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Tibetic hi gli molintains). The members of the subgenus related genus) LiaiSCOPI Scould also populate alpine elevations. P. L.) collariS in nearly ali of the Palaearc-tic and P. L.) himalc anus mostly in the Transhi malaya-Pamir area. In the case of a group of mur closely related, preSumably monophyletic genera Trichoridia, Bl haroSiS, Bry enia, Bryspolia, see VARGA et ah l 990)we at ready described and also illustraled a stepwise 'creepV Dona monsoonicareas in to the arid central Asiatic regions, connected to the generic and subsequent specific differentiation. Based on taxonomicat revision and phylogeneticSUrVey of the genera mentioned above, we suggest solane hypotheses for their possibi e evolutionary history. We suppose that sonae hasal groups of the 'TrifidV Noctu idae must have evolved, jointly with sonae groups of Anglospermae, in the Easteria Gond wana. They could expand northwards after the earliest collision of the Gond wanian plates se. g. Solitheria Tibet and sonae paris of solitheria China) with solitheasteria
These processes of dispersat were canali sed by the constraints of passing two main filier-corridors VARGA l 995. Fig. l).
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core areas of boreal-Holarctic Noctu idae species. while the ice-Dee Beringi an areas could Serve main ly as recent centres of survival and dispersal of these elements during the late-glacial and post-glacial phases. 2. The Ρxeromontane ' route, leading frona the Transhi malayan mountain S, on one hand to the Marakoram, Pamir. Transalai or even to the His sar, Zerawshan. Hestern Tien Shan and Easteria Hindukush ranges, or, On the Other hand via East-Tui kestan to the Easteria Tten Shan and Altai-S an systems, resulting in a radiation os a ricli continental xeromontane fauna. This bifurcation seems to beevident frona the taxonomic division of the genera whicli are typicat for theseareas. In the xero montane fauna of the first group of the Inner Asiatic mountains, such buttersites as ParnaSSiuS ranaSa, ParaliaSa and many lycaenid genera, aSweli as Some, osten Oligotypic genera os Noctu idae very much restricted to a lawmOUntain rangeS, e. g. HyPSOPhila, Fergharia, predominate. In the Second groupthe typical buttersites be long to Colias, Oeneis and Bolorici, whicli must also have a xeromontane origin but have penetraled deeply into the tundi at Zono-biomes, as well. The typical Noctu idae genera of this second. more 'Siberian secondari ly 'oreotundi at V group of originalty) xeromontane Noctu idae are e. g. TriclisSilia, LaSionyctia, DiSCeStra, Ariarm. Orico nemiS I SymyiStiS. Based on these biogeographical facis. I thin k that the connections of the Continental, Inner Asiatic xero montane fauna must he historicatly more manifold
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and older than the 'typicalV oreotundrat connections of the alpine faunal type whicli can be regarded mostly as a produci of the Quaternary climatic fluctuations and area dis locations. It seenas very probable that the ancient groups of the Mediterranean xero-
montane fauna can he derived partly frona this primary bifurcation of the westerncontinental xeromontane faunal complex and partly by the adaptation of diverse Mediterranean xerophilotis arboreal groups due to the late Tertiary aridity crisis. This hypothesis is also supported by the ''macroV-taxonomical duality of the Mediterrane xero montane Noctu idae.
ii, was the direct conseque iace of the ignorance of the high species diversity of the Vast continentat areas of Asia, hecati se sonae authors can see only the 'ends of twigsV and not the ''trunksV Dona whicli these twigs originate. Other genera were probably originalty connected to xerophilotis scrub formations EugnoriSmia, Auchmis, LOPhotergeS) or thoi ny pol ster-scrub communities nmhySa, CDPi- Phiana. Their Mediterranean- Anatoli an taxa also display western and central Asiatic connections, and only a marginal spectation in the Mediterranean ranges. Other genera of the Mediterranean-xero montane Noctu idae dis play an essentialty autochtonous evolution which was influenced by the yotinger Tertiaryaridi sation of the Mediterranean basin. In such genera the Ponto-Mediterranean inci . paris of Anatolia) the Atlanto-Mediterranean and Maghreb areas usual lydis play a high levet of species diversity. Ex amples of such genera are those of the tribe Oncocnemidini: CalophaSici and closely related minor genera, OmPialmhana, COPOhiania, Meto OCeriaS etc. Cuculli in ae) and sonae Xylen ini- genera Eu michtiS, Leucochlaena, APorOPhila, Anti Pe, AmmoConici, Subgenera of MHiω- Pe, PolymutS; Agrochola, ConiStra etc.). This biogeographical group can be re-garded as approximately equivalent to the 'Palaeomediterrane-xero montane
faunal type of sonae ornithologisis STEGMANN l 938. VOOUS l 960. l 963) and with the faunal type of the 'ancient Mediterraneum ' of the Russian biogeographicat school see KRYZHANOVSKY l 965).We can only hope that by Surveying the extreme ly ricli expedition materials mentioned above and by the intensive ly proceed ing taxonomic and phylogeneticrevision os many groups of Noctu idae, a more analytical proos of our hypotheses will be possibie in the near future.
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Ac nowlei omenta - t would like to thank Dr. HAURI MIMMOLA, Pros. Dr. CLAS M. NAUMANN and Dr. I KSZLO RONKΑY for the many in spiring discussi oras and for valvabie suggestions onthis paper. Criticis ins and suggestions of three referees have greatly improVed the manu script . I am grates ut for having the opportuni ty to stud y of the very ricli and valvabie materials of Noctu idae frona the collections and expedition materiai s. collected by Mrs EVA VARTIAN and hyMr. P. GYULAI. Gy. F BI N. M. FIBIGER, H. HACKER. B. HERCLIG, M. HREBLAY, A. MOBERG, C. M. NAUMANN, L. PEREGOVITS. G. RONKAY, L. RONKAY whicli I could evaluate for this paper. SurVeys were supported by the Od K A grant No l6465.
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