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caution e g. on potnt os la an in his account of the assa aspractised a the Exchequer. Further, o potnis os ossicia privilege his testimon cannoti accepte a disinterested. MOStly ho ever,it is independenti confirme by records. His reticenc on the privileges of the clergyris speciali noticeable. When the canonia and the la os the real come into collision a sor instance when a cler becomes uret sor a debl and is habierio imprison-ment, he content himself,ith commentin o the impropriet os the siluation. Speahin generalty it Seem prope to attach a very high valuerio his uncheched evidence, ut notrio acceptri Without
The question, no have to consideriis nobili originis a central deparimentis sinance, but the originis the Exciteque as described in the Dialogus. Α overnment Without a nancia depariment
sources, Normand o England di the Exciteque os Henr II derive it characteristici I we analys that institution it illappea that the investigation an e divide into three branches: 1 the stas an constitution os the Exchequer, a the monetarysystem employed therein, and 3 the arithmetic in se. I wefinxal three traceable bacha Saxon times, e must SSume that William the Conqueror simpl took ove the system os Edward the Consessor is not, e ma Suppos that more or es importationsto Normand too place. Beginning illi the stas and constitutio of the Exchequer, ema Sa at once that our studies ea to the conclusio that thestat os the Exciteque is, With some exceptions the stat of the
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Domus Regis ' c. II 35), and examine the organigation revealed in that dissiculi document; e hali compare it illi the organigationof the Exciteque a give in the Dialogus, and thus how that, illia se eXceptions, ver important ossice in the nancia depart-men has his place also in thelousehold. It may be added that theconstitutionis the liousehold is o clearly os Frankisti origin that itis no possibi even to doub that iis organigation as originalty imported rom abroad . Besore comin to the delatis os acti ossice it is needsul to mallea bries stud of the nancia deparimentis a hole. The rst characteristi oscit is itidouble nature. In it ne ossice is superimposed pon another; there is an uppe EXcheque and a lower. This lower Exciteque is concerne&with the paymen an receiptos money, and at iis head stoo the reasure an Chamberlains, to homini writ dealing illi these matters ere ad dressed Theactuat work of the lower Exchequer a performedi deputies of these ossicers, ut the responsibilit Was pon the reasiare and Chamberlain themselves It is possibi that the lower Exchequerand the reasury, hicli is closely connected illicit, are the actualsuccessors of the reasur of the Anglo-Saxon period at an rate, iis lassianae traced hac to the Conquest. The uppe Exciteque Was a cour os account, os hicli the Treasure an Chamberlain mere members, ut hicli containedmany other ossicers havin no connexion illi the reasury It is simply the hin s cour sor matters of finance. The in himselsmight, and somelimes id presides'. Certain great ossicer alWayssat there, ut the in might orde other person to do so b his specia mandate. the ther ouris, it ad iis records and in laci, the more e thin os the reasur a an ossice in the modern SenSe themearer e halli to comprehendiniit action and themore e thin of the uppe Exciteque a a coun the more early right shall, b o that fide. Firs of the ossicer constituting the our came the JuSticiar. He appear simpi a the hing' representative, an a theaea oseither the Curia Regis o the Exciteque in the ing's absence.
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Os the great ossicer os the liousehold two the SteWard and the Buller have no eat at the Exchequer. But the hancellor the Treasure an Chamberlain the Constabie, and the Marshal allappea et ther in person o by deputy And these Withither persons Who sat there by the hing' order', ere known a the Barons os ille Exchequer. The furvivat os his term in the X heque unti recent ears has earne forcit an attention whicli it hardi deserves. In the Dialogus iself the wor Baro is normalis applied to the member of the Cour of Exchequer. In ne paSSage, howeVer II. ix), it is sed os ali tenants-in-chies, and w may fairi assume that thatis the primar sense of the ord in Englisti records Any cour os the iuniis normali composed of tenants-in-chies, and consequently an member os such a cour is normali a baron. Thus the hing'sjuStices ere Ometimes known as baron M. The member os the House of Lord and the urgesses of the inque oris are stili called barons and the occurrence of the term in the Exciteque is in the anne a furvivat rom the early organigation os that couri. The nexi te in the argumen is the comparison of the organiZationis the hing'chousehold unde Henr It with the account giveno the Exciteque unde Henry II. In the former e sin si ossicers ach receivin an alloWanceos sive hillings a day. These are the hancellor the apiserior Stewards, the utier, the Chamberlain the reasurer, and the
The hancello appe ars in the Constitutio a the ea os depariment, hicli includes themeeper of the eat o Magister Scris oris and the ing's haptain. In the Exciteque his stassconsist of the cleircus qui preest scriptorio, a clerk, and a Scribe. Both in the Curia an in the Exciteque he is responsibi sor thesealin os alloriis issue unde the reat Seat, os,hicli sor his purpo se a duplicate is hept in the reasur by the reasure and Chamberlains in ala sealed with the Chancellor' own eat. In the Exciteque hesis, a theaeeper of the Chancellor's Roti equallyresponsi bie illi the reasure an Chamberlain sor at the pro- ceedings of the uppe EXchequer There is reason to thin that
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Exchequeri virtve os his ossice, a the clericus qui preest Scriptorio'. He is apparenti the fame ossice as the one described in the Constitutio ' a 'Magister Scriptorii. This ossice learlyare in importanc duriniit tenure by Robert de Sigillo in the eignis Henr I. A the Exciteque iis duties seem notato have been personat Iis holder, it is true, appotnted the hancellor' scribe , and was responsibi sor his performance of the uties os his ossice; but there is nothing oratio that his 'infinite labours' ad any other connexion illi the Exchequer. It is indeed, probable thath ceasexto attend there oon after the date of the Dialogus . The thir an mos important member of the Chancer stast atthe Exciteque Was the Chancellor' clerk, thoughae didio serve proprio nomine, lihe the ossicer just mentioned ' e was the Chancellor' deputy, and presumabi didiso sit 'ex ossicio. His bufines Was to ac asin hec o the reasure in place of the Chancellor. He Walched ver the writin of the Pipe oli and Chancellor' Roli, an sa that the agree and that the were consistent,ith the Ron of the revi ous year. He also charged the Sheriis,ith the debis hicli,er no a partis the corpus Comitatus, and wa responsibi sor the preparation the ealing, and the deli ver of the summons in hicli suci debis,ere recited Besides this, he determine the orna of the rit issuexat the EXChequer,
and hept duplicates os them, though i does no clearly appea thath seale them When e acquire the power os taking the
Dialogus I. v. A, and again I. xv sigillum a cancellario custoditur Pervicarium.
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Chancellor' place in ealin ali Exciteque Wriis, e probablybecam in lac independent of the hancellor, an received thetille os Chancellor of the Exchequer. The date of this change is notanown but canae approximatet arrived a Dom the ollowingconsiderations It is certaini later than I Henr III, o the Clos Roli ' os,hicli ear is a rit date Nov. 8, in these ordS: Rex mittit baronibus de Scaccari Robertum de Sancto Medardo, clericum, ad scribendum ad caccarium regis, loco Nichola de Nevili, nomine R. Cicestrensis episcopi. It is clear rom his that Ralph de Nevili Bisho o Chichester, the hancellor, as at this date hancellor also in the Exchequer. O the ther and ina Henr III ' Ralph of Leicester resigned the ossice of hancelloro the Exchequer Forthcomin publications ill probabi setileth matter past a doubt. In the meantime it a b suggested that et Henr III, hen the in too the ea into his ownheeping, is a lihel dat so the change to have ahen place. The hancellor' scribe was the immediate subordinate of the clericus qui preest scriptori, ' His uties ere to copy the Pipe Roli, hile it was hein writte by the reasurer' scribe, an to rite ali the writ issued ut of the Exciteque by the
Barons, includin the Summonses for the ensuin term His pay was i a dan during the session os the Exchequer, apparently the customary ages os a scribe q. I may be note that he is the ni member os the hancellor' stat whose a is iveni the Dialogus. In proces os timeaeaecam the ossiceranownas the ' Comptrolle of the ipe.' Passing ove the depariment os the Steward and Butier, hichare no represente at the EXChequer, e come to the Chamber-lain's depariment. In the Constitutio there are two ossicersmentione unde this ead, ach receiving s. a day. These areth Magister Camerarius and the reasurer The Chamberlain is constant member os themousehold, hile the reasure on lyreceives his allowance si in Curia suerit et servierit in thesauro.'This seem to oin to the separatio belWeen the reasur and
the camera Curie whicli, sin a the date of the Dialogus Os
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ili subordinate ossicer mentione in his depariment, Some reoni household servants ut among them occurs William Mauduit, who receivedo d. a day, and Seem to have been permanent onlyduty, and certain Chamberlain Who received as a da an servedin rotation There is also a Vallator Regis, who receives his Modand id a da sor his an an a Chamberlain ithout salary, who receives his Mod only. There is no clea line drawnietweenthe ossicer concerne withmousehol duties and those ho heptili priv purge, an it i note orthy that theoreasure and Chamberlain appea to an a ColleagueS. Besore comparing this establishment illi that os the Exchequeros Henry II it is necessar to conside iis member altile more closely. I may be atri assumed that the magister Camerarius' Was ubre de Ver, o hom the ossice a grante in se byHenr I in succession to Rober Malet' In rao e n himwith Richard Basset acting a sheriis in eleven countieS-Cambridge, Huntingdon, Surrey, Essex Heris, Orthampion, eicester, Nor- solli, Suffolli, Buckingliam, and Bedsord. e do notos etfin him actin asoreasure or receiving one in the 'Camera Curie '' The alter ossice appears to e performe by illiam Mauduit'. The allator Regis may be the Godestidus allator who reside in inchester , o the Robertus allator lio ad awoodma at Elingi, in the Newiorest. It was sto the stati os the Camera that the principat membersos the Exciteque couri ere drawn but the laci that the Exchequerwas both a placessor the receipi and paymentis mone and a Courtos account introduces additiona complications. The ossicer of the Camercare no divide belween these Wo unctions, ut eachossice has his eat in the Cour an is represente at the Receipt by a deputy. The hie ossice of the Camera is it is prope tocali hi so-who sit in the Exciteque is the reasurer Hisduties in the uppe Exciteque are to receive the accounts of the
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examines the heris a to the Corpus Comitatus cius a the Chancellor' cler examines imas to the estreat L He is personali responsibi both sor at that is done in the uppe Exchequerand so the receipis an paymenis in the Exciteque o Receipi, whereae has his deputy. ut his responsibilit is hared in both branches of the Exciteque by the two Chamberlains, ho are the Treasurer' clos colleagues' Thei persona duties in the upper Exciteque domo seem to exten beyond sharing the reasurer's responsibility They also have thei deputies in the Receipi. The remaining ossice of this depariment in the uppe Exchequeris the subordinate os the Chamberlains, the cler o sedeant hoproduces the counter iis os the tallies issue in theraeceipi and cui ne tallies, o alter the old ones a the accounts of theslierisse a demand It will e een that a the writin os theroi is the peculiar ut of the reaSurer, ho as a clerh, Soth cuttingis the tallies devolve o the Chamberlains, ho erela barons and the fame division os labour il be ound in the Receipi. consideration os the persons ho occupie these post in the rei gns os Henr I and the earlier par os that o Henr IIwil illustrate the lose connexion belween the Camera Curie and this branchis the Courti Exchequer. But besor entering ponthe etails of this subjecto se preliminar dissiculties must bestated Flast the authorities at ou disposai do no discriminatebetween the Exciteque stamis England and Normandy . A manma be mentione simpi a Treasurer, andis added Word showswhetherae is reasure o Englandis of Normandy. ex theworx chamberlain is very loosely used, ein Sometimes appliedio persons ho have clearly no connexion illi the Xchequer. II an os our problem turn pon dissiculi question os genealogy, and a Wil appear, there are ther tumbling-blocks. As to the reasurer i is no clear horael this ossice under
Henr I. Accordin to illiam os Malmesburn , Roger, isti opo Salisbury, combine the uties of Justiciar, hancellor, and
Dialogras, II. iv. E. Ibid. I. v. G. I may even e suggeste that unde Henr I the wo administrations mere o distinct. Not for instanc the presence of the two chamberlaius
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ili subordinate officer mentione in his depariment, ome reoni household servants ut among them occurs William Mauduit, Who receivedo ira dari an Seem to have been permanent onlyduty, and certain Chamberlain Who received et s. a da an servedin rotation There is also allator Regis. Who receives his Modan ali a da sor his an an a Chamberlain Without salary, who receives his Moxonly. There is no clea line dra n belweenthe ossicer concerne Withmousehol duties and those ho heptili priv purge, an it is note orthy that theoreasure and Chamberlain appea to an as ColleagueS. Besore comparing this establishment illi that os the Exchequeros Henry II it is necessar to conside iis member altile more closely. I may be atri assumed that the Iagister Camerarius' was ubre de Ver, o hom the ossice a grante in se byHenr I in succession to Robert Alale In 113 we n himwith Richard Basset actingo fheriis in eleven counties-Cambridge, Huntingdon, Surrey ESsex Heris, orthampion, eicester, Nor- soth, Suffolli, Buckingliam, and Bedird. e do notos etfin him actingos reasure or receiving one in the 'Camera
Curie ' The alter ossice appears to e performe by illiam Mauduit ' The allator Regis may be the Godestidus allator
Who reside in inchester , o the Robertus allator lio ad aWoodma at Elingi, in the Newiorest. It was sto the stati os the Camera ' that the principat membersos the Exciteque couri ere draWn, but theriaci that the Exchequerwas both a placessor the receipi and paΠnentis mone and a couno account introduces additiona complications. The ossicer of the Camercare not dividedietween these Wo functions, ut achossice has his eat in the Cour an is represente at the Receipt by a deputy. The hie ossice of the Camera is it is prope tocali hi so-who sit in the Exciteque is the reasurer . His duties in the uppe Exciteque are to receive the accounts of the
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examines the heris a to the Corpus Comitatus cius a the Chancellor' cler examines imas to the estreat. He is personali responsibi both sor at that is done in therapper Exchequerand so the receipis an paymenis in the Exciteque o Receipi, whereae has his deputy. ut his responsibilit is hare in both branches of the Excheque by the two Chamberlains, ho are the
Treasurer' clos colleagues'. Thei persona duties in the upper Exciteque domo seem to exten beyond sharing the reasurer's responsibility They also have thei deputies in the Receipi. The remaining ossice of this departinent in the upper Exchequeris the subordinate os the Chamberlains, the cler o sedeant hoproduces the counter iis of the tallies issue in theraeceipi and cui ne tallies, o alter the old ones a the accounts of thesheriis may demand It will e seen that a the writin os theroi is the peculiar ut of the reaSurer, ho a a Cierk, Soth cutting of the tallies devolve o the Chamberlains, ho erela barons and the fame division os labour il be ound in the ReceiPt. consideration os the persons ho occupie these post in the eigns os Henr I and the earlier par os that o Henr IIvit illustrate the lose connexion belween the Camera Curie and this branch of the Courti Exchequer. ut e fore entering ponthe etails os his subjectis se preliminar dissiculties must bestated Flast the authorities at ou disposai do no discriminatebet een the Exciteque staissis England and Normand manma be mentione simpi as reasurer, an no adde&word showswhetherae is reasure o Englandis of Normandy. ex theworx chamberlain is very oosely used bein Sometimes appliedio person Who have Clearly no connexion illi the Exchequer. Mannos our problem turn pon dissiculi question os genealogy, and a Wil appear, there are ther tumbling-blocks. As to the reasurer i is no clear horael this ossce under
Dialogus, II. iv. E. Ibid. I. v. G. I may even e suggeste that unde Henr I the wo administrations mere no distinct. Not for instanc the presence of the wo chamberlains
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The Pipe oli os si Henry I mentions him a payin sor the ministerium thesauri intonie' and he had ais, been engagedin in anciat businos in Normandy in conjunction illi Robert lauduit the ollier Chamberlain. I mighl however me held that Roger, Bishopis Salisbu , remained reasiarer unii the date os thecollapse os ille administration unde Stephen. It is probabie buthvmo means certain tha theuii Si reasiareris Henr H was Nigel Bisho; os Ely but si ona ii 68 the re urer a Niger Son Richard ille aut horis the Di.ri. . itf. The ostio os reasiare Was nota sedeanty and was notionnected Willi the possessionis any land but the wo Chamberlatias ere both laymen an hel theirostices a serjeanties. The stor os ne os these ossices an beti aced with sonae approach to complet eness . In Domes lay e findis certain illiam Alauduit in possessionos Porchester and of the ano os Hartiey Mauduit in Hamp- Shire. His son. Robert Mauduit. Who resumabi inherite thesemanors. Was ne os the Chamberlains unde Heno I. He ted abolito 29-3o leavin Ddaughle and heiress Who a piarchased
by illiam de Pont de Arche . together illi her inherited ossice
sor .cio marks. At the fame time illiam also adquire sorhimsel the ' ministerium camere curie. Whicli a probabi theome mentioned in the constitutio as hel by illiam IIauduit
the ounger brother os Robert. In his a it might have been Suppos . that he hole osside ould have passed into the familyos Widiam de Pon de ΓArche who certaini exercise the ossi in II 20-3o'. and continue to hol it unti aster the accessionos Stephen Τ' aut horti belare his accession ind that