장음표시 사용
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24. At last Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus stood sor the consul si ipand openly threatened that, Once elected, he would remove Caesar Dom his military command, having Alled to do this while praetor. SoCaesar cased upon Pompey and Crassus to visit Lucca, which lay in his province, and there persuaded them to prolong lais governorshipos Gaul sor another fue years, and to oppose Domitius's candidature. This success encouraged Caesar to eXpand his regular army with legions raised at his own expense: one even recrui ted in Transalpine
trained and equipped in Roman style. Later he made every Alauda legionary a fuit citi eten. He now lost no opportuni of pictang quarreis - however stimsythe pretexi - with allies as weli as hostile and barbarous tribes, and marching against them: the danger of this poticy never occurred toliam. At frst the Senate set up a commission os inquiry lato the state of the Gallic provinces, and sonae speiaers went So far as to recommend that Caesar should be handed over to the enemy. But the more
successsul his campalms, the more frequent the public thanksgivingsvoted: and the holidays that went with them were longer than any generat be re him had ever earned. 23. Brieily, his niue years' govcmorship produced the fosso ingresulis. He reduced to the form os a province the whole of Gauleiiciosed by the Pyrenees, tiae Alps, the Cevennes, the Rhine, and the
Caesar was the frst Roman to bulld a military bridge across the ine and cause the Germans on the farther bata heavy losses. Healso invaded Britain, a hitherio unknown count , and de aled the
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natives, from whom he exacted a large sum os money as weli ashostages sor future good bellaviour. Fle met with only three serious reverses: in Britain, when his fleet was ali but destroyed by a gale: in Gaul, when one of his legions was routed at Gergovia among the Auverme mountaim; and on the German fronti er, when his generals Titurius and Aurunculeius were ambushed and killed. 26. During these niue years Caesar lost, one aster the other, his mother, his daviter, and his grandson. Meanwhile, the assassinationos Publius Clodius had caused suci, an outcry that the Senate voted for the appotniment, in future, of only a single Consul: nam ingPompey as their choice. When the tribunes of the people wanted Caesar to stand as Pompey's colleague, Caesar asked whether theywould not persuade the commons to let him do so without visitigRome: his governorship of Gaul, he wrote, Was nearly at an end, and he preserred not to leave uniit his conquests had been completed. Their granting of this concession so fired Caesar's ambitions that he neglected no expense in Winning popularity, both as a private citigenand as a candidate for his second consulfhip. He began bullding a newForum with the spolis taken in Gaul, and paid more than a milliongold pieces for the site alone. Then he announced a gladiatorial show and a public banquet in memory of his daughter Julia - an inprec
dented event: and, to create as much eXcilement among the commons
partly by the market contractors. He also issued an order that any well-known gladiator who falled to win the approvat of the Circus shouldbe forcibly rescued from execution and reserved for the comingshow. New gladiators were alio trained, not by the usual prose sionals in the schooli, but in private houses by Roman knighis and
furvive, begging these trainers to give their pupiis individual instruction in the art of fighting. He fixed the dassy pay of the regularsoldiers at double what it had been. Whenever the granaries were fuit ille would mahe a lavisti distribution to the army, without me uring .
the amount, and occasionalty gave every man a GaIllic flave.
27. To preserve Pompey's friendship and renew the fataly ties dissolved by Julia's death he offered him the hand of his sister's grand-daughter Octavia, though she had atready married Gaius Marcellus,
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ΣΙJULIUS CAESAR most of the Senate, to his fide with loans at a low rate os interest, or interest-free, he endeared himself to persons of less distinction too bylianding out valvabie presents, whether or not they asked sor them. His beneficiaries included the favourite flaves or freedmen os pro
Caesar thus became the one reli abie fource of help to ait who were in legat difficulties, or in debi, or living beyond their means: and refused help only to those whose criminal record was so blach, or
ciat authorities by offering them gists of prisoners, a thousand at a time, or lending them troops whenever they asked, and without firstobtaining officiat permission frona the Senate or people. He also presented iste principat cities of Asia and Greece witii magnificent public works, and did the fame for those of Ιisy, Gaul, and Spain. Everyone was ammed by this liberali ty and wondered what thesequet would be. At last Marcus Claudius Marcellus, the Consul, anno ced in the House that he intended to rat se a matter of vitai public interest: and laen proposed that, since the Gallic War had now ended in victory, Caesar should be relicued of his command be re his term asGovernor-Generat expired; that a successor should be appotnted: and that the armies in Gaul should be disbanded. He further proposed that Caesar should be sorbidden to stand for the consul ship without appearing at Rome in person, since a decree against irregularities of this sori stili appeared on the Statute Book. Here Marcellus was on firm legat gro d. Pompey, when he introduced a bili regulating the privileges of state offfici alli, had omitted tomahe a special exception sor Caesar in the clause debarring absenteesseom candidacy; or to correct this oversight be re the bili had been passed, engraved on a bronge tablet, and registered at the Public
Treasury. Nor was Marcellus content to ovit Caesar Dom his command and cancel the privilege at ready voted him: namely to stand forthe consul ship in absentia. He also asked that the colonisis whom Caesarhad setiled at Como under the Vatinian Act should lose their Citigen-ship. This award, he said, had been intended to further Caesar'spolitical ambitions and lacked legat sanction.
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llarder to put me do a peg than degrade me to the ranks.' So heresisted stubboresy: persuading the tribunes of the peopte to Veto Marcellus's bilis and at the fame time inlisting the help of Servius Sulpicius, Marcellus's colleague. When, in the following year, Marcellus was succeeded in offfice by his cousin Gaius, who adopteda similar poli cy, Caesar again mon over the other Consul A millia Paulus - with a hewy brile; and also bought Gaius Curio, the most energetic tribune of the people. Realiging, however, that the aristocratic par had made a dete mined stand, and that both the new Consuls-elect were infriendi. toli , he appesed to the Senate, begging them in a written address notio cancel a privilege voted his by the commons, without forcing allother goVemors-generat to resim their commands at the fame time ashe Id. But this mas read as meaning that he counted on mobiligingliis veteran troops sponer than Pompey could his raw levies. Nexi, Caesar offered to resign command of eight legions and quit Transalpine Gaul is he might ke two legions and Cisalpine Gaul, or atteast Illyricum and one legion, intit he became Consul. 3O. Since the Senate refused to intervene on his bellais in a matteros suci, nationes importance, Caesar crossed into Cisalpine Gaul, where he held his regular assiges, and halted at Ravenna. He Wasresolved to invade Itala is force were used against the tribunes of thepeople who had vetoed the Senate's decree disbanding his army by agrum date. Force Was, in effeci, used and the tribunes fled towards Cisalpine Gaul; which became Caesar's pretexi for launching the Civit War. Additionat motives are suspected, however: Pompey's comment Was that, because Caesar had insufficient capital to carry out his grandiose schemes or give the peopte ali that they had beenencouraged to expect on his return, he cliose to create an atmosphereos political confusion. Mother view is that he dreaded haring to account for the irregularities of his sest consulsiij, during which he had disregardedauspices and veloes, and defied the Constitution: for Marcus Cato had osten sworn to impeach him as soon as the legions mere dis-banded. Moreover, people said at the time, frankly enough, thatshould Caesar return from Gaul as a private cillam he would be tried in a Couri tinged around with armed men, as Titus Annius Milo had
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lately been at Pompey's orders. This founds plausibie enough, because Asinius Pollio records in his History that when Caesar, at the Batile of Pharsalus, saw his ene es forced to choose belween massacre and right, he said, in these very words: 'They brought it onthenaseives. They would have condemned me to death regardi ess ofati my victories - me, Gaius Caesar - had I not appesed io my army for hel p.' It has also been suggested that constant exercise of pomergave Caesar a love os it; and that, aster weighing his enenates' strengthagainst his o , he took this chance of fultilling his youthfui dream; by mining a bid for the monarchy. Cicero seems to have come to a similar conclusion: in the third book of his Euar on Du , he recordsthat Caesar quoted the sol lowing lines from Euripides's Phoenicianinomen on severat occasions Is crime consonant with nobili pThen noblest is the crime os tyranny In ad things else obey the laws of Heaven.
had been disglowed, and that they had fled the City, he at once senta few battalions inead with ali secrecy, and disarmed suspicion by himself attending a theatrical performance, inspecting the plans os a school sor gladiators which he proposia io bulld, and diuing as usual
Caesar's men broke ranis to do the fame, the apparition snalched atrumpet from one of them, ran down to the river, blew a thunderous blast, and crossed over. Caesar excla ed: 'Let vi accept this as a sign
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promised to promote every man present to the Equestrian Order is based on a misunderstanding. He had accompanted his pleas with thegesture os polating to his test hand, as he declared that he would glad*reward those who championed his honour with the very ses ring Domitis thumb: but some soldiers on the fringe of the assembly who sawhim beller than they could hear his words, read too muta into the gesture. They put it about that Caesar had promised them si the rigesto wear a knight's gold ring, and the 4, o gold pieces required tos port a knighthood. 34. Here follows a bries account of Caesar's subsequent moVe- menti. Ide occupied Umbria, Picenum, and Tuscany; captured Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus who had been illegassy named as his successor in Gaul and was holding Corfinium for the Senate: let him go free: and then marched song the Adriatic coast to Brindisi, where Pompeyand the Constas had fled from Rome on their way to Epirus. When his efforis to prevent their crossing the stratis proved ineffective, hemarched on Rome, intered it, summoned the Senate to revieW thepolitical siluation, and then hurriedly set off sor Spain: Pompey'sstrongest forces mere stationed there under the command of his friends Marcus Petreius, Lucius Afranius, and Marcus Varro. Besore leaving, Caesar told his household: 'Ι am offio meet an army without a leader: when Ι return I shali meet a leader without an army.' Thoughdelayed by the siege of Marseilles, which had shut iis gales againsthim, and by a fassure of his commissariat, he won a rapid and over-whelming victorΥ. 33. Caesar returned by way of Rome, crossed the Adriatic and, after blochading Pompey near the Illyrian town of Dyrrhachium fornearly ur monilis, belliud an immense containing works, routed
him at Pharsalus in Thessaly. Pompey ssed to Alexandria: Caesar fossowed, and when he found that Mng Ptolemy had murdered Pompey and was planning to murder him as well, declared war. This proved to be a most dissiculi campaign, fought during winter Mihin the city walis of a weli quipped and cunning ene*; but
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Egypt to Queen Cleopatra and her younger brother; searing that, is made a Roman province, it might one Jay be held against his sellow-
comtrymen by sonae independent--nded governor-generat. From Alexandria he proceeded to Syria, and frona Syria to Pontus, newsharing come that Pharnaces, son of the famous Mithridates, hadtaken adu ntage of the confused siluation and already gained severat successes. Five days after his arrivat, and four liours after catchingsight of Phamaces, Caesar woti a crushing victory at Zela: and commented drily on Pompey's good fortune in having bulli up his reputation sor generalihip by victories over such poor stuU as this. Thenhe beat Scipio and Mng Juba at Thapsus in Nortii Africa, where theremnants of the Pompeian party were being reorganized: and Pompey's two sons at Munda in Spain. 36. Throughout the Civit War Caesar was never deseated himself:but, of his generali, Gaius Curio was hilled fighting against tangJuba: Gaius Antonius was captured off Illyricum: Publius Dolabellatost another fleet OT Illyricum: and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus had his army destroyed in Pontus. Yet, though invariably successsul, he twice came close to distater: at Dyrrhachium, where Pompey broheliis biochade and sorced him to retreat - Caesar remarhed when Pompey fassed to p sue him: 'He does not know how to win wars' - and in the sinat batile at Munda, where ali seemed lost and he even considered scicide. 37. Afiter deseating Scipio, Caesar celebrated four triumplis in onemonii, with a sew days' interval between them: and, after deseatingyoung Pompey, a fifth. These triumphs were the Gallic - the firsi and most magnificent- the Alexandrian, the Pontic, the African, and lastly the Spanish. Each differed completely froni the others in iis presentation. As Caesar rode through the Velabrum on the Jay of his Gallic triumph, the axle of his triumphat chariot brohe, and he nearly tooka toss; but asterwards ascended to the Capitol between two lines ofelephanis, forty in ali, whicli acted as his torch-bearers. In the Pontictriumph one of the decorated wagoras, instead os a stage-set representing scenes stom the war, lihe the rest, carried a simple three-word scription
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gratuity of a o gold pieces, in addition to the twenty paid at the ou brea os hostilities, and a sarm. These farnis could not be groupediogether Without evicting former omners, but were scattered ali overthe comtryside. Εvery member of the commons received ten pecksos grain and ten pounds of Oil as a boun , besides the three goldpieces whicli Caesar had promised at firsi and now ressed to fiue, by a way of interest on tiae four years' delay in payment. He added a popular binquet and a distribution os meat; also a dimer to celebrate his victory at Munda, but decided that this had not been splendidenough and, five days later, semed a second more succulent one. 39. His public shows mere of great variety. They included a gladiatorial contest, stag plays for every quarter of Rome performedin severat linguages, chario races in the Circus, athletic competitions, and a mock navat batile. At the gladiatorial contest in the Forum, aman named Furius Leptinus, of patrician family, fought Quintus Calpenus, a barrister and former senator, to the death. The sons os
petiy kings frona Asia and Bithynia danced the Pyrrhic sword dance. One of the plays was written and acted by Decimus Laberius, a Roman knighi, who forseited his rank by so doing; but after the per- , formance he was given five thousand gold pieces and had his gold
chariois or rode patrs of horses, jumping frona bach to back. The so- cased Troy Game, a stiam figlit supposedla introduced by Aeneas, was performed by two troops of boys, one younger than the other. Wildineast hunts took place sve days ruming, and the enteriai ment ended with a batile belween two armies, each consisting of 3 infant , menty elephanis, and thirty caves . To let the camps bepitched facing each other, Caesar removed the central barrier of the Circus, around whicli the chariois ran. Athletic contests were held in atemporary stadium on the Campus Martius, and lasted for three d s. The naves batile was fought on in artificis liae dug in the LesserCodeta, between Tyrian and Fgyptian ships, with two, three, or fourbanses of Oars, and heavily manned. Such huge numbers of visitors fiocked to these shows from si directions that many of them had to
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IULIUS CAESAR ATsleep in tenis pitched song the streets or roads, or on roos iops: and osten the pressure of the crowd crushed peopte to death. The victims
included two senatorS. 4o. Caesar nexi turned his attention to domestic reforms. First hereorganized the Calendar whicli the Pontiffs had allowed to fati intosuch disorder, by intercalating days or monilis as it suiled them, that the harvest and vitage festivals no longer corresponded with the appropriate seasons. He Enhed the year to the course of the sun bylongiliening it stom 333 days to 363, abolishing the shori eXtra monili intercalated aster every second February, and adding an entire dayevery fourth year. But to miae the nexi first of January fali at theright season, he drew out this particular year λ by two eXtra monilis, inserted belween November and December, so that it consisted offifteen, including the intercalary one inserted after February in the oldstyle. 1. He brought the Senate up to strength by creating new patricians, and increased the yearly quota os praetors, aediles, and quaestors, as well as of minor officials: reinstating those degraded by the Censors or condemned for corruption by a jury. Also, he arrangedwith the commons that, apari from the Consul, half the magistrates
should be popularly elected and half nominated by himself Allowingeven the fons os proscribed men to stand, he circulated brief directions
to the voters. For instance: 'Caesar the Dictator to such-and-such a
Caesar changed the old method of registering voters: he made the City landi ords help him to complete the list, street by Street, and reduced stom 32o,ooo to ISo,OOo the number of householders whomight dram free grain. To do away with the nisance of haring to summon everyone sor enrolment periodicassy, he made the praetorsheep their register up to date by replacing the names of dead men withthose of others not yet listed. a. Since the population os Rome had been considerably dimi ished by the transfer of 8o, o men to overseas colonies, he sorbade any citigen bemeen the ages of twenty and forty to absent himselffrom Italy for more than three years in successiora. Nor might any
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housinold or staff: and at least a third of the catilemen employed by gragieri had to be fre born. Caesar also granted the citi genship tost medicat practitioners and professors of liberat aris resident in Rome, thus inducing them to remari and tempting others to followsuit.
He dis possited popular agitators by cancelling no debis, but in the end decreed that every deblor should have his property assessed according to pre-war valvation and, after deducting the interestatready paid directly, or by way of a banker's guarantee, should satis' his creditors with whatever sum that might represent. Sinceprices had risen fleeply, this test debiors with perhaps a fourth part of their proper . Caesar dissolved ali workers' guilds except the ancientones, and increased the penalties for crime; and since wealthy menti ad tess compunction about committing major offences, because theworst that could happen to them was a sentence of erile, he punishedm derers of sello citi gens as Cicero records) by the selaure ofelther their entire proper , or bais of it. 43. In his administration of justice he was both conscientious and severe, and went so far as to degrade senators seund guilty of extor- ition. Once, When an eX-praetor married a woman on the day afterher divorce from another man, he annulied the union, althoughadultery be em them Was not suspected. He imposed a lariss on foretgn manufactures: forbade the use, eXcept on stated occasio , of litters, and the wearing of either scarletrobes or pearis by those below a certain rank and age. To implementhis laws against luxu he placed inspectors in disserent pares of themarhet to selae delicacies offered for sale in violation of his orders: somelimes he even sent lictors and guards into dininyroonis toremove illegat dishes, abeady served, whicli his watchmen had fassed to intercept. 44. Caesar continuatly undertook great new works for the embeulistiment of the City, or for the Empire's protection and enlargement. His first projects were a temple of Mars, the biggest in the worid, tobulld which he would have had to fili up and pave the lahe where thenavat sham4ght had been staged: and an enormous theatre stoplagdown from the Tarpeian Rock on the Capitoline Hili. Mother trah he set himself was the reduction of the Civit Code tommagestie proportions, by selecting from the unwieldy mass of