장음표시 사용
351쪽
Fig. S. Distributiora os two polytypic-polycentric xeromontane species of the Lycaenidae genus Agrodicietus A. caerulea STAUDI GER and A. Ohigenia HERRICH-SCHAFFER displaying an evident division accor ling to the core areas of the xeromontane fauna. The boundaries of the easteria sub- species of A. Ohigenia are not completely claris ted
353쪽
tions with other open, non-arboreal helis. Most obviolis is their contact with theeremic Zo nobi omes . A major fraction of prevat ling xeromontaneous genera has widely dispersed representatives in the eremic regi Ons, e .g. Dichia riS imVeriator BANG-HAAS distributed frona solitheria Spa in and N Africa to the deseris of Arabia; closely relateis to the xero montane D. meliariuria KOLLAR - D. griSESCEMS STAUD INGER-complex: EuXoci sal X EVERS MANN. a desert species whicli occurfrona Transcaspia and KaZakli stan to the DZhungarian and Transaltat Gohi in Mongolia. and is closely related to E. PraeStigiosa BRANDT Iran) and E. ceSPitis S INHOE Afghanistan and w Pakistan). EuXoa c. curSorici H UENAGEL and AgrotiS r. rmae HUBNER generat ly occurring in littorat sand-dune or semidesert- like halophytic ecosystems . have closely related stenochorous vicarianis sos tenon ly infraspecific taxat) in Hestern and Central Asia. The taxonomic relations with in the AgrotiS ri Ge-group need further revision . Similar cases can also bementioned in the eremic genera Carumici. CardieStria, HGdulci, SamgOSSci. It should be mentioned here that the species of xeromontane Origin malle anim portant contribution to the genesis of the Steppe fauna. There are numerous species which have a wide range of distribution in the Palaearctic steppe belis aswell, e. g. seVerat Species of the Lycaenici genus AgrodiaetuS Fig. β); a great number of Noctu idae. Noctuinae numerous Euxoti, DichagyriS Fig. 6). Eugnor-
354쪽
isma etc. species. The total number of such species in the Palaearctic certain lyexceeds one hundred. The terricolous 'cutius V life-form of their larvae, proh- ably evolved in xeric montainous regions, surely has an ouistanding but incompletely stud ted) importance in the trophic organisation of the temperate grassiand
Fig. T. Distribution of the Chersotis elegans species-group Halched areas: Ch. elegiariS. holomediterran-xeromontane species with wide area in the steppe Zonobiome: black circles with white har Ch. kiacem, Mauretanian-xeromontane species: black circles with white dolo Ch. eberti. Iranian-xeromontane species: dotted areas: Ch. anatolica, Holomediterranean-xeromontane species with locat exclaves in the steppe Zonobionae
355쪽
356쪽
a basic, Mediterranean PS. Continental duallo Fig. 2 see also VARGA l 995h. Fig. l). Iis historical background is probably connected to the basic faci that theBaikans and the westeria part of Asia Minor the Helleno - Anatolian plate) were since id MYBP. newly separated by the Parcitethys Dom East Asia Minor and
357쪽
Dom the other easteria paris of the Eurasian continent OOSTER BROEK 9 ARNT ZEN l 992. ROGL & STEIN INGER l 983. l 984. STEIN INGER et ah l 985). Further evolution since approximate ly the latest Miocene) of this faunal type has been influenced by two main geological processes which have led to the establishment of huge open habitais in Eurasia l. The late Tertiary aridity crisis in the easteria Mediterranean basin whichlias largely reduced the extension os Paratethys and favoured the spread of sa- vanna- like and xerophyllous formations. Besore the breakdown of the Aegeis, the Helleno- Anatoli an plate was probab ly the main scene of the radiation of those butterny groups which now predominate and have the highest species diversity in arid high mountains of Western Asia Asia minor, Tran SCRUCISin, Iran etc.), e. g. AgrodicietuS, Chararia, PSeui Charam, HyPDHEPhele. 2. Another fundamental process was connected to the orographic and climatical changes in Central Asia. During the Upper Miocene and Pliocene the aridZone, lying in the early Tertiary in SE Asia. was gradually translocaled to the Nortii est HSU YEN. l98 l. l 984. LI XI-WEN et ah l 984. WANG XIAN-ZENGl 984. etc.). The originalty tropical-subtropical hot desert changed into an ex
Fig. 10. Eurasiatic distributiori of the Holarctic Green-Veined Phili topV White: Synchloe callidice
358쪽
BIΟGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION OF OREAL LEPIDOPTERA
cari ances can be observed in xeromontane and xeric arboreal species. In many caseS the circum-mediteri unean xeromontane and Xeric arboreal con
of the xerophytic Poro nec literranea es formations. A smaller Visland ' of mediterranean-xero montane species cun also be observed in the solithwestern
S MANN. m. anatolica DRAUDI Hia lena clara STAUD INGER, HeteroPhysiadumetorum GEYER) whicli is sui ely connected with the refugiat character of this region. - In contrast to the patiems of distribution of the xero montane species in Mediterranean areas and in Asia Minor, their distribution appears to he qui te irregular in European extra-Mediterranean territori es, influenced mostly by the locat edaphic conditions of the siles. This observation in directly confirms ourearlier formulated hypothesis VARGA l9J h) that such species could expandinio the extra-Mediterranean part of Europe only during the extreme continental late- glacial and earliest postglaciat sisy Oxerotic and prolocratic, respecti vely GRICHUR & GRICHVK l 960. IVERSEN l 958) phases. Their relative ly regular occurrence at rocky littorat habitats of Fennoscandi navia and the Britisti Istes, as 'Pre-Litorina relicta , also seems to suppon this explana
359쪽
360쪽
BIOGEOGRAPHY AND EVOLUTION DE OREAL LEPIDOPTERA
CONCLUSIONS AND HYPOTHESES ON THE ORIGINAND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORYOF PALAEARCTIC XEROMONTANE NOCTUIDAE
ria and also in many cases to the continental steppe areas. The Strictly sten Ochor-OUS, more anceStrui taxa are regularly connected to the monsoonic forested
io the monsoonic mountain forests of w China. Some species could penetrate into the motintain talga and scruti formations se. g. Pruriella ait OguliariS, P. NOH-tanella), while others hecame inhabitants of xeromontane hi omes P. oculiaris in the mountain systems of Transcaucasia und Iran, P. fulveSCenS fi Om Transcaucasia to Transbaicalia. P. kosloisi in the extreme cold-continental Mongotian and