The philosophy of Spinoza as contained in the first, second, and fifth parts of the "Ethics" and in extracts from the third and fourth

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O GOD. De sinitions. I. B cause of usu I mea that the essence of hicli involves existence, o that the natur of Whichcannoti conceived exceptis existing. a. A th in that an e limite by another of the fame natur is sal to e nite in iis linae For ex- ample, od is sal to e finite ecause e lWays conceive a larger So thought is limite by another

thought. ut od is no limite by thought, orthought y body.

3. B subvanceri mea that hic is in iiself, andis conceived by means os itself that is that the Conceptionis,hich does no nee the conception o any other thingiuiis, hic tot formed. 34. B auributeo mea that hicli the intellectperceives of substanc a Constitutiniit essenCe. s. y mode I mea the modifications of substance, o that whichris in somethingislse through,hich also it is conceived. 6. B Godo mea a bein absolutet infinite, that is, a substanc Consistin os infinite attributes,

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Explanation.- say absolutet infinite, o infinite in iis hind. For of that hicli is infinite ni in iis hind we an den infinite attribules bui to theessence of that hicli is absolutet infinite elongs

Whateve expresses that essene an involves no negation.

7. A thing Will e termed ore hic exist soletyo the necessit oscit nature, an is determine toactio by itself alonen it Will e terme necessau, Orrather coerced is it e determine by some ther toexist an to ac in a definite an determinate Way. 8. B eserni mea existenc itself, in o aras it is conceived to follow necessarii from the mere definitionis the thing that is eternat. Explanation.-For such existence, as terna truth, is conceived a the essence of the thing, and ence cannot be explaine by duration or time even ii the duration e conceived as anting eginning and end.

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other cannot e comprehende by means of ne another, that is, the conception of the ne oes notinvolve the conceptio of the ther. 6. A true idea must agre .it that whicli it rep

7. The essenCe of Whateve canis conceived asno existing does no involve existen Ce. PROP. I. Surifance sis nature prior I us modi

sides the understanding there is nothing ut substances and thei modifications. Besides the understanding, heresore there is noth-

in by hic a pluralit of things could e distinguished fromine another, excepi substances, Or, Which

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is the fame thinc amiam ), thei attributes and their modifications Q. E. D.

PROP. 5. There cannot be in nature emo, more sub-Hances of the fame nature or auri v. Proj.-I there ere severa distinc substances,

the would have tot distinguished fromine anotherei the by the diversit os thei attributes o by the diversit os thei modifications 944e precering proposition). I onl by the diversit of thei attributes, it wil be admitte that there istut ne of the fame attribute But i by the diversit of thei modifications then, since a substance sis nature prior toriis modifications Is in iis modificationsteinclaidisside, an it bein considere in iself that is dein Danae axiom 6 considere truly, it illis ot e possibi toconceiverit a distinguished romanother substance that is θ Me precedinae proposition), it Wil notae possibi for severa substances to exist but ni One. Q. E. D. PROP. 6. One subssane cannot e produce banorae subnance. Prore. There annot he in nature two substances

with the fame attribute θ Me precering pro si ion), that is a), Wo substances hic have ometh in incommon it each other an consequently 33, one

The meanin os the reserences occurring in the text would seem tot sussicienti plain ut to avia possibi misconceptioni may be et to state that here referenc is made to a proposition definition, etc., in the fame ari, the numberos the propositioni definition ninis give here the passagereserre t is in another ari, the aricis indicate by Romannumerals. When the referenc is to omething omitte in his

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Proof-Substance annotae produce by anythingelse θ Me corouar so the precediu proposition), and thus is iis Kn cause, that is def. I in iis essenCe necessarily involves existence, or it belong to iis nature toexist Q. E. D. PROP. 8. Meu subflance is necessaria insinue. Pnoow-But a single substance illi the ne attribute exist s), an it elong to iis nature to exist 7 it ili, therefore, elongo iis nature to existeither a finite o as infinite But it is no finite.

another of the fame nature, hich also hould necessarii exist 7ὶ consequently there ould e two substances it the fame attribute, hicli is absurd s) It exists, heresore, as infinite. Q. E. D. Misolium I.-Since ein finite is in fac parti a negation, and ein infinite an absolute affirmationis

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Scholium .-I have no doub that all,ho judge of things confusedi an are not accustome to noWthings by thei firs cause finxit hard to comprehendthe proos of the sevent proposition an no Wonder, since the domo distinguis the modifications o substancos rom the substances themselves, no do theykno hoW things are produced. Whenc it comes topas that the attributeo substances the eginning whic natura objecis seem to have. For those hodo notano the true cause of things confuse themali, and without an repugnance of min sanc treestalhing as et a men imagine me formed ut ossiones as ei as ut of seed, and conceive o any form at illas change into any thers. Thus also thos Who confuse the divine natur Wit the humanreadit attribute to God human emotion, speciallys long a the do not know ho emotion are Produce in the ind. f ho ever, men ould attendio the nature of substance, the would no in the least

be accounte one of the notion common to all. Forti substanc the would mea that whicli is in itfelian is conceived by means os itself that is that theknowledge of hichioes no require the nowledgeo any the thing. But by modificatio the would

mea that hicli is in omethin eis that the conceptionis,hichris forme from the conceptioni thethin in hic it s. heresore e can have rue ideas of non-existent modification inasmuchos, although the domo exist actuali oulside the under- standing, stili thei essenc is o comprehende in

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someth in eis that the Can e conceived by means of that B ut substances have no an truth ulside the understanding, excepi in themselves, ecause theyare conceived by means of themselves. ere ne, therefore, to a that he has a clear an distinct-thatis, a tru ideam substance, an nevertheles dotibis hether suci substanc exisis, it ould e bymercules the fame a saying that he has a true idea, and nevertheles doubis hether it e false or not ascis plain nough omne ho considercit) or, Done assirmilia substance is created he at the fame time amrmsthat a salse idea has become true, than whicli assuredlynoth in more absurdiani conceived Consequently it must necessarii be admitted that the existence of substince, lihe iis essence, is an terna truth. AndhenCe, have another argumen to prove that there

methodicatly one hould note rat, that a true definitionis an thin involves an expresse nothin except themature of the thin defined. Whence followsthe secondioint, that no definition involve o expresses an definite number of individuals sincerit expresses noth in except the natur of the hin defined. For example, the definition vas a triangle expresses nothin except the simple natur of the triangle; and novan definite number of trian gles. In the Mird place, ne hould note that there is necessarii foreach existin thin some definite cause, by reason ofwhicli it exigis. Finalty in the fourta place oneshould note that this cause byaeason of Whic any giventhin exist ei ther must e containe in the very nature an definitio of the existis thinc Meaura ube nouo iis nature to exist), o must heiulside oscit.

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Give these potnis, it follows that, i in nature there exist an given number of individuals, there must necessarii be a causea reasonis,hic thos individuals, an no more or ess, exist. Is for example there exist in the worid Kent me Whom for the sahe of greater Clearness, I suppose to exist at once, and that noothers have existe in nature before), in orde to give areason hy tWent me exist it ili noti enough tosho the cause of human nature in generat,aut it Will

there must necessarii be a Cause Wh he exists Butthis cause θ prinis a nae 3 cannot be containe inhuman natur itself, nasmuchos the true definitiono man cloes no involve the numbe twenty. enCe b soluto the reason hy these Went me exist, and Consequently Why eaCh exisis, must necessarilybe uiside of each and therefore ne must Onclude absolutei that verything of the nature ofwhicli severa individual can exist must neceS-sarij, in orde that the ma exist have an externat cause. An indeed sincerit belong to the natureo substance to exist b, at has abead Men homn in Mis seriolium), iis definitio must involve necessar eX- istence, an consequently solet from iis definition iis existence must be inferreo But rom iis definition a me ave abrad Mown in Anti a anda), the existence of severat substances cannot folioW. It there- fore folloπs therefrom, necessarily that only one o agivemnature exisis, a Was maintain ed.