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satiris are tole found one of Whichrismo uncommonlysupposed to have been ritten by the graminari an Probus, although it is publi8hed among the memoir attributei to Suetonius There are ut se reserenoes to the personat histor os their author in the Satires themsolves: for the reticen Juvenal is ver uultu the considii, Horace, lio ears hi heartipon his leove Puttinctogether such scant indications of the facts us ne have froni thesetno ources, an imperfeci Suetoli ambo ad os a biography, Whicli I nillisive nearly in the norit o Maoleanen 'DECIMUS JUNITI JUVENALI nas orn, poSSibi ut Aquinum in Latium, abo ut the beginning o Nero' reigia, that is oon after A. D. Ad, o respeetable parent8, hi Ssathor eiu a ricli libertinus, and he himself theres oro ingenuus. e received the usual education o a Romanlio undisouth, attendita a school of rhetorio aftor thegram mar-Sehoo too the toga virilis about the e-
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v1 INTRODUCTION.nsitian A. D. 81-s6), or even earlier, ut that the poethad notaventurei to malae them publio II continuedio rite freel durin Trajan' reigri, hicli endod A. D. IIT Wheu Juvenalisa abolit Sixty, and during the early years of Hadriati's eign, that is, ill abolit A. D. Isto In
this reig he may have lived in conis ori through theliberant of the emperor, though hi houSehold was o us ruga Scale usae telis, in Sat xl. froni hicli verse 6b is learn that he had properi a Tibur It is noti inpossibi ho may have lived tit the accession o Anto
quod non dant proceres, dabit histri, tu Camerinos et Bareas, tu nobilium magna atria cura praefectos Pelopea facit, Philomela tribunos. - vii so sqq.)
The Jayer nas ut that time ne of the favorites at couri, an many of hi Supporter nere datly promoteli. Juvenal theres ore, felltander suspicio as ne ho adcoverti cenSured the times and orthnith, under color
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o militar promotion, though hema eight year o age,
he was removed froin the city, andient to e praefectuso a cohortishicli nas stationed in the farthes par of Egypt That ori os puni8hment nas determinet uponas bein suiledri a light and ocular offence Withina very hori timeae diei os vexation and disgust. There are things intrinsiculi dissiculi os credorico inthi story, and it is toti nith great variations in the dissferent manuscript lives. The par of the offende temperor is played by Nero and Traman, a Wellis Domitian, and three of the lives malae colland the scene of the exile, hither Juvenal is sent a praefectus militum in
the ope that he nould bo illed in utile. O recent
scholai A lio accepi the aniSliment, Hermania malaesDomitian senil the satiristrio colland Friodiander dates the event unde Trajan nith vhom the actor Pyladeshad great influonee Ribboc unde Hadrian Masileane discredit the whole tory although alloning that, is placeti in the eigho Domitian it is no chronologicallyimpossibie. It is thought that Sidonius Apollinaris refers to Juvenal in the lines, here, after mentioning thebanishment of Ovid, he adiis:
ne qui consimili deinde casu ad vulgi tenuem strepentis auram incidi Fuit histrionis eaesul. - Rrm. ix. 2 o.
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There are three epigram in Martia containing ullusion to a Juvenal Whoris probabi our satirist one vii.2d against a lauderer lio tried o bring aboliti quai relbetneen the wo poets; another vii. I), sent illi Saturnalia present of nuis, in hicli the recipient is
Dum tu forsitan inquietus erras clamosa, Iuvenalis, in Subura, aut collem dominae feris Dianae, dum per limina te potentiorum sudatrix toga Ventilat, Vagumque major Caelius et minor fatigant, me multos repetita post Decembres Accepit mea rusticumque fecit auro Bilbilis et superba ferro.
Nevo radi 2 at Aquinum, hicli nith the omissions supplied in mali letters runs thias:
SVA PECThe inscription murtis an alta dedicated by Juvenalto the Helvina Ceres montioned in ut iii. 26.
The mo3 interestin speculation o recent time in regari to ur author nas originaled by Ribboch, in histrentis Der elide tinc de tine(hfecti Beneti, hicli apponi editi Portii in I 86β. Accordin to this acute scholar theni si Dine Satires, - illi the exception os verso I 86 in the ourth, - the eleventi Satire, mitti the exception
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in Satires, together illi the introductions to the murth
nation vitii a speculating booksellor the oneris eir origin. Thut there is a marked dissereno betnee the nodivision of the reputed work of Juvenal Whicli Ribbook
has made, anno b dente i. The satire admitted o bogenuine, dea directi vitii men, anners, viceS, follieS,undire a richitorehou3 o informatio in regarit to thecondition o Romuli societ in the time hen the nere Written. The are the indignant voice of a live maniashing rea vices of reu men The Satire of the thersitas are declamations on stoc themes, illustraled bystocli Characterso Alexander, Hannibal Priam, godSandioddesses They could have been ritten by a recluso pedant the ther could ni have come rom a
the worid. In literar execution the satires of the secondulas are inferior to thos of theirst: it has beenchurged against them no nithout truth, that the are Spumout their Styleri Sometime turgid the illustrations somelimes inapi These disserenoes Ribbook undo ubi illy
Ribbook has probabi succeeiled in opening a queStionis sicli nil nove bo fuit selliod The vita defeci, however of hi argument lies in the impossibilityre fixing
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the procis limits of po33ibi variatio in qualit betwoendisserent productions of the fame minit. It nould notbo dissiculi obite among the achnowledged ork of
other Ruthors, ancient anil modern instance of a great
advancei age heia culm reflection Dd Veii common- place generaligation are more natural than keen observation aud impetuous allies of temper, o by ariolin rhetorician ho3e ery eat is et to e excited hen holeaves his book unii realis in actual lis the sterii tessons of Whicli the foethin mus o Roman societ in the imperiat times a fuit. V have more reason to doubi hethor nil hosntire a ne ave them received their author' finaltouchos and editorial revision Caret eSSnes may account
for ome of the uult which have been chargetto sol gery.It is generali sus to leavera eademto discoVerrandobserve so himself the characteristic of the author hoengage his attentiona utri an hardi refrain froni insertin here soni livet rem artis of Lenis pon thegrea Roman Satirist: In depictin character, in drantia SCEDES, EVen in turn os expression Juvenal is, of ali ancient authors, the mos distincti modern His cene are manipulate inithide broad tolaches, in Whicli the salieni potnt areat way brought into the foreground haud it has been mollobserve that, ainter of kindred genius nould have
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sinat diffouit in transferring them to canuas. Is ne belloved in the metempsychosis doctrine, ne might almost suppos that the oul of Juvenal reappeared in Hogarth. The orowd hurryin to the sportula ores doles the streetso Rome by da an night the cour o Domitian his Worthles parasite and their rumper subjects of discussion the pso dependent dining With the ricli patron, und the insulis horis exposed to the senator' Wis elop- in nith a gladiator the interior o fushionabio adies' boudoirs, and the frivolous ursuit and Euperstition ofladios os rank the aris and his is of Starvel in poets; the nobleman addictexto the turr the aspect of the ityon the fuit of a great minister a fete-α-fese Supper of tWo frientis: these and an other cenes of Roma life arebrought bellare us With the vivid tolaches of a Deso oriSwis t. The aro filiolohes in the modern SenSe and Iano os nothin exacti resembling them in an other ancient author. The mode os expreSSion agnin theturias of thought the humor, are os tela distincti modern,
and suo iis ne hould look for in the pagos o Fiel lingor Thackerny. The pstar coming on in his litter, Whichris illo. up by himself: the oor man who ad nothing, it is triae flut who tostili that nothing in the
beggary the description of the figlit, Vis fght it maybe called, here ne an does the pom mellin and the
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of the sis ierinan on presentin an enorm ou turbo to
ceed to Mestro Niched tyranis, and hos heud is made to ache by that ireadsul Hannibal: Hannibal himself stulkin ueros the Alps in orde to muSeschool-boys, and e turne linto the them for an exercise; 'the exclamations of the ornans o hoaring of the sal of Sejanus, melleve me there a Something bout that man whicho neve liked. What a repulsive colantenano he had, to e staret the picture of the oldex-Dictator, in the primitive times, tria igiti Osr illia spade ver hi Shoulde to a Supper party, herebacon and perhaps a triste o freAh meat nere to e thetare, Mithra asti os haste so A to e sure to ei time the dulce to the civilia in a disputo,ith
examples of this kiud might be multiplied in tappor of myassertio that there is in Juvenali humor qui te distinctfroin the quaint humor o Plautus und the delicate bantero Horace of Whichio example existed proviolis to hi3 time in Roma litorature, hilo modern literatur fur-nishes uel that is alii torit. U
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SEMPER ego auditor tantum reum quamne reponam, Vexatus totiens rauci Theseido Cordi impune ergo mihi reeitaverit ille togatas, hi elegos Limpune diem consumpserit ingens Telephus, aut summi plena jam margine libri scriptus et in tergo nec dum finitus Orestes nota magis nulli domus egi Sua quam mihi lucus Martis et Aeoliis vicinum rupibus antrum Vulcani quid agant Venti, qua torqueat umbras Aeacus, unde alius furtivae devehat aurum Iopelliculae, quanta jaeuletur Monychus ornos,
Frontonis platani ConVutSaque marmora clamaut semper et adSiduo ruptae lectore columnae: exSpecte eadem a Summo minimoque Poeta. et nos ergo manum ferula subduximus, et nos Geonsilium dedimus Sullae, privatus ut altum dormiret stulta est ementia, cum tot ubique
vatibus occurras, periturae Parosere Chartae.
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Id D. IVNII IUVENALIS Per quem magnus equos Auruncae flexit alumnus, Iosi vacat ac placidi rationem admittitis, edam. Cum tener uxorem ducat spado, Mevia Tugeum
figat aprum et nuda teneat Venabula mamma, patricios omnis opibu cum provocet UDUS
quo tondente gravis juveni mihi barba sonabat, si
cum pars Niliacae plebi8, cum Verna Canopi Crispinus, Tyrias umero reVossante lassernuS, ventilet aestivum digitis sudantibus aurum, ne sufferre queat majori Pondera gemmae, dissicile est saturam non scribere. nam quis iniqua, Totam patiens urbiS, tam ferreUS, ut teneat e,
causidici nova cum veniat lectica Mathonis plena ipso, PoS hunc magni delator amiciet cito rapturus de nobilitate comesa quod SupereSt, quem MaSSa timet, quem munere palpat Carus et a trepido Thymele summissa Latino 8 36 quid referam quanta siccum jecur ardeat ira, bcum Populum gregibus comitum premit hic spoliator
pupilli prostantis Vot hi damnatus inani judicio quid enim salvis infamia nummis )exul ab octava Marius bibit et fruitur distratis, at tu victrix provincia ploras 2 foIIae ego non credam Venusina digna lucerna haec ego non agitem 2 sed quid magis Heracleas aut Diomedeas aut mugitum labyrinthi