Agricola and Germania

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gods ad avoured Rome, and wasted the German Strength inexhaustin inter-tribal conflicis. ut hal and the question Seeme naturali to suggest iself i the god should desert

more deservin of thei favour What f the Germans hould

were every da be omin belle acquainted Θ 6 This seem to e the dominant thought of the work, this the purpose of the elaborate descriptio of the lives, habitS, morat an institutions of the Germanseoples Thi to SeemSto e the purpOS underlying the ethnographica portion, in

Merivale, Generat Histor V Kome, P. I 5.

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Germans and the Servile, Corrupi, enervate Romans of the capital That Contrast a no doub only the natura expreSSion of the writer' temper. It would ver probabi have been madeunde an CircumStanceS. ut unde exi Stin circumstances it Serve a purpOS beyon the purpo Se of earneSt arcaSm. It

Romance in the Germania hicli the German Commentator onthis orla Pros alimStark, a potnted ut an illustrate atconsiderable tength. his oes no mea that the wor is no in the strictest sense historical It is a istorical orla containing at the est an mos tru Stworth information onthe subjeci that couldie obtaine at the time. Tacitus ould have deseate his own objec by no malain his description asaccurate a he OSSibi Could But here an opportunityoccurso heighte the effect of his Statements of ac bylangvage Suggestin a seeling of Something, in a SenSe, Un- earthi and gigantic in the an and eople, he ahes it Thisis seen in his dwelling on ut of the way practice amon them,no reali essentia totis subject in single phrases an epithetS, and generalty in a poeti colouring that he ive to his narra

8 Is the view ahe of the purpose of the book i Correct, it ould Seem that Tacitus mus have ad materiat for tready whicli e could throw into hape at a hori notice. Hemu St have been Studying the Subject for ome time e re heproduce hi pamphlet. The ource of information ope tollim ere Considerable Caesarie Seem to have andie a acriti rather han a learner, S a compariSon o parallel State-ment in the two ould sho . Tacitus information is a good deal fuller than Caesar'Sin the potnis hicli the lalter deals illi, an in Some caSechi Statement are corrected. Livy'SitStory, in the later book no tost, containe accounts of the Germanwar fro Caesar' timerio his own, an incidentali no doubi Somes informatio in geographical in& other Ioinis The

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INTRODUCT N. xvii

Natura Histor of the elder lin an stili more his no tost worio the German wars, as et a the geographica work of Pomponius Mela, o doub furnished Tacitus illi considerablemateriais But e doubiles dre his material hom ora aswel a stom ritte Sources There i no proo that Tacitus eve travelle in German himself eoas absent DomRomerior lauroears as e telis S im Self Agric. c. 43). Butwhere he wa is not known or Certain. Man Roman howeve travelle in Germany or militar an other purpoSeS, and Commerce, Speciali the amber-trade brought man German Sto Italy, and ome of them Germans Do the remoter pariSo Germany From these a man like Tacitus intereste inlearning at he could about the Germans could an no doubtwould earn many detail unknown to earlier riterS.

9 The Germania is divide by the author into two

distinct buti no mean diSconnecte portion S. One cc. 27 give an account of the Germanseopte a a hole, of theirland Origin religion institutions and habit o life public and private. The other CC. 28-end deat with the Severat members of the Germa aggregate describin the geographical poSitionosiach, and Where neceSSary giVin Specia information about the reviou histor o the existin institutions os individual

At the en o Cc. Ι-3, hicli contain a brie sketch of the geographical poSition Climate an produci of the country ithremark o the traditiona accounts of the origi an main divi Sion of the eople, an obServationi thera carcit O iron, aSwel a of the preciou metalS, Serve to introduce a deScriptiono the German weapons, hei modes of arfare an militaryinstitutions Cc. 6-8). hi subjeci, by a tranSitio naturallysuggeste by ll. 8-24 in c. 8, is followed by an account C. )of thei religio generali and thei modes of auSpice-taking in particular. Tacitu the pro Ceed. cc. ΙΙ - 14 to deScribe thegenerat aSSembl of the eo ple it procedure an functions Sthe supreme deliberative and judicia bod in the state. The civi iunctions of the principes are dismiSSed in a se word S, Tacitu dwellin a more tength on hat he evidenti regardecl

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xviii AGRICOLAE AN GERMANIA.

asine of the moS Characteristi Dature in the public institutions of the Germans the militar poSitio of the rinceps and his relation to hi comitarus C. 3 contain atrie descriptiono the lis of the German warrior in time fieace and of Someo the privileges of the chiestains, and with this the account of the public life of the eople ConcludeS. C. 6-27 containthei private lis an domestic habiis, eginning c. 16 with the

In the secondiortio of the book Tacitus egin by speaking of the non-German eoples in Germany and of the GermanpeoplOS, SO-Callecly, utSide Germany touchin at the en ofC. 29 o the Agri Decumate and thei population os inferior GaulS. From C. O he hegin hi account of the true Germanpeoples in two gran divisionS, non-Suebian CC. O-37 and Suebian cc. 38-43 . The non- Suebi an rou begin withthe Chatti c. O . ex to these come the the weSter tribe S, the Tencteri, Sipi, Bructeri, Chamavi an Angrivarii aster theSe thoSe that tanto the E and N. E. of them, an lasti the Cimbri in the peninsula name aster them in connexion illi

O these and o the geographica positions of the Roman PeOPles,

Se the notes in loc. Cf. c. 28 l. IO, Ole.

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whom is introduce a ketch of the Roman conflict illi Germany extending Ver tW hundred earS.C. 38 Contain the account of the genera Characteristic of the Suebia Germans, among whom the Semnones c. 39 hold the firs place These illi the Langobardi and the evenpeople Connected by the common orShi of Nerthus formille orther portio of the Suebia Germans. The outhernconsist of the Hermunduri Marcomanni, Varisti, and Quadi. SOuth-eas sto these te the arsigni and Buri an northenSt the Severa Communities of the Lugii mong ho the Nahanarvali and the Harii are singlediu for speciat mention onaccount of remari able religious o militar peculiarities. Next ilo to the orth an eas of these the monarchiat State of the Gotones, Rugii an Lemovii, and the account of the Un- doubtedi Suebian-German eoples end with the descriptiono the despot-rule Suiones an Sitones of Scandinavia'. Tothe account of these two eopte is appende a descriptionis

Io The historica value of the Germania is admirablysumme u by Bisho Stubbs in his ConSIitutionaliis orF,

the earlier Chapter of hich hout be caressiti rea by Student of Tacitus' ork. Vol. I. p. 17 he Says the Germania is an inestimabie treaSur os facts and generalisations but it Sno without man Serious dissiculties arisin parti homuli different Stage of civiligatio an political organigation hicli the Severa tribes musti supposed to have reached. In attempt- in to compres into a generat helch the main Datures of go large a famil of tribes, the historia is carcet able to avoid

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xx AGRICOLA AN GERMAN A.

Some inconsistencieS and tri poSSibi that hi eye was augiit in ome instance rathe by the oint in hicli the Germaninstitutions ere ContraSted illi the Roman than by those whicli expresse their SSentia character. But of the generalfaithfulnes of the ouiline e have no doubi the litti inconsistencie os delat Serve to preServe additiona facts and thegeneralit os Statement en able u to obtain the de of the common Germani SyStem Whi Chri approximatel true Pit at every Stage of it early development, although there a neve have been a time at hicli the whole description in iis exactietatis Wa true os an portion os t.

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CORNELIL TACITI

DE VITA ET MORIBUS

IULII 'GRICOLAE

LIBER.

The discuit position filographer in these, s. The times in hich 1it was a capital μnce to grais virtves have sanetam , ut theevi e eois of them remain in intellectual enemation, and a vitiate fiaste Tacittis feris it necessar to lea Eutrito the memor os as ear relation as his olive for riting this biographin.

vidia; in sed apud priore ut ages digna memoratu pronum magisque i aperto erat, ita Celeberrimus quisque ingenio ad prodendam Virtuti me riam Sine gratia aut ambitione Ionae tantum OnSCientiae Velio I mebatPr,4 C aeri queis suam ipsi vitam narrare fiduciam Osius morum quam ad O-gantiam arbitrati sunt ne id Rutilio et Scauro citra fidem aut obtrecta vini fuit adeo virtutes sui temD9ribus optime aestimantur, quibus facillime gignuntur. at nun Cnarraturo mili vitam defunCti hominis venia opus Mit, quam

uo non PetlSSem CuSaturu tam Saeva et Infesta virtutibus tempora in

T. A. I

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2 CORNELI TACITT

Legimus, Cum Aruleno Rusticolaetus Thrasea Herennio Senecioni riscus Helvidius laudati essent, Capitale fuisse, neque in ipsos modo auctores, Sed in libro quoque eorum saevitum, delegato triumviri miniSterio ut monumenta clarissimorunt ingeniorum in Comitio a foro rerentur sscilicet illo igne vocem populi Romani et libertatem senatus et conscientiam generi humani aboleri arbitrabantur, expulsis insucter Sapientiae professoribus atque omni bona arte in exilium Cta, ne quid Squam honeSttim OCCUrreret. dedimus Profecto grande patientiae documentum; et iCut ovetus aetas vidit quid ultimum in libertate esset, ita nos quid in Servitute, adempto per inquisistiones etiam loquendi audiendique CommerCio memoriam quoque ipsam Cum voce perdidiSsemus, Si tam in nostra potestate esset oblivisci

3 Nunc demum redit animus; et quamquam primo Stasim beatissimi saeculi ortu Nerva Caesar res olim dissociabiles miscuerit, prinCipatum a libertatem, augeatque quotidie felicitatem temporum Nerva TraianuS, ne Spem modo C votum Securitas publica, Sed ipsius voti fiduciam a robur uoadsumpserit, natura tamen infirmitatis humanae tardiora sunt remedia quam mala; et ut Corpora nostra lente auge-SCunt, Cito Xtinguuntur, di ingenia Studiaque oppresSeris facilius quam revoCaveris subit quippe etiam ipsius inertiae dulcedo, et invisa primo desidia postremo amatur quid assi per quindecim annos, grande mortali aevi patium, multi fortuitis Casibus, promptissimus quisque ae ti3 principis interciderunt, pauCi, ut i a dixerim non modo aliorum sed etia nostri superstites Sumus, exemptis e media vita tot anniu, quibu iuvene ad Senectutem, Sene prope ad oipsos Xactae aetati termino per Silentium enimUS. non tamen pigebit vel incondita a rudi voce memo iam prioris servitutis a: testimonium praeSentium bonorum Compo-

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AGRICOLA. 3suisse. hic interim liber honori Agricolae soceri mei desti

natuS, profeSSione pietati aut laudatus erit aut excuSatuS. A.D. 39-62 Agricola fratrih, famil , and education. 4Gnaeus Iulius Agricola, vetere et inlustri Foroiuliensium Colonia ortuS, utrumque avum ProCuratorem CaeSarum habuit, quae equestris nobilitas est pater illi Iulius Graecinus senatorii ordinis, studio eloquentiae Sapientiaeque notuS, iisque ipsis virtutibus iram Gai Caesaris meritus namque Μ. Silanum CCusare iuSSu et, quia abnuerat, interfeCtus 1 eSt. mater Iulia roCilla fuit, rarae castitatis in huius sinu indulgentiaque eduCatus per omnem honeStarum artium Cultum pueritiam adulescentiamque transegit arcebat eum ab inlecebris peCCantium praeter ipsius bona integramque naturam, quod Statim Parvulu Sedem a magis- is tram Studiorum assiliam habuit, locum Graeca comitate et provinciali parsimonia mixtum a bene CompoSitum. memoria teneo Solitum. pSum narrare se prima in iuventa studium philosophiae acriuS, Ultra quam ConCeSSum Omano a Senatori, hauSiSSe, ni prudentia matris incensum et a flagrantem animum CoercuiSSet. Scilicet sublime et erectum ingenium pulChritudinem a Speciem magnae X- celsaeque gloriae Vehementiu quam aut adpetebat. OX mitigavit ratio et aetas, retinuitque, quod est dissicillimum, ex Sapientia modum, in mas Hesrat sera se='vice in Britain under Suetonius Paulinus.

Prima Castrorum rudimenta in Britannia Suetonio Paulino, diligenti a moderato duci, adprobavit, electu quem contubernio aeStimaret ne AgriCola licenter, more iuvenum, qui militiam in laSCiviam vertunt, neque Segniter adso voluptate et Commeatu titulum tribunatus et inscitiam rettulit Sed nOSCere provinCiam, OSC exercitui, discere a

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4 CORNELLI TACITI

peritis, sequi optimos, nihil adpetere in iactationem, nihil

ob formidinem recusare simulque et anxius et intentus agere non Sane alia eXerCitatior magisque in ambiguo Britannia fuit. trucidati veterani, incensae Coloniae, intercepti exercitus tum de Salute, mox de viCtoria Certavere. quae Cuncta etsi Consiliis ductuque alterius agebantur, CSUmma rerum et reCiperatae provinciae gloria in ducem CeSSit, artem et usum et stimulos addidere iuveni, intravitque animum militari gloriae Cupido, ingrata temporibus, quibus sinistra erga eminente interpretati ne minu peri ioculum ex magna fama quam e mala.

Hinc ad capessendos magistratus in urbem digreSSUS is Domitiam Mecidianam, splendidis matalibus ortam, Sibi iunxit: idque matrimonium ad maiora nitenti decus ac

robur fuit vixerunt Ue mira Concordia, Per mutuam Caritatem et in viCem Se anteponendo, nisi quod in bona uxore tanto maior laus, quanto in mala Plu CUlpae St. Sor S. eto

quaeSturae proVinCiam Siam, pro Consule Salvium Titianum dedit, quorum neutro Corruptu St, quamquam et provincia dive a parata peccantibus, et pro Consule in omnem aviditatem pronus quantalibet facilitate redempturu esset mutuam dissimulationem mali. auctus est ibi cis filia, in subsidium simul et solacium ; nam filium ante Sublatum brevi amisit. mox inter quaesturam a tribunatum plebis atque ipsum etiam tribunatus annum quiete et otio tranSiit, gnaru Sub Nerone temporum, quibus inertia prosapientia fuit. idem praeturae tenor et Silentium; me acienim iurisdictio obvenerat. ludos et inania honoris medio rationis atque abundantiae duxit, uti longe a luxuria, ita