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me memory of hiS own character and pereonality. Such a conclusion is indicated is we examine criticassythe Lines of this saint, translations of which are ovenin the present Volume, and compare them with the lives
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os other Irish sainis. In studying ali these documents wemust bear in mino that none of them are, in any modem SenSe of the word, biographies. A biography, in the proper definition of the te . oves an ordered account of the life of iis subjeci, with dates, and endeaVO Sto trace the influences which shaped his character and hiS Career, and the manner in which he himself inguencedhis surroundings. The So-cassed lives of saints areproperly to be regarded as homilies. They were composed to be read to assemblies of the Falthful, as sermonS for the festivals of the saints with whom they deat: and their purpose was to edisy the hearem by presentingcatalogues of the viriues of their subjecis, and eSpecially, of their thaumaturoc powers. Thus they do not poSSeSSthe unity of ordered and well-designed biographies: they consist os disconnected anecdotes; describing howthis event or that gave occasion for a miraculΟUS display. It follows that to the historian in search of unvarnished
out most drastic criticism. They were compiled longkfter the time of their subjecis, from tales, doubileSSat first, and probably for a considerable time; tranS- mitted by orat tradition. It would be natural that thereshould be much cross-horrowing. tales told a ut onesaint heing adapted to others as well, untii they becamestock incidents. It would also be nothing more than natural that many elements in the Lives inould besurvivalS from more ancient mythologies, having theirroois in pre-Christian belleis. Nevertheless, none of thesewritium are devoid os value as pictures of life and manners: and even in descriptions os incredibie and mintless miracles precious Scraps of folk-lore are ostenembedded. In most, is not in ali, cases, the incidenis recorded in the Lives are to he criticiSed as genuine
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traditions, whatever their literat historicity may be:
incidents of this kind. whicli reappear in the lives of other sainis. In the Annotations in the presentedition a few such paralleis are quoted: though noattempt is made to give an exhaustive list, the compilation of which would occupy more time and Space than iis scientific value would warrant. But there are certainother incidents of a more individual type, and it is thesewhich mahe the Lives of Claran especialty remark le. They may weli be genuine reminiscences of the reallite, or at least of the real character of the man himseli.
quite justified in accepting them as based on the tradition of the actuat personality of the saint. In other
The Bollandisis long ago remarhed as the speciat Characte istics of Iristi Minis' Lives. their clouhtful historicity, their late clate, and their continuat repetition of stocli incidents. Aι priusquam id agam, Iectorem duo uniuersim monitum uelim I primum est. quod Hibernorum sanctorum acta passim dubia sint faei, et a scriptoribus minime accuratis ac aetate longe posterioribus conscripta I alterum est, quod in iisdem frequens Occurrais rerum simillimarum narrasis, quas uariis sanctis adscribunt, ita υι nescias cui tuto adscribi possint.-Acta Sanctorum, September, vol. iii, P. 37ῖ D siti su by OO le
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WOrdS, So deep was the impression which the man madeumn his contemporaries cluring his inori lite; that his memorabilia seem to be, on the whola, os a more definitely historic nature than are those of other Irish
There is, however, a disturbing element whicli mustbe kept in mino in criticising the Lives of Claran. HeWaS the Son os a carpenter, and he was said to have diedat the age of thirty-three. It is quite clear that these coincidences with the facts of the earthly parentage and death of Christ were observed by the homilisis indeed the author of the Iristi Life says as much, at the end of his work. They provoked a natural and perhaps whollyunconscious destre to draw other paralleis: and is wemay uSe a Convenient German technical te , there is atraceable Tendena in this direction, as is indicated in the Annotations on later pages. It is not to be suppoSed that even these apparently imitative incidents are notio mince mattersin mere pious fraudS: they may well
matically, before they received their present litera form. But such a development could hardly have centred in an unworthy subjeci: there must have been a well-established tradition of a Christ-likeness of character in the man, for such paralleis in delati to have
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most holy patron VJ. The actuat date of the Iristi sermonis tess easy to fix: the language has been modernised step by step in the process of transmisSion frΟm manu- Script to manuscripi, but originalty it may have been written about the eleventh century, though incorporat-ing fragments of earlier materiai. The passage juStquoted, Saying that a certain relic had remained illi recently, may possibiy indicate that the homily had been delivered shortly after one of the many burningS and ptunderings whicli the monastery sussered: in Such a calami ty the relic might have perished. The prophecyput into Claran's mouth; that V there would be great perSecution of his city from evit men in the end of the world Irish Lile. ἶ 38J seems to relate to Such an
date the whole compilation containing it. The texi of the First Latin Life here called for convenience of reference LA) is found in an early fifteenth- century ΜS. in Marsh's Library, Dublin. It has been
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edited, without translation, by the Rev. C. Plummer in his most valvable Vitae Sanctorum Hiberniae Oxiord, I9IOὶ VOl. i. pp. 20O-216. The translation oven in this volume has been made from Plummer's edition, whichI have collated with the original ΜS.
The following corrections may be noti ecl. Page 2OI of printeo texi, line 7, for Et cum read Cumque. Same Page, line 24, for factum read factam sic . Page Ioa, line 6, after vitulum add ilico canis famelicus truit sicin in uitulum. Same page, line 25, after fregit add et fracto Capite essussoque cerebro Cani' periit. Same page, line 33, after narrabant add hoc. Same Page, lineS 35, 38, 1Or Vaccam read Vacam. Page 2o3, line 35, for Angeli read Angli. Same page, line 39, inseri et after generiS. Page 2Oη, line 7, InnSythe appearS to De written in the ΜS. aS One wom. Same line. inseri uidit be ore zabulum. Same page, line I 8, after flumen adu et ibi mersum eSt. Page 2Ο5, line 32, read eSt OSten Sum. Page 2o6, line I 8, after libri adu ad locum. Same page, line 32, aster manducans add in illa clie. Samo Page, line 38, read KyaranuS. Same page, line 4O, read Μaeighar . Page 2O7, line I 3, after recepit adu ipSe. Page 2o8, line I 6, 1ον complebitread implebit. Page Io0, line 23, delete et aster clamor: and in the nexi line Ior impediebant read -bat. Page III, line I 4, insertin before istis. Same page, line 16, read loco iStO. Same Page, lino o, read edisticio. Page a Ia, line et, read edisticiorum. Pagea I 3. line Io, after ignem inseri noStrum. Same Page, line 2I, or ipSi read ipsum. Same page, line 37, after paciencie insertnOStre. Page 2I , footnote 3, note that the fimi uas ' is Struch out. Same page, footnote 7, the fimi sanctus V is
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made by myself is thereiore added here, in an AppendiX.
The texi of the Third Latin Lite LCin is contained in
the well-known Brusseis MS., calleo Codex Salmaticensis from iis former sojourn at Salamanca. It is of the fourteenth century. This was the only continuoi authority at the disposal of the compiter of the Bollandistlife of our saint: he s alis of it in the most contemptuoi te s. The life of Claran in this manuscript is a mere fragment, evidently copled from an imperfeci exemplar there seems to have been a chasm in the middie, and thereis a lacuna at the encl, whicli the scribe has endeavouredio conceat by adding the woros V Finit, Amen. V Thetranslation here given has been prepared from the editionos the Salamanca ΜS. by de Smedi and de Backer, colS.
has indicated the more important readings of the Brusseis ΜS. in his edition. The scribe of the Lismore Textwas consciolis of the defecis of his copy for in a note appended to the Lise of our saint, he says, Ιt is not Iwho am responsible for the meaningless words in this LVe; but the bad manuscript V-i. e. the imperfectexemplar of which he was making a transcript. There were other Lives of the Saint in exiStence, apparently no longer extani. of these, one was in the hanos
of the hagiographer Sollerius: for in his edition of the Martyrologium of Usuardus Antwerp, 1714, p. 523ὶ be
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uariaque ad eam annotata, quae suo tempore digerentur.
This promise he cloes not appear to have fulsilled: the Bollandist compiter, as we have just noticed, had nomaterials but the imperfeci Salamanca Lite, and was forced to fili iis many gaps as best he could, by diligently collecting references to Claran in the lives of other sainis. Another Lise of the saint seems to be referred to in the Martyrolon os Donegat: under the Ioth Μay that compilation quotes a certain V Life of Claran os Cluain V i.e. Clonmacnoisin as the authority for a statement to the effect that the order of Comgali fos Bangor, Co. Down was one of the eight ordem that were in Ireland. ' Ιtwould be irrelevant to discuss here the meaning of this statemento iis importance for us lies in the faci that the
Brythonic change of se to Ρ, in the form Pieran or Pirran. This Heran is wrongly identified by Shene λ with our stant: a single glance at the abstraci of the Lila of St. Heran oven by Sir T. D. Hardyη will show how mistahenthis identification is. A similar confusion is probablyat the base of the curious statement in Adam Κing's Scottish Kalendar of Sainta, that seueranus was an ot
Camerarius' description of him as abbas Follensis in
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The four documents of which translations are printed in this book relate almost, though not quite, the Same Series of incidenis. There is a sufficient divergencebetween them, both in selection and in order, as wellas in the minor detriis, to mahe the determination oftheir mutuat relationship a difficuli problem. We mustregard ali four as independent compositions, though. baSed on a common group of Sotarces, whicli, in the first instance, were doubiless disjointed memorabilia, preserved by orat tradition in Clonmacnois. Thesewould in time gradually become fitted into the four obvious phases of the saint's actual life is bo ood, his Schooldays, his wanderings, and his final setilementat Clonmacnois. It is not dissiculi to form a plausibletheory as to how the systematigation took place, andalso as to how the glight varianis belween disserent
hymns the disserent incidents would be toto and re-told, the delatis varying with the knowledge and the metricatskill of the versifiers. There are eXCerptS from Such hymns, in Iristi, scattereo through VG and LB endswith a pasticose of similar fragments in Latin. AS anumber of disserent metres are employed, both in the Irish and in the Latin extracis, there must have beenat least as many independent compositions drawn uponby the compilers of the prose Lives and it is noteworthythat there are occasionalty discrepancies in detest belweenthe verse fragments and their present prose Setting. Μost probably the prose Lives were based directly onthe hymias: one preacher Would use one hymn as his inies authority, another Would use another, and thus
the petiy disserenoes bet en them would hecome fixed, perhapS exaggerated as the prose writer fissed in detriis
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is probably impossibie to carry the history of the tradition
In omer to facilitate comparison belween the four documents, Ι have divideo them into incidenis, and have provided tities to each. These tities are so chosen thatthey may be used for every presentation of the incident, however the delatis may vary. The tities are num red . in Roman numerals, whilst the successive incidenis Mihin each of the Lives are numbered consecutively th Arabic numeralis. The Harmony of the Four Lives whicli follows this Introduction, will mahe croSS-referenCe
No modem biography, no edition of the ancient homi- letic Lives, of Claran could be considered complete without a history of Clonmacnois, through which beingdead he yet spake to his count men for a thousand years. It was the editor's intention to include such a historyin the present volume: and this part of the projected work was drafted. But as it progressed, and as the indispensabie materies increased in bulli; it hecame evident that it would he impossibie to do justice to the subject within the narrow limits of a volume of the present series. A glirat or superficiat histo of Clon-macnois Would be worse than none, as it would blochthe way for the fuller treaiment whicli the subject wen deserves. The materials collected for this part of the