The philosophy of Spinoza as contained in the first, second, and fifth parts of the "Ethics" and in extracts from the third and fourth

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closest, an his opinions, hic he oo no greatlainsto conceat, inspire With horror man who ould have been drawn to him by the beaut of his life Vel heha a limite number of enthusiastic discipies hostudie his manuscript Works With ardor, and addressedhim a master. e acquire the frieneshipi persons high in position notabi of the De Wittirothers, and of a number of scholar Wh addresse toti letters onscientific an philosophica subjecis Not the least interestin parti his ritings is his correspondence, Whicli throws light o severa important potnis in his philosophy. At the time of the renc invasio ofth Netherland in 167a, he was sent for by the rinceo Condε, ho wishedri mahe his acquaintance Onhis arrivalis the cam he ound the Prince absent, but Was informe that he could probabi obtain a pension romiouis XIV. by dedicatin some or tolliat monarch. his offerae refused. occupied illi his philosophica studies an correspondenCe, and with his manual labor, Spinoeta ted a quiet an laborious life somelimes remaining in his

apariment for day together. His simple recreations Wer smohin an occasiona pipeis obacco an con-

Versing on ordinar matters it the eople of the house, Walching the habit an quarreis of spiders, Workin With a microscope, an mahing helches of his friend with in or charcoal, in hic las exercise he appears to have ad some kill A book of suchisetche was in existenc after his death. The character of Spinoga a singulari pure and beautiful. Wit a single-minde devotion to truth, an a illingnes to suffer martyrdom for his convictions, he combine an earnes destre for a tranquilan quiet life an a catholicit os sympath Which

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manifeste itfel in a generous tolerance. Though he had suffere fortis opinion a the hand of both Ie. an Christian toWard netther cloes h shoW an trace of hilternes o spite. The materia good value by

the multitude-money, position reputation he re-garde With the indifference of the Stoic age. A isto aoo florin from Simon de Uries, a disciple and admirer, Was refuse and when, later, De Vries ishedio mali the philosopher his heir, Spinoga dissuadedhim from the aci, saying that the money ought totaSSto the natural heir, a brother of De Uries. The estate a so disposed os, but With the proviso that a pension

declare the sum excessive, an refuse to accepi

more than oo. When the lector alatine Charies Lewis offere him the chair o Philosoph almeidelberg, it Was decline on the round that the cluties attache to it might interfere it philosophica re-search, that libert of thought an expressio mighthe restricted, and that he preferred the quiet os private life to the honor of the positio tendere him. The picture of this private life est us by Colerus, the

Luthera minister Who afterWard occupie apariments Spinoeta ha live in a Themague, hows it to have been simple an frugal in the extreme. A number offensationa storie concerning his dealh-he were circulate soon after his death. The are ali dented by Colerus. Foraears Spinoeta ad suffere from consumption, but his death was udde an unexpected. O the morning of the da in hic he clied he came doWn and conversed With theseople of the house. In the afternoon e passe aWay while alone it his frien an physician Lewis Meyer here is very

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reason to belleve that his death was a quiet and peacesul a his life His state carcet more hansuffcedo pay his debis and the expenses of his

funerat.

than Spinoeta, and it is no lihely that the both studie under an de Ende at an age in Whicli rivalrycould aris belWeen them It is, o ever, possiblethat Spinoeta heptis his visit to the ouse of his forme teacher after eoook up his residence ut of the ity, and we have in his possibilit a stra forthos to tincto ho is to belleve in the stor of his love. et there is litti in the life o Writings of the philosophe to indicate that he was susceptibi to romanti passion He live in a Wori of the intellect an noti the emotions. Ont tw of Spinoga's orlis ere published during his lifetime Therars was a summar of the rstan secon paris, an a portio of the thir pari, of Descartes virincipies in Philosophy, ' arrange in

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the formis mathematica demonstration. his p peare at Amsterdam in 1663. In 167 he put forthanonymousi the Tractatus Theologico-Ρoliticus 'Whicli is an attemptrio prove nolint that reedom ofthought an speech may be granted withou dange topiet and the eace os the common wealth, but also that such reedom anno b dente without angerto both. o prove his potnt he enter into an exhaustive examinationis the natur os prophecy the authorit of the Biblica writers the principies of interpretation, and the relationi theo gyrio philosophy, ali ofwhic subject he handies it the ulmos freedomand oldness. His method are thos of the modern schoo of historica criticism, an it was ut naturaltha both method an resulis hould give offense. Especiali offensive was his rastia doctrine of the supremaCy of the state in matter ecclesiastical Thebook was speedit condemne by the Reformed Churches an put o the Inde of the Church of

Spinoga ad arrange that after his deat the deshcontaining his letters and unpublishe manuscripis should e carrie to Jan Rieu Nertz, a publislier at Amsterdam. his a done an in the fame ear

unfinished Tractatus de Intellectus mendatione, a selectionis the letters Writte to Spinoeta by various Scholars, an his answers to them, an a ' Compendium os Hebre Grammar. V In I 687 a printexat Themague Spinoga's brie ' realisein the Rainbow,VWhicli for ears a supposedo have perished, butaeas discovere an reprinte in I 86 by r. I. an Vloten in a supplemento an edition o Spinoeta's

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Works. In the fame supplement appeare for thefirs time the early essa ent illed, Shori realiseon God, and on. Μan an hismappiness.' A se letters ot containe in the collectio of the ' opera Posthuma V have since been published.

simply the natura an logical oui come of the philosoph of escartes inasmuch a the forme bring tolight What was implicit in the lalter It must be admitte that o caresul readeris the artesian 'Meditations V and irincipies of Philosophy V can overtook passages Whic appea totelong more properi to the later system, and which, more fuit developed mighthave texto ome oscit leadincideas. Nevertheless, the thorough-going molnsna an naturalismi Spinoeta, his repudiationis every anthropomorphic conceptiono the Deity the essentiali religious characteris his thought are not artesian Bor a Ie , an early im- pregnate With thedewis literatur an philosophy, itis scarcet conceivable that it should no have colored his thinhing Although butine direct reference to the Κ bala occurs in his writings, and that one is Contemp- tuous in tone, it is sussicienti evident that the eo-Ρlatoni conceptions at the oot of the Jewis philosophylave contribute much to the form an spirito his doctrine. It is quite possibi also that his iewso nature ere influenced by the writings of Giordano Bruno belWeen hos leachings and thos of Spinoeta there are clos analogies The minxos a philosopheris notis mere aggregatem independent elemenis, easily

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INFLUENCED by the conceptions at the oo of the mediaeva Ie is philosophy, Spinoga transformed the artesian doctrine of two independent substances,min and matter, into a pantheistic doctrine hichrecogniges but ne substance, God of Whic thoughtan extensio are mere manifestations.

Substanee is defined a that hic is in iiself, andis conceived through itself Only one substanc canexist, and this mustae infinite, an self-caused It is the real cause of ali that exisis, and indeed is ali that exisis for at things are but manifestations of the onesubstance, hic uniold itfel in manisol formsthrough an inne necessit of iis nature This substanceris God a bein no ouiside of the wori and actingopon it a me exercise thei activit uponexterna things, ut an immanent cause, the erybeingi Whateverris.

Auri se is define a that whic the undeditanding

perceives a constituting the essenCe of substance.

Substanc consist o an infinite number of infinite attributes, ni tW of hic can e nown by us. These tW are though and extension. Each attribute expresses, though in a different Way the essence of the ne substance Henc different attributes, hile the are conceived as distinct aremo reali differententities, independent substances, ut the ne thing

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vlewed unde different aspects God is, therefore athinhing ein in soriar as heris contemplate under the attribute of thought, and hecis extende in sociaras heris contemplated unde the attribute os extension. The fame may be aid in the case os ali the other attributes to us unknoWn Betweei different attri-

butes there cannot be an interaction. The spiritualcannot ac upo the materiat, nor the materiai uponthe spiritual. As aspects of the fame hin the are solutet paralle an perfecti correspond, but theyCan exercise pon ac other no influence Onlybod can ac uponiody, and thought upo thought. Modes are individua things. The modes of the attribute thought re ideas Those of the attribute eXtensio are materia things, o bodies. Ascit is theone substanc that is revealed unde the two attributes thought an extension aiod and the idea of that bod are ne and the fame hin expresse in tWoWays. The orde an connectio of thingscis, there- fore, identical With the orde an connectionis ideas. For ever mode in the attributei extension there is correspondin mode in the attribute of thought, and in ac of the ther attributes. At the modes ineach attribute are causali connecte With each other, an form an endles chain os cause an effecis. The human od is a mode in the attribute extension, and the human in the corresponding mode in the attribute thought. Consequently the min cannot

ac upo the body nor theiodympo the mine. Allthe actions of theiod musti explaine by materialcauses, an ali changes in ideas by reference to therideas Both physical an menta changes follofun-lVaryincla s, and there is no possibilit of reedom, in the common acceptatio of the word Nothing

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in the universe is contingent, but at things are determine by the necessit of the divine nature to exist an ac in a definite manner.' When men, there ore belleve themselves possesse of fre Will, itis because the are conscious that the will an destre, but are ignorant of the causes hic have impelled them to do O. Μan necessarii seehs What he deem to b usefulto him, and that alone is useful hic preserves and exalis his being. The term good an evit indicate nothing reali in things regarde in them selves by good, mean hat e no tot useful oras, and by evil What eano Moie a hindrance to us in theattainmen o any good But the true eing of themin is nowled and the ind, in s far a itnaahes use of eason judges nothing tot good, avesuch things a conduce to nowled . The ighestgood of the minxi theanowledge of God, an in the

intellectual Iove in od tae man 's Nessednes consist. Blessednes is thus no the re ard o viriue, but is virtve iself. The ignorant an is in bonJage topassion In vise an alone is free. In o far ashmis mise, heris no disturbe in spirit; ut conscious of himself, o God, and of things by a certain eternalneCessity, he neve Ceases tote but is immortal and POSSeSSes true eace. The way that lead to this result ma seem difficuli, but it a b found Allthings excellent are as dissiculi a the are rare. Spinoga neve founde a schoo as di Descartes. For his the intense theologica antagonis he hasaroused has been parti responsible. e appear tohave been Ver imperfecti understood, and in deed, except for an occasiona unfriendi criticism almost overtooked by the learne Wori during the centu π

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succeedin his death He a brought efore the German in hy essin and Jacobi in the lalter par of the last century, and has deepi influence it since Lessing, Goethe, Herder, Ficlite, Schelling, and Hegel W him much. Coleridge, ho regarde the athici ' asine of the three greates Works since theintroductionis Christianity brought him rom German to England Η has, hoWever, ad more influence pon nglis literature and theolog thanupo the course of nglis philosophy on renchsol Spinogism has neve nourished. In ur Wntime there has been a revivat o interest in Spinora among Dutch scholars resultin in a celebration ithfitting ceremontes of the two hundret anniversar of his death, and the erectio of the statue of the philosopher a Themague, here herapent the last years of his life The widesprea interes of men o letters in his thought an personalit is revealed by the fact

mittemcharge With the erectionis the statue. At thepresent time this interest is evidenti increasing.