De necessariis observantiis Scaccarii Dialogus, commonly called Dialogus de Scaccario

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INTRODUCTION

Rober Matri luit, nolint the cisti hanitur lain, ut also thecasti os Porchester, and ali land appendant O that ossice and casti e Thi grant, o sar a the caSile os Porchester goes, nevertook es et, ut there is abundant eviden eo that the ollice os Chamberla in returne. to the Mauduit amit in the person Os illiam Mauduit, ho was succee dedi his Son illiam, probab lyin ii 58 . his illiam the otinger, is mentione d a Sittin in ille Curia Regis a Chamberlain a Michael nias, II 65 and sit stappear on ille Pipe olis a Chamberla in in i 167. The γλιιιfera vim stlows another illiam a stili possessed os the ossice os

Chamberlain and the coime ted an or os IIarilis Mauduit. The stor os the ther chamberlain Shi se is more ObSCure. Ithas ali eady been aid that in ii a Geon re de Clinton held theother cham tu i latias hip. Q have o L en able to cibia nec this ossice illi an desinite State durin his Onure oscit, nor an e trace an connexion etween him and warin 'it Z- ei alii, hoappe ars a Chamberla in illi illiam Mauduit in iis si I, ut romtha poliat the descent Os the Olli Cecis Clear, and is associale it illithe tentare os the anor os eventiam pion in illshire . at inheld the sic untii itii, and was then succeeded by his broth rΙIenry, ho a succee led by lus son arin I 'it Z-Ιleiar in ii 74. Iloth the Fit χ-Gerald are mentione d n the earlier Piperuolis asreceivin money in camera curie ' and we se that the Chanabor lainos thera Iouse hold was stili closely connected illi the Chanitieria in os the Exche lucr . In ille Exciteque os Receipt almos the whole stas is madidi upis the deputies of the reas ure anil aiam heria in s. The sol meris represented by a clerk, and the two alte by linighis, horeceive the sua wages os a linight, vi g. id a day. The cleri secures theoreas ure hest illi a se al, and achanight has a Ley:So that ali three are Ointly esl,on sibi in the cust ut os thQtreaSure. The clertiaeeps his account in ritin g, and the linighisyb talites, justos in the up per Exche luer These three ossa cers

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2 INTRODUCTION

I reaSurer. In II 3o, however, the office os Chancellor a heldb Geoffrey, afterward Bishoriosi hama anxit is probabi that Geoisre de Clinton a TreaSurer as et a Chamberlain. The ipe Ron os 3 Henr I mentions him a payin for the ministerium thesauri intonie ' and he had ais, been engagedin sinanciat busines in Normand in conjunction illi Robert Mauduit, the ther Chamberlain. I might however, b held that Roger, Bishopis SaliSbury, remaine Treasurerranti the date os thecollapse of the administration unde Stephen. It is probabie, buthymo means certain that the firS Treasureris Henry II was Nigel, Bisho os Ely but rom 168 the reasurer a Niger sonRichard the author os the Dialogus. The ostice of Treasure Was nota Sedeanty, and Wa notionnected With the possessionis an land ;but the two Chamberlain v ere both laymen, an hel theirostices a sedeanties. The tor of ne of these ostices an betraced with some approach to completeness . In Domesda we findis certain illiam Alauduit in possessionos Porchester and of the anor os Harile Mauduit in Hamp-shire. His son, Rober i Iauduit, ii presumabi inherite thesemanOrs, a one of the Chamberlains y unde Henr Ι. He tedabout H29-3o leaVin Ddaughter and heiress Who a purchased by illiam de on dea che , together illi her inherited ostice, foro, ocio markS. At the fame time illiam also acquire sorhimself the ministerium camere curie, Whicli a probabi theossice mentioned in the constitutio as hel by William Mauduit the younger, brother of Robert. In his a it might have been supposed that the whole office ould have passed into the familyos William de Pont de rArche who certaini exercise the ostice in II 29-3o' and continue to hol it unti aster the accessionos Stephen δ' But hortly besore his accession sinu oliat

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INTRODUCTION et r

Henry II restore to illiam Mauduit, the ounge brother os Robert Mauduit, nolint the ossice of Chamberlain, ut also thecasile of orchester, an ali land appendant to that ossice and

too effeci, ut there is abundant evidence that the ossice os Chamberlain returne to the Mauduit amit in the person os William IIauduit, ho was succeeded by his son illiam, probablyin II 58δ. his illiam the ounger, is mentione a sitiing in the Curia Regis yas Chamberlain a Michaelmas, II 65 and rstappears o the Pipe olis a Chamberlai in II 67. The es ad Nevil shows another illiam a stili possesse of the ossice os Chamberlain and the connectedianoris Harile Mauduit. The stor of the ther chamberlainshi is more obscure. Ithas atready been sal that in II 3 Geoslae de Clinton hel theother chamberlainship. e have o been able to connec this ossice illi an definite estate durin his tenure oscit, nor canwe trace an connexion etWeen him and Warin Fitz-Gerald, hoappear a Chamberlain illi illiam Mauduit in II 56. ut romthat oin the descent of the ossice is clear, an is associaled illithe tenure of the anor of Seventiampto in illshire ' Warinheld the ossice unti II 61 and was then succeede by his brotherHenry, ho as Succeede by his son arin FilZ-Henr in II 7 . Both the Fitg-Gerald are mentione o the earlier ip Rolis asreceivin mone 'in camera curie ' and we se that the Chamberlain

' yton, p. 34. Ibid. p. 85. Testa de NeviII, p. 23 I. G. H. Round Commune of London, P. 83. A passage in Matthe Paris, Historia Anglom/m Rotis Series , II. p. 353, suggest that Heno III abolished the hereditar Chamberlains tollethe withother suc ossices an substitute Stephen de Segrave and Roberi Passelewe. I. H. Round Reudat Eulanae, P. 27 I. As lamen the wouldie ex osscio incapable of Writing.

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T PRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION et 3

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eta INTRODUCTION

hel os te os Falaise, Walera os richiade an Richard os Windsor. Os these three it a b suggeste that alera os Crichlade is the deput o Warin itg-Henry, and in that caseo te os Falaise ill e the deput os illiam J Iauduit. Richard

There are two ossicer of the reasur Stais ho occup a peculia position. The are o attache eithe to the uppe orlower Exchequer , are independent os an other ossiciat, and probabi date Dom the time hen there as a Treasur an no

Exchequer They oni appea in connexion illi the lanchingos payments and bein laymen, hol thei ossice like the ther laymen by sedeant an directi stomoti hing These are thepefour , already mentioned, and the meiter Their unctions ares closely connected With the monetar system, that the ma belest tot discussed unde that head. Os these two sedeanties that of the pesou may be conjecturallytrace bach to omesdV. The mano os Broadwindsor in Dorset is there placed unde the head os Terra servientum Regis,' and was held ymunger, o os dinus' his amit acquired the manor os Herberi the Chamberlai aD Larode an Soberton in Hampshire, and held ali three by this sedeant at a later date'. Madox traces the ossice stom doli to 48 Henr III, hemit asconveyexto Adam de Stratio by wayis morigage . We do not knowohat land were et by the sedeant of

See J. H. Round in Victoria Histor of Hampshire, I pP. 43 seqq. H. E. XXIV. DI 3, P. 74Q.

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INTRODUCTION a

meiter; ut it appears that illiam the Melter, ho die about Lichar I. ad lands' There is a Richar Fundo name in the Pipe oli os 3 Henry II , an a Gilberi Fusor occur in

minSter, possibi the representative of that Edward M. The usher of the Exciteque and the usher of the Receipt maymos conveniently be discussedis one ossicer. The Dialogus isno indeed explicit pon this poliat; ut there is reason to thin qtha the usheris the Receipi serves in the nam os the usher of the Exchequer. The passage in hicli the reatis states him to belli servant of the reasure and Chamberlain is no inconsistent with his iew. ut it a be hown stomother ources that theushers of the Receipi and of the Exciteque mere ni another instanc os a duplicate ossice Roger os allingsord, ho is mentione a 'ostiarius Thesauri '' in amenry II, received the Magistratus Hostieri de caccario by a charter', hicli is dated by Mr Eyton a about IIichaelmas in that year Assuming therelare, ilia e re ni dealin with one ossice in two different places, it a b potnted ut that e have here an id ossice elongingto the original sta of the reasur an Chamber. the theossices os the Chamberlains, the weigher, and the meiter, it Wasa sedeanty and was connected With themanor fasto Rowant' Estone in Oxsordshire, hici is mentione in omesda among the Terre Ricardi et aliorum ministrorum regis. Both in the Constitutio Τ' and in the Dialogus y there is an apparent connexionbetween the ossices of the usher and the marshal. ut closerinspectio mahes it probable that the usher is primarii an ossicero the reasury, and not like the marshal, an ossice of the Curia.

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M INTRODUCTION

The usher has a deput in the Common Bench y an no in theΚing' Bench. The marshal, o the ther hand had his deputies both in the Exciteque an in the ing's ench '; ut the marshalos the Common Bench was a deput of the marshal of the

the constabies. Their number is no Specified nor hether, ascis probabie, the serve in turn I SO e ma regar the constableon dui With s. a da salar a the head of the depariment, havingunde hi Jolin the hie marshal, illi a salar os s. a day. The hie marshal thus olds a positio like that os illiam Mauduit in the Chamber, o the eeper of the eat in the hancery. The constabies depariment includes the whole ouldoor sta osthemousehold, speciali those ho have o do illi horses orliunting. The marshal has the speciat ut os itnessin allexpenditure by the hinis ossicials an heeps accounta means os tallies dicas both of paymenis ut os the reasur and Chamberandis other expenditure q. his right os genera supervision mayhe the 'Magisterium in Curia Regis de Liberatione rebende'sor hich oh the Marshal owed sori mark of silver in 3 Henr Ι7. In the Exciteque me sta os his depariment consist os the constable , his clerhy, and the marshal Τ'. Their unctions in the Exciteque resemble thei iunctions in themousehold These three forma independent cour so the purpose of payin ali soldiers

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INTRODUCTION 5

and ali person connecte With hawhs and ound who come tolli Exciteque so their ages. The ut os attestin writ sorpayments out of the reasur here nominali salis to the constabie, but it is clea that he seldom, is ever executed that duis The constable' cler also per med his uties by deputy'. He cannot be identi sed clearly with an ossice name in the Constitutio Domus Regis' in the Exciteque his specia functio is to attend with the duplicates of the rit issue in the

Curia.

The marshal in the Exciteque has the custod of the ouchers presented by ali accountanis heleeps the prisonis the Exchequer, administers atlis, an desivers the writ os summon to the Shertoae served. Originalty the marshal frangland persorme theseduties in person , ut aster ard thenset into the hand of a clerh, lihe the cler of the constabie and both these clerks continue toossiciat untii the Murteenth centur M. The succession os the ossice of constabie is obscure ' Ulti- matel itaecam hereditar in the famil of the oliuns, asterWards Earis os Hereford an Essex; ut the proces by Whicli theyacquire it is no clear. The irs constabie unde Henr II was the well-known Henr de Essex, ho sorseite the ossice in II 63, when anquished in the judicia contes a Reading. The nexi holder of the ossice as Humphrey de Bohun, ho seem to have obta exit soon aster comin o age in II 7 ' It is possibi thathis appotniment a due to his relation Shiprio Miles of Gloucester,

Who ha been one of Stephen' constabies, and on quarret ling illi Stephenaecam the constabie of the Empress IIaud A the fame time, Humphrey anno have inherite the ossice of constabie, reven the honor constabularie, sto Miles, sinceraeither Roger nor Walter o Heresord, me sons os III iles, appea a constabies in thereignis Henr II As has been aid the ossice continued in the

Dialogus I. v. F. Ibid. I. i. D. Cf. Fit2-Stephen's account of Joh the Marshal Bectit Materiais, p. 5I

Henry II. P. III.

Nei ther in Pipe Rods - Henry II, nor in the documents nown to