengtheningstior vo vel by position or at the lose os ord by the thesis; the varyin quantit os many syllabies, and the substitution of long Syllabi sor a Pyrrhi arsis, - produCed the rapi Mandpeculia developinent of this metre, of WhiCh the oldest representative are the Homeri Hymns abolit o B.C. and the poenas os Hesiod, and of the Homeri and Hesiodi school
Monoton os rhythm in the exameter is avoided by the change rom dactylo spondee, and by the different
This metre continuet to holixit place in genera popularity, and unti the nil of the Middie Ages, was sed in the ostdisserent in is o poetry. Sanctioned by the authorit of the Homeri poems, it influencediso only the dactylic measures, but also the other disserent metres Still the authorit is
The ancients frequently consus the inventoris a measure illi thepoet who rs introduced it in literature, and so metres are osten amed, no aster thei inventors, ut aster the poet by hom the were ostfrequently mPlOyed.
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Homer stood ver much in the way of the prope developinent of the exameter froni a popular to an artiSti forna beCauSein later times Homer' metrica rules and licenses erepartiali imitate J, while the linguisti phenomena hichoccasionei them ere in large par no undet StOOd eg. there a no no ledge of the diramma eo cum as Sed by Homer. The evil ecam stili orse in his respeci, that the Alexandrian poets evolved rom misunderstood PassageS
Thei theories in turn serve los modet so the Gree and
The Pentameter a produced by repeatin the rs halsis
the Hexameter a sar a the Penthemimera Caesura HeXameter and Pentameter together formed the rSi verse system,
the Distich, hici appear so the sirs time in the work of the Ioni poets Callinus and Archilochus abolit O B.C.). Through his Change of metre the verse iself eCame more livel and passionate than in the ianvaryin Hexameter, and consequently the Distich resulted in ivin more room fortite subjectivit of the poet, and paved the way sor lyric
The Distich a the eginning os strophi fornas, and itshows atready the harmoniolis and artistic sinisti hich very strophe os the olden Age of Gree literatur has evenis, in the strophes of the Dori lyri poets and the dramatisis, the disticuli os thei sormation and the reat Corruption Osthe ex osten prevent iis rona completet appreciatin the
Frona early timescit ad been customar at harves festivalsand intage timeo reCite or in Song O a Ohin o mockin Sori, Sualty rit tela in alternate forna, in hicli Iambicani Trochaic metres ere emplOyed. In these measures thethesis a no si Xed, ut Could e resolve M and in certainpositions of the arsis a li Ort vo et Ouid e replaced a pleas-ure by a long Th e metre Canae sortii rom obscurit intous at bout the sanie time a themistich, through the poenaso one of the reates artist os antiquity - Archilochus of Paros, 'ho illi PerseCt artisti linowledge sed the ambi Trimeter and Trochai Tetrameter Catalectic in their greatest beatity. He also in Ployed varioli iambi and ac tyli metres, dactyis illi ana Crusis asynarieti verseS, made ut by a Combination os dactyli and iambic o trochai meas ares. At thesam time e develope lolae podi System, Particularly by a union os iambic trimeter ani dimeters, ut also rom lactyli or asynarieti and iambic probabi ais trochaic)
Aster Archilochus Greel versification ad very rapid rogress Among those speciali influentia in iis developianent were the osic poets Alcaeus and Sappho about O L. ),who ere the res to Compose rea strophes Consisting Suallyo tW or soli verses, of which two at east ere alii e so that the metrica elements of the Correspondita verses of the Strophe were in genera qui te althe except for single licenses in the basis, anaci usis, o mi lille of the verse These poetSSeldom employed uret dactyli verse either in strophi ornon-StrOPhi poenas, ut more requently suci verse reCeded
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by a dissyllabi beat os an quantity, even PyrrhiC, Geldomiambic o trochaic. apparenti Without a resolution os thethesis, ut speciali toga indiC, ionici a minori sonae timesalso a majori, in Combination illi trocheeS), SynarietiCineastires, and miXed metre in great varie ty. The ostremarkable of thei Strophe are the Sapphic Alcaic, and Asclepiadean. The Eoli Poet exercised reat influenCe, especiali on the Alexandrians and the RomanS; eg the metre invented by Sappho, ut amed hendecasHabus ha- Lecius, after an Alexandrian Poet, a very Osten emPloyed by both. Anacreon, an Ionianis eos about 55 B.C.), Stand about naid a between the versification o Archilochus and that os Alcaeus and Sappho. The esseminac of his nature appearsespeciali in his frequent se os o/iici a minori Glyconics, and the Anacreonti measures, anted aster imself On theother and in ther fragments, e PPear a numero an mosque secutus Archilochi. In the formation o system orstrophe he was ver soni os using Glyconi and Pherecrateannaeasures. The Spurioia Collectionis poenas hich goe under his nam is o no Conseque iace in the discussion of his metrical fornas. At bout his sanae time the Ionians Hippona and Ananius gave to the Iambi Trimeter and Trochai Tetrameter Catalecti a ne forna by Changing, in a Curiou Way the astianibus into a pondee, accented on the seconi syllabi like the original iambus.
lyrios ere intended primarii to e rendered by soloisis, the Dorian wrote their Song principali tote sun by the choruson sacred or olida occasionS, O that ne of theSe PoetS,Stesichorus, is Saldo have derived his nam stom his
The Doric like the dramatic lyrica poetr preserrei in
skilsuli combined ut os metres dissering both in compassand Component paris. In his va it appened that two or
verses Periods). The antistrophe Corresponds exacti to the strophe Aster the time os Stesichorus the antistrophe was osten Milowed by the epode to hicli the solio in epodes must XaCtly
In contrast illi the vivacit os the Ionians and the passiono the olians the lyri poetr of the orians is Character-iged by earnesiness, dignity, and alia in a degre appropriatet iis objeCt. Alcman is considerei the ather os Dori lyri poetrysabout Ia B.C.). He a sollowed by Stesichorus, Arion, Ibycus, Simonides, Bacchylides, and finali Pindar bout 48o
originatin in the worshil of Bacchus, and characteriZed by the oldnes and variet os it metres It was introducedint literatures by Arion a boui OD .C.). Although his metre also was a sirs antistrophic aster theyear OO B.C. the antistrophe fel a Way, and in ConSequenCeo this the Dithyramb degenera ted into suCh ooSenes that by the irregularity os iis structurescit Seem to have PasSed
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The dram that has developed ut os the song and clances os country sestivat is a combination os epi and lyri poetr os suci a in that the dialogue paris representin the action os the pia sol in the epic elemento and the ong of the chorus o os individua member os thechorus o of the actors, the lyrical . In a correspondin Way, a regariis the metres, the di loreue is usuali written in iambic o trochai verses especiallyiambi trimeter more raret trochai tetrameter Catalecticii comed frequently in iambic tetrameter Catalectic an lthe ong in lyric metres, parti thos used by the earlierivri poets, and parti ne and re inventions os thedramatist appropriate to the siluation. Excellent eviden eoo ho mo the dramatist regarded
The ong os the whole chorus hich enters heia theactio has reached a potnt os est o change, and also marks the end os an Ct, are characteriged by the almnessand dignit os the rhythm. The song os the individual member os the chorus and the actor Sho more livetiness,excite ment, and variation, speciali in Euripides, and reuuently lac the antistrophic orni arroλελυμωα). The metrica style os A schylus is strici and regular, Some times veri harsh and rigid. The versification os Euripides issee and gracessit, though osten caretes and arbitrary Or hoWin a trivin aster effect These mulis are particulari Con- The Attic rama. 2Ispicuous in the lyrica paris, hoWeve much the may lease
shown by the Philoctetes of Sophocles and the later dramas os EuripideS. Euripides, who disser Strihingi in the metres of the dialogue, and stili more in the lyrica paris, froni his redecessors, has ad the reates innuence pon the later ritersos Attic tragedy. Among the Comedians, Aristophanes a surpassed allithersin wealth, expression, Lill, and astem employmen os metrical ornas, and was sor his reason ranked by antiquit with Archilochus. It oes ithou saying that the versification straged is distinguished rom that os comed by it greater sorce and dignity, hile the rhythm os comed is gayer an lsreer. his fac is apparent not ni in the choruses ut also in the dialogue, and particulari noticeable in the ready admission os anapaest in ali the De of the comi trimeter
except the last. The epode aret occurs in trage ly, and o alWayS, Sin the lyrica poetr of the orians, after ne at Os Strophes, ut even aste two or three, though ithout podic CorrespondenCe ahin place, as in Pindar. The dramatist were ver soni of the anapaeSti metre, whicli ad been sed in marching-song by the SpartanSsrom earli est times It was osten employed, parti in ChoruSeS, Speciali Where there a some movement of the Chorus o annotin ement by the ea ter of the chorus, and parti in the song of the actors, particulari Where theSe
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The anapaesti system consist os dimeter interspersedwith monometers, and ornas usuali the lose os the catalecti dimeter et ersus paroemiacus).- te CataleCti tetrameter as Sed ni in Comedy. The lyrica portions, speciali the Strophe and anti- strophes, ho the Same variet os metres a the ori lyricpoetry. Along illi iambic and trochai rhythms, hicli re seclwith peculia licenses in the resolution os the thesis, neglectos the caesura suppression os the arsis, etc., hicli are notallowed in the dialogues, e nil also dactyli mea sures, osten illi anacriasis, epitrites, CreticS, Paeons, ionici a minori no majori , dactylo-trochees, Seldoin Mactylo- epitrites,
The dochmia rhythm deserves specia mention os hichthe origina fornas, as et a the moSt Sual, are theS
Frona his ere developed numerous other ornas by resolution thes theses and by replacini the hor syllabie precedin the las by a long. The dochmia mensure is sonaetimes combined illi the reti and trochai , seldom illi the bacchi and loga edic, and mos ste piently illi the iambic. I occurs raret in the comedians, and stili more raret among the orians, but ver frequently in trage ly, speciali to expreS Complain and ain. Among the toga, dic verses, the morite metres ere the Glyconi and Pherecratean parti in the stricter orni os Anacreon parti in the anne os the orians with great steedom in thes structu re os the basis) and tartly aster
Alciau riau and Latcrii est Pocu. 23 Sophocles, with transposition os the dactyl in polyschemati
In the fourth centur the chora lyrica par os trage lydegenera ted in the fame way a the dithyramb into oosenes and trii lini illustraled by Chaeremon); the Middie and New Comed lached the chorus, although no the lyric
The independent developinent of Gree versi siCation extendes o bout the age of Alexander the reat 33 D. ). In the solio ving, so-Called Alexandrian 33O-3 B.C.), Swel a in the Roman and Bygantine periods, ardly any addition a made to the revioris stock of metres. The Sotadeus, indeed,
was an invention of the Alexandrians; ut in poliat os factthe old Greeks ad created suci an astonishing number os different oris os metres, SystemS, and StropheS, that nyinCreaS Was Carcet possit te. The later Greelis restricte liliis metrica wealth, since in genera the limited thenaseivesto a Comparativel Sinal number of metres and hor systemsor Strophes, and usuali imitate i in a mechanica way the Ioni and otii poets. Poetr written κατὰ στίχον Predomina ted jus as it id among the Romans aster Augustus, and in his manne the Greeks as et a thel Omans osten inployed verses hicli previousty ad sormed part os a SyStem.
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24 DPOPlosmi ut of Classica mei Si atron.
marhed peculiarit os the Alexandrian and later poetswas the tendenCy oward arti siCia verSes, the OS remarkable example os,hicli are Mund in the poenis os immias, Dosiadas, and Besantinus Anthologia Lyrica, ed. Bergi P. II Sqq.). nother peculiarit Wa a great, and ostenpedanti and assected care suines in the structure os their favorite metres, in hicli attem P the were o ei fullyassisted by the graminarians, and in laci, osten led Stray by thei salse theories. Almos a the end of Gree literatur in the fifth century
liadis decide. presereno for the dactyl always in the fifth
whos origina sori was made ui by combining an iambic
malum dabunt Metelli aevi Poetae.
This verse, hicli in Course os time beCame confused ona Corint of neglect of the Caesura and frequent suppresSion
of the third, and speciali the Sixth, arsis, Could Ot, after the Punic ars, satisf the artisti Deling of the Romans. It vanished illi Naevius diei about o B.C.), although twas occasionali employed by later poets, ille Accius, Varro, and Terentianus Maurus. in 'earned imitation of
Since on occasions os public and private estivity the ludi coenici ere presented as et a the ludi circenses, Livius Andronicus after 24 B.C.), and hi SuCCeSSor in traged and Comedy - Naevius, PlautuS, TerenCe, EnniUS, PICUVius, CCius, and thers, - appropriated the Cente metres of the Gree drama, iambic troChatC, anapaeStiC, Cretic, bacchiC, occasionali also dactylic, et illi thegreates licenses; as . . the hori arsis in iambic and trochees Could always e tengthened excepi in the astianabi Mot. In the resolution of the thesis and arsis, in the se of elision and synigesis, and in ther reSPeCtS, theyosten transgressed the rules Further, in prosod the madeus of many irregularities, occasioned by the at Chai or Plebeian pronunciation of the Latin angvage hicli adbeen o long negleCted. In the dialogue paris the Romans, ille the Greelis, Sed principali the iambio trimeter and trochai tetrameter Catalectic, and in comed the iambic tetrameter Catalectic
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os sinisti, hile the ther iambic and trochai metres, stillinore the creti and a CChiC, and the anapaesti mos os ali, rema ined in a very rude Stage Os developinent. There a no chorus in Latin drama tanti the time os Auaustus, ut there ere lyrica passages iantica Suia by the actores, hicii ere usu ill Written in anal peStic, CretiC, and bacchic metres. In genera the ld dramatisis, ut tolli end of the Republic, and particulari aster the ear I 5 D. C., influenced by the Contemporaneoli daCtyli Poets, Shox a Continua ei sor aster a greater developinent of theirari. On the ther and the number of their metres Steadii decreased a is hown by a Comparison os Plautus and Tereiace so that finalty the principat metres employed in the drama ere the iambic trimeter and the trochaictetrameter Catalectic, hiCh ere univerSali Popular. The last representative of the old iambic versification vas the sabulis Ph. aedrus a bout O .D.), ho in Vie Ofthe Proverbs of Syrus, then much in Ogue, admittet in hiso via abies, hicli ere also devotet to ethiCal PurpoSes, the sponde in the even De of the iambi trimeter, ut elsewhere howed almost noth in os the peculiarities os Plautus and Tereiace. Iambi and trochai Poetry, Withthe same Dee se of the spondee, appears occasionali in the antiquarian period of the Frontonians a bout 5 A.D.)ando the nil os Roman iterature, in ConsequenCe of the increasin decade iace of Culture.
A there a sonae reason to ea that the Latin angvage would again degenerate in to the rudenes of the Saturnian
Although there are cases of harshness, the rea majorityos Ennius hexameter are os emarkable beauty beCaus os the evident genius os the Poet, ho e. e. a far se ver aSeSos elision in the Annales than an poet of the Republic, and also ecause of his ricli and comprehensive lino ledgeos Latin, Greela, and Oscan; ut bove ali beCaus os the fac that Roman versification ire ad bes ore Ennius had solio ed the quantitative principie XClusively, o that he had ni to remove the abuses of prosod Whicli ad rept in during the rude state of the angvage et veen 33oand 23o B.C. It is quite evident that Ennius attempted odirect the attention o Roman poets to the striCtneS and Consistenc os the metrica art. He exerciaed an immense influenCe ver ali later riters the more so ecause, latit Vergit' time, his muCh-praised epic the Annales, a thenios popular glorification of the heroi deed of the old