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THIS edition is intended like the ther in his serieS,
principali for se in ChoolS. The ex is the ex o Halm Teubner, 1889 With Some se Variations mentioned in the Notes o the Text. The edition I have sed in preparing this book, besides Ritter' and the excellent Englisti editio by Iessrs Church and rodribb are, for the Agricola, thoseo Draeger, ex and ritZ so the Germania, hos ofZerniat, Baumstark Κrit an Schweiger-Sidier. The Introduction, borrowe almos entiret stom Nipperde Tacitus, Annals I. VI., eidmann's series and the editor mentione above, is intende simpl to introduce Chool-boysto the stud of these Wo ork of Tacitus. It was impossibie, ascit ould have been ut o place in Such an edition to enter into the archaeologica an ethnological questions suggeste by the subjeCis. The Map inserte by the in permission os essrsWeldmann o Berlin, is ne prepared by the well-known geographer H Κieper so the editionis the Germania byΡrof Zerniat. I have no thought it orth whil to inserta map o Britain, ecause the Classica atlases no in se in classica school suppi ali that is require in that
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I CORNELIUS TACITUS his fraenomen is unknown waShor abo ut the ea A. D. 32, and died Soon after the accession ofHadrian in A. D. II7. In A. D. 8 Domitia succeeded his brother Titus, and re igne unti he was assas sinated in A. D. 96. TacituStherefore lived the fifte en ear of his life when his morai and intellectua vigour ould naturali be fulle St, sto the age of thirinio orty-sive a a public man a Rome λ, unde the goVern-ment of that curiou Si tyrannica emperor Thi fac had necessarii a great effect in hapingintinc his habit of though and Deling, an his mode of XpreSSion or Style of writing. To alii ghi cultivate man, a man os a philosophic in and powersu intellectorat ne in the eS Studies, an accomptished juriSi an orator, a patrio moreove fuit os solicitude for thewell-be in of the empire of which he wa proud by inheritance, the ear o Domitian' reign were a perio os continuat miser of indignant self-repression No that he Suffere personali fro Domitian' tyranny. O the contrar hi promotion to State-ossices egu by VeSpasian a Continue by Domitian '. ut the fac that he id not suffer personali is susticient evidence of hat he mus have visere mentally, a living man in a tomb asae telis us himself δ. I For the common Characteri Sti O mo Si tyrantS, o di S- approve thing excellent, a exaggerate in thi tyrant. Any
his own deficiencies an no excellen ceci it emerge into daylight could auoi doing o he marked for destructio at the
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of himself compared with his ather orirother, an his destre toget id o anything hicli, reminclinthim of hi own incapacity, suggested at the Same times ars os a rival A gloom reserved Saturnine tyrant thiS, Who in a ConVerSation o the weatherwould e meditatin the de ath of the an e a talking to, and would always, is possibie, indis decent disguis for his homicida mania λ. ut o ali excellent things e ate and feare mos the excellenc os earnes thought He wa a magnificent, though a Martial et u know an economicalpatron o literature, ut the literature e patroni sed a thecour literature o Martiat, Statius an Silius Italicus Philo- SopherS, men ho thought or aught ther to thinh, ali holia powerri interest ther in nobi deed an nobi lives, heperSecute retenties Styr. 3 No whether Tacitus at the require tribute offervility during thos days, orint hept silenCe, he muS have suffere a ainful SelDrepression hich could not ut affecta in like his. When the restraint a talae of henhe came ut o hi grave into the daylight the realit and
The stories of the turbo counci and the lanerea banquet aregenerali quote acinstances of aarim humour, ascis the objecti them Wa Simpl amuSement, ut it is a question hether the were Otrather partis a regula system by hich he ought retexis for judicial
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were oomed that a people o Corrupte by Service to their SenSes, and by materia Comforis, a to e able to endure tyrantS, Ouid neve permanenti regat thei vigour Thisis no so apparent in the Agricola, here it Seem naturalfo the Son-in-law of a great man to present ali his viriues attheir rightest an to lachen to the ulmos the man who ill-treated him. ut in the Germania the darknes of Roma liseis sed rather o rechlessi to lendis factitious righines to German Character, an Tacitus allow his deSire t disparagelii Corrupi count me to etra him into the absurdit os attributin poSitive merit to a mere ignorance of the mean os
The style of the Ciceronian age ad been a natura style. It expresse the thought of the speaher Simpi an plainly, SSiSt- in the effect of it ni by ulnes of expression and by the dignitie flow of the period, hicli illicit balance an har
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language. The result was a style ut o Sparhle, o strii ingcombinations os potnt an epigram, of efflari aster a curiosa felicitas osten runnin into far-setche concelis. The dictionreceived a considerable admixture of archaisti an poetic expression S. Instea of the periodis have a rapi sequence of shor abrupi an osten dis connecte sentences inste ad of the mlnes of Ciceronian phraseolog affecte brevit an condensation. ut illi the accession of the Flavian dynast aliterar reaction ad ahen place and a considerable efforti adbee made to introduce a style more resembling the simpleran more natural tyle of the earlier period Tacitus adstud ted his new style and had been considerabi influenced by it a the Dialogus hows. Whente rote the Agricola he had
3 But this style, not altogether multable to historical writin os an hind didio fuit at ali the character o Tacitus when e set to orti in iddie life to describe a tength thedoings of the seopte in times hicli included the reigns os Tiberius Nero an Domitian Caesar, Sallus and Liv Nould robabi have been the natural modeis for historiam os citus' time o sor his Style pon But these though eed them especiali the second)landire upo them par-
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could no persuade ther to hare hi interest, ould a least force them to give hi in thei attention.
6 His ind was thronged illi historical Cenes, illi
pro und reflexions the result of heen insight an digeste experience, and theSe re pre Sente in language the mos pregnant that his hill an devise in the fewe Si ord that an Carry them to the reader. But there i no Sacrifice of completenes to brevity. Ver descriptioni reflexion is Complete With the completenes of a cartoon it gives in bol ouilines allthat is necessar to ourtra the subject an leaves it to the intelligent reade to fit in ali obvious et alis. Nor are brevityan rapidit incompatibie illi dignity. His narrative ad-Vances in quic marchin Sentences ut always illi the self restraine orderi movement of heavit armed thought. Tacitus in lac is always dignifie and grandiecause hecis o tremendou Si in earnest. Trite commonplace trivialit o any gor in thought or expres Sion e abhorS. Even the moSt ordinarylacis an incident are invested illi a dignit appropriate tothem a paris of his orla Nor is there an want of artistic form an finisti, unlike ascit is to the Ciceronian. With ait thequic moVemenis, abrupi transitions and Voidance of uniformity there regulis a the whole effect an artiStic nil very satisfyin to the in of the reader.
7 But it is in iis power of suggestio that Tacitus mund
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8 The principat linguisti peculiarities of his Style are,
equivalent of a sentenc introduce by quodin the fac that. frequent se of the histori infinitive, poetic Construction S, especiali the infinitive here earlier prose Sage require ut with the subjunctive, poetic ord an phraseS, Chiesi Vergilian, Simple instea os more usual compound verbS. ExampleSof thes features in his style a be found by consulting the Index at the en of the Volume.
9 This style reached iis fullest developmen in the Annais,
the lates of his orlis. The Agricola Still retain considerable traces of the influence of the New-Ciceronian Style incit more open, Xpanded, and rounde formo expression The Germania is the firsi or of the Tacitean Style proper, and naturali it is no the mos favourable Specimen oscit. It is disfigurediere and therei bad aste, it is somelime grandioSerather than grand, and pompous instea o dignified Clear-neS an precision re occasionali Sacrifice to brevity, and, Speakin generalty his ari has not et sufficienti learne to
I When Tacitus rote the AGRICOLA, he had atready begu the Histories. In these the actions os Agricola in Britain ould in due ours have been described. ut the
the publicatio of the Liber de visa et mo= ibus Cn. Iulii Agricolae in A. D. 98 An earlier date is assigne a it by
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Some maint o the ground that Nerva is mentioned ithout the prefix Divus, hicli the conten mus have been appliedio him ha he been dead But it is dissicultri belleve that theword in C. 44 frincipem Traianum vi Ere, Could appi to astate of things before Nerva's death. A Stronger argument stillso the later date is afforde by the word in C. 3, quamquam. . . Nerva Traianus Tacitus Would ardi malae Such a Comparison in Nerva' lise-time an could hardi Spea os Nerva Traianus dati augmenting, c., during the three monili ofTrajan's Connexion illi Nerva hen he wa away fro Rome,
an fuit occupie with his duties o the Rhine. a The book is divide into three partS, the resace, thelis of Agricola and the epilogue. The econ part is prefacedwith a descriptionis Britat an a hori account of the Romanoperations in Britain efore Agricola's overnorshi of theisland Exception a been alien to the arrangement of CC. II-Ι3, o the round that l. 26 fol. o C. I interrupi thedescriptio of the inhabitant of the country hiclici resumedat he heginning of c. 13 Do l. 23 o C. 2. I lia eve been proposed to tranSser the word In sedit .vincunIur to C. 3 tostan besore the word litur primus. ut the e word atthe eginning of c. 3, o the Deling of the Briton towardSthei ConquerorS, Seem tot intende to form a transition Domthe genera account of thei habit an lan to the account of thei ConqueSt, an are therelare appropriatet placed here
3 The resac is long, speciali is, compare it illi
4 The Agricola is no a political amplite unde COUero aiiography. The objectis it is direct an declared; it is tosatisf the claim of the author' affection, o pay a jus tributet a great an, an to SaVe the example of a nobi lis for
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the benefit of mankin that it is ritten There is no vellectpurpoSe politica or ther, in it. To ain Agricola' life in bright colour was necessarii to bring ut at the lachnesso Domitian while the moderation o Agricola, hicli enablecthim to elude Domitian's attempis o his life require to ejustifiexat the expense of those ho SeleSSi Courte martyr-dom c. 42 . The nobi paSSage illi,hicli the Lis is closed Cc. 43-46 contain oni reflexion whicli naturali aris out of the contemplationis Agricola's life an death. The materials fortis biograph mu St, ne ould Suppose, have been derived fro Agricola himself, and practicali furnish ali ur informationi the subjeci. The se difficulties that are presente aredue to the impossibilit os denti0in in ali cases the Romannames of particula localities.
about the time o Trajan' retur fro German to assume his imperia functions in Rome Lilae the Agricola it is a monographis a subject Which was to fin it place in the extended histor of the Historie and the Annals The motive se iis publication a apparently the presSin importance, in Tacitus' opinion, of the German question and the neceSSit for Vigorous action to Secure the Salat of the Roman empire against thedangers illi hicli it was threatene hom German Strength. To Tacitus an doubiles to the thoughim RomanS, hohad the means o formin a judgment, it Seeme possibi that, i the Germans ere allowe to unite, the result might be astruggle formis an death etween them an Rome Theretur of Trajan was a favourable opportunit for ventilatinglii Views for tryin to impar Some of his anxiet to his
thoughtleS Countrymen. The operation of the ne emperortia necessarii turne men' thought toward the Germanpeoples It is needies in a hor Introduction to ive an account of these operations They ma be rea in Merivale or CapeS. I i enough to Suggest the connexion etween hoSeoperations and the publicatio of the Germania. A vigorous and Successsu soldie wa o the throne, ne ho wa inStinctwith the old Roman ambition to gain trium plis and innex