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hicli it is mentione suggesta that it Was an accura e copy os the Pipe and hancellor Ro s. In the s ora passage it is describesi grandiloquent ternas a containing iura regni regisque
It has been remarhed a ve that the appotniment of homas Bro 'a a purei pereonal one: no successor o him sano n. aridis inace remaius of his olli os that hepti his eler in thelower Exci quer. But there is reason to thin that in oriri andiunction e is represented in the fines orna of the Excli uer. Themings Remembrancer Menas in later times t have done very much What he dida and though there is no clear continuit bet renthe ossices the great likenes betv een them is orth noling. In the fame Way the functions of the oler in the loWer Exeli uerare at a later date pertormed by the Auditor os the Reeeipi Here again there is no State continuit os office, ni a similarit iniunction.
ments are orat made hile the Exciteque sits and that the Reeeipi cannot there re e regarde a a permanent depariment'. ut meret asin branch of the Cour os Excli uer Further, illi the exception os the hancellor' scribe ali those ho have I lymenis out os the reasury are inferior ossicies of the reasuri staff. Some of them undoubtris acted ora Exciteque busines While the Exchecluer a no Sittini'. an in Such cases ere S ciali I Ud
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Bohu lami ly though it cannoti assume that atrars it acheldb inheritance. The ossice os marshal during the reignis Henry II was held by Jolin the Marshal, hos nam frequently occursin the Pipe Rolis, and whose presene at the EXcheque is referresto by Fitg-Stephen. In s Henr II hecis Mund mahin certain paymenis to falconers , as described in the Dialogus. The remaining ossicer of the Exciteque cannotae assigned tom deparimen os the ing's Household, and ma perhaps e re-garde a speciali appointexto ac in the Exciteque a such. Itis particulari remarhed that the ossice of calculator nulli illic residenti convenit ex ossicio nisi cui Rex vel Iustitia mandaverit exsequendum, though, know that it fel ultimately into the handsos the marshal os the Exciteque 'Two ossices appea to have been created by Henry II in additionto the old stas os the Exchequer, an in either case oes the Dialogus give us an hint a to the tities borne by thei occupants. Therars of these two, Richard of Ilchester Bishomos Winchester,
is describe a sitiin ex ossicio quidem sed ex novella constitutione . His duties seem to consist in assisting the reasure in althis ork, especiali in the writin os the oll. The ossice seem notto have continuely, and perhaps neve received an specia name. The ther ossice hicli as also create ex novella constitutiones' seems also to have been a temporar one. The olde of
The roti hept by him an his cler in the uppe Exchequerpresent some dissiculties. The angvage of the rs passage in
It is no clear hether the Bisho of inchester is an assistant to the Treasure or a chec uponaim. e incline to the forme View, notiniinstand- in the word indempnitati providetur ' Dialoius Ι. v. ); ut it must enoted that the author achimself reasurer.
Dialoius I. v. C. ' Ibid. C, D I. vi D, E.
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whicli it is mentione suggest that it Was an accurate Op os the Pipe and hancellor' Rotis. In the secon passage it is described in grandiloquent term a containing iura regni regisque Secreta. The two descriptions Seem incompatibie, and w do notse ho to reconcile them. It has been remarhed above that the appo tment of Thomas Brown a a Purei persona one no successor o him i known, and no trace remalias os his olli os that hepti his ter in thelower EXchequer. But there is reason to thin that in form andiunction e is represente in the final sor of the Xchequer. The ing's Remembrancer feems, in later times, to have done very much whatae did; and though there is no clea continuit betweenthe ossices the great henes between them is orth noling. In the Same Way the functions of the cler in the lower Exchequerare at a later date persormed by the Auditor of the Receipi. Here again there is no State continuit os ossice, ni a similarit iniunction.
The statements of the Dialogus is to the payment of the Ex-cheque stat are confirme by the Issu Rot of menr III quoted by Madox L It willi observed that these customary payments are oni made hile the Exciteque sits and that the Receipt cannot heresore e regarde a a permanent depariment'. ut meret asin branch of the Courti Exchequer. Further, illi the exception of the Chancellor' scribe, at those ho have paymenis out of the reasur are inferior ossiciat of the reasur staff. Some of them undoubtedi acie o Exciteque busines While the Exciteque mas no sitiini', an in Such cases ere speciali pald
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to have been pati In fine, it appears that the Exciteque os Henr II consist os the Curia imposedipo the 'Treasury as a cour os control; stat the reasur is the older of the wo, and shows signs os re-
The reasur anxiis stati appea to e the earlies portio osthe Exchequer anxit ma be adde that no par of the reasurystas seem more primitive tha that connected with the sarm of the count and the method oscit payment'. Acis ellanown in themajorit of the English counties the various annua sum due to thering a the arm of his demesne anors together illi the Stimate 3 iel os the pleas of the county, were state a clum psum, sor hicli the heriis a responsible. The tota was as arule, payable in eight Dassayed silver, and the actua coin pald in by the herisDwere received at a rate fixe by their eight and finenes as determine by an assayy. No the debis ere payable in this manne at the Exciteque in the eign o Henry II, and Sosar a weanow, the Same hold good of the eignis Henr I . The paymen an assayin os the sarm a conducte by an elaborate process, no unlike that os the more modem tria of the Pyx. Os at this proces a sui account is ove in the Dialogus, but the author is significanti silent pono o principat oints of interest, here his silenc may besti explaineffas the resultis his ignorance. nasmuch a hecis notahelyrio have been ignorantis a proCeS recenti introduced, e re entille to suppos that the processis blanching the armis the count Was os Some antiquityeven in the earlier par of the welsth century. The System adopted was, hortly as fossowM: The tellem in the Receipi set aside sorty- u fhillingsi tale so the assas ima purgeto hicli the heris set his eat. O the da of the assa this purge asarought into the uppe Exciteque by the pesour miles argentarius ' and a sal sample of the penc Was eighed against a standardiound and counte to se Whether there ere ni 2 o
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reason the est has alled, twent Shillings are once more to ecounted out rom the remainde in the purge, o that the est maybe repeate a besore. Again' 'As longin a certain blac cloudi Seen floatin about o the sursace of the molien silver the est is considere incomplete. But when certain minute grains, alit ere,
arearought up rom the bottom to the tomand there dissolved, it is Sig that the proces is finished.
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i. e. Silver With 8 Wis os allo to the b. had subsiste stomSaxon times L Consequently had blanch payments been estimate lin pure silver the herisDwould neve have a les than ighleenpence in the pound o pay so the los O the aSSay. The Dialogus hows that ad Was considere a sala allowance so the differen ce et ween paΠnent blanch and paymen by talewhen the money, ein a paymentiu by the heriis, could o besubmittexto assay leam also rom the Pipe olis that astitit asin penny in the ound might e deducte in Such casest. In 19 Henry II the recorde combustions at Michaelmas varie lsrom ii sor orthamptonsilire t I9 d. o Devonsilire and thesam so the town os ouiliam pion . We cannot heresore Suppos that the paymenis lancti erereduce to thei value in pure Silver, an are consequently drivento conclude that the author' ignorance of the proces of the assayled hi to omit ali mentionis the presen ce of thera dwis os alloyin achiound os standar silver. Paymen in blancti money a no the ni sor os paymen atthe Exciteque r. In the time of the Dialogus paymenis ere at Somade in tale, and at an earlier dat two ther Systemsanown a ad scalam an adsensum ad been emplo ed. The mos connected statem ent ad by the Dialogus o the whole subject is in the sormos a histor of the armis the count anxiis method of payment. No recis dates are ive in his account, hici staris illi system os purveyance allege to date Domuli rei gns os William Iand illiam II. Under his system the herist was ans erable sortite arm os the ing' demesne manor in the county. ut the Sesams, though Stimate in money, e re at in hini directi tothemiscers of the hing' Household, and credite to the heris at
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NO ament Was made to the melle sor repeatin the est' and the test-pieces, henione illi, ere puti tote sed sor ahingsilver plate, o sor coinage sor use abroad . Two serious difficulties aris in connexion illi his account, and throw grave oubi on iis accuracy. In the firSi place the onlymentio of the se of ead is in the passage ignis scilice ex estuatione et plumbi infusiones and this passage, though supporte byal the MSS., has the formo a gloss. Furthermore, it is very difficultato understandy. The us os an ash est, or cupet, inSteados an ordinar cruci ble does indeed impi that lea was used ; butit seem clea that Richard the reasure hadio de of the reasonsor iis se, and consequently attachedio importance toriis preSence. He WaS, Owever, consessedi ignorant of metallurgysi, an evenshilled metallurgist os a later date are inclinexto regard the leadas meret protecting the silver Dom volatiligation . Moreover, thetes of the completion of the proces quote above is consonant with the view that cupellation was employed sincerit ma wel reserto the phenomenon nown brightening. We a probably, there re assume that the dissiculties of the passage are solet dueto the ignorance os the author. In the secon place, it ili beobserve that me test-piece, a it leaves the mel ter' hands, is assume to e pure silver Consequently is the account in the Dialogus ere correct blanch payment Would have been ad ona pure silver basis that is o say the heris Mould oni have been credited with the weight o pure silver actuali pald in There is no mentionis an alloWanceaeing made so alloy. No the account os the origin os lanchin given in the Dialogus y implies stat the proces Was intende oni to uardagainst wear of the coin clipping, and salse coining ' that is to Say, that the fheri T payment a reduce sto iis current value toriis value in standard silver. e must conclude that the author os the Dialogus regarded the standard silver asiein pure silver . I can, however, he hown that this a no the case Actuat analysis os the coin lead to the conclusion that the old standardis England '
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i. e. silver illi I 8 Wis os allo to the b. had subsiste stomSaxon times' Consequently had blanch payments been estimate di pure Silver the herili, ould neve have a les than ighteen pence in the pound o pay so the los O the aSSay. The Dialogus hows that ad Was considered a sala allowance so the dissereno tween amnent blancti an paymen by talewhen the money, ein a paymentiu by the heriis, could no besubmitte to assay' e leam also rom the Pipe olis that astitit asin penny in the ound might e deducte in suci, cases a. In I Henr II the recorde combustion a Michaelmas varie lsrom a d. sor orthampton Shire t I9d sor Devonsilire and thesam so the omnis ouili amplo M. We cannot heresore suppos that the paymenis lancti erereduce to thei value in pure Silver, an are consequently dri vento conclude that the author' ignorance of the proces of the assayled hi to omit ali mentionis the presen ce of thera dwts of alloyin eachiound of standar silver. Paymen in blancti money a no the ni sor os paymen atthe Exchequer. In the time of the Dialogus paymenis ere also made in tale, and at an earlier dat two other systemsanown a ad scalam an adsensum ad been emplo ed. The mos connected Statem ent ad by the Dialogus o the whole subject is in the sornaos a histors of the armis the count anxiis method of payment. No preci Se dates are ive in his account, hicli staris illi System os purveyance allege est date homuli rei gns os William Iand illiam II. Under his system the heriss was answerable fortite arm os the Ling' demesne manor in the comty. ut theselam S though estimate in money, were at in hini directi tolli ossicer of the hing' Household, and credite to the heriis at
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fixe tariis. Is sor an reason the ament in hindisere insufiicient to discliarge the herili' debi, e re testato suppos that the dissereno was at in money. his system aste unti thereig os Henr I, he two cause brought bout an alteration. In therars place the Lingiegan to require actua coim an in thenex place the burde os transporting the produce demanded produce serious complaints. Accordingi a commission asappointexto examine into the whole question the ood paymenis Were replaced by money paymenis the sarm charge upo thesheriis a revalued an it was ordere that he hould beresponsi bie so the payment of the whole, an pay at the Ex-chequeri ad scalam This last term is explainexto impi an extrapaymen Os 6d on ach ound to ove an los that might risesrom the wear of the coin. In proces os time the wear of the coinage compelle the introductio osia nent ad pensum, o by actuat weight os silver'. inalty Roger os Salisbury, hen TreaSurer, made the rule that win to the debased state os the coinage ali silveriaid in as ob tested, and the amsaid in silveris properfineness. his a calle payment lanch, and was usual under Henry II. No it must be observe that the account is completelytraditiona excepi in ne potnt, vi g. Where the author appeat tolli lac that entries of paΠnent ad scalam an adsensum occuro the Pipe olis of Henr I. Nevertheles the tradition is goodo iis ind. Nigel, Bisho os Ely, nephew of Roge of Salisbury
there rei caresul not o rejec the tornos the Dialogus Without
We ma no turn to the ther passages in the Dialogus in whicli these method of paymen are mentioned. The oststrihingis these I in is remarhable M two reaSons On the onelian it recogniges that lanch arm oes ac to Saxon times,
Note stat thicis the first appearance of the wor Exchequer in the story; the ood payments were made to the Curia. sotam in Dialogus I. vii C should noti pressed. Round Cal. V Documents France, I NO. 388.