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INTRODUCTIONGenerat Recommendation of the ICZN l999) states that 'an author establishing a newgenus- or species-gro name should state iis derivation etymology), and in the case of a genus-gro name iis gende V When the Systema tume was publishest classical Latinwas stili the medium os learning and international communication belween saVanis, and it was considered unnecessary to elaborate further on the scientific names published by
Linnaeus and his adherenis. Although authors such as Iean Cabanis and Hvry Oberhoisertook pains to provide etymologies for their newly created genera; those of the stamp of Prince Bonaparte and Gregory Mathews seldoin threw light on the origins of the namesthey coined. In an age when the classical languages are heing allowed to stip into disiise and much linguistic caret e Ssness passes unquestioned, it was suggested that this Dictionarystiould include critiques on poorly formed scientific names. Unhappilyy the tortuous deedsperpetrated upon the classical longues by naturali sis and ornithologi sis over the last two anda half centuries proved the rute, and to join the ranks of critics and classici sis like CarlIlliger. Cari Sundevali and Iean Cabanis would have resulted in much repetition and an unacceptable incrense in the tength of the book
The Ande an Condor Vultur gryphu; was the first species of hird described by CarlLinnaeus, on page 86 of volume I of the cornersione tentii edition l 58) of his Systema
turae. The Bare-faced Bulbul Pycno notus huciisn was described by xvold Duckworth & Timmitis in 2009 The intervening years have se en a welter of generi C, subgeneric specific and subspecific names proposed for bims, usually by single authors although many new eponynis have been coined by multiple authors). Linnaeus 'suntllustraled description of Vultur gryphus totalled twenty-seven wordS and abbreviations, including two referetices and an indication os range . 'Cnonstus huciis et was de altwith in twelve pages, including one map. si x colour photographS four son grumS undnearly two pages of acknowledgements and references, together with a colour painting. The striking differetices bet en the two descriptions highlight the tightening procedures that have accon anted the devel opinent of nomenclature over the intervening two and ahal f centuries innaeus had been an inii ator; a Dee agent whose system, simpler yet superior to ali that had gone before, was eagerly adopted by the scientific communi ty EVen So many early names, e specialty tho se of the eighteenth and early nineleenthcenturies, are considered uni denti flabie. Is the ornithologi sis of the twenty-first centurywish to ensure that their new names are enslirined for posteri ty they must closely followthe articles and principies of the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
The scientific names of hirds can be conveniently divided into categories according to
phononym. These are analysed briefly below, with a law examples of each category1. Morphonym Gr. morphe form Onuma name). Natural ly the plumage, colours and physical characteristi cs of hirds forna the largest category accounting for over half of ali specific names and nearly half of ali generic names . Genera are more obVious candidates for nantes hi ghlighting physical Datures Balaeniceps, Gymnogla HX, OChetori HChHS, Furia) whilst specific epitheis incline more towarcis colour or patierit spallidus occursin l08 genera, Saturiatus in 6 ), although there are many exceptions to these generali sations minor occurs in l00 genera). Specific names of this type carried by more man a
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species Micmgsum mee i after the intrepid and far froni eponymous Alberi Meek whobraved di sense, cannibals and hurri canes in the quest for specimens: Cettia Cetti after the Jesuit pri est Francesco Cetti who wrote authoritati vely on the natural history of Sardinia) or a fellow ornithologist speciali sing in the appropriate group or area inti etes paynteriaster Raymond A. Paynter, Ir for his work on the biology of the genus Atlapetes Pyrrhum smesi for Gustavo Orces V, in recognition of his many contributions to Ecuadorean ornithology). Os ne arly si xty ornithologi sis and collectors who have had more than sive birds named after them sensi Harteri, with 54 specific and subspecificdedications and one genus, heads the list: luminaries ranged after him include Philip
genus), Fretherr voti Erlanger and Edward Nelson 23 dedications e ach). and Friedricli Finsch 22 dedications: one genus): these figures are calculations based on the index ofDickinson 20033. Recent trends incline again towards the use of the unhelpsul eponym In l994 it was proposed that a new species of vi reo, discovered in the Choco rainforestsos Colombia. be named after the company or individual donating the most money for iis conservation Green l9943 Aster a sui table delay reinforcing the faci that even modern mareet forces do not impaci on the juggernaut pace of advance in scientific nomencla- ture, and the subsequent auction, whicli apparently reached sJβ 000. the bird was dulychristened Vimo maxieri Salaman & Stiles l9963. Whether ornithology should use this
strange alii ance of worthy cause and commerciat enterpri se as a precedent for the twenty-
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INTRODUCTIONn ames also take the forin os adjectives agreeing in gender with the generic name se. g. havdinianus for Capt. Nicholas Baudin). but this is no longer recommended. Rules for the formation os eponynas have changed and been nouted over the years, hence the holch-potch of the genitive terminations -i and -ii commemorating the fame person whicli can be mundthroughout the Dictionary schimeli and schlegelii for Hermann Schleget). These apparent orthographic discrepancies have been compotanded by the transtiteration or spei lings of e specialty Russian and Pol isti surnames which have never been uented consistently, and current di sagreements on the Scandi navi an 6 see Mennbergi) Nineleenth-century authors frequently named birds after members of their own fami ly Acestrum helisi r) or for royal patrons Prion pS alberti), but just as osten gave notarther delatis of the person commemoratest belleving explanation unnecessary withintheir own closeled worid. Over one hundred and fifty years ago Prince Bonaparte could afford to deride the fas hion os numing birds after kings and princes in the liope of patronage. As a most proli sic author os genera and species he cast his net wide in se archos new names, sonae times heing inspired by bouis os republicani in Diphyllodes respublica) or caprice Stiarnsentis, Chettusim, yet he succumbed to the unimaginative
The use of personat names in the formation os compotand genus group names has longbeen objectionabie, but Bonaparte revelled in such as Llythmicus, Bruchigavia Gmydidascalus, Rein andi sena Smithigliaux, and Thouarsit remn, to the disgust os more
Linnaeus supported the use of classical and mythical eponynis, regardi ess of their relevance, and authors such as Reichenbach expressed relationships belween groups ortypes of hircis by this means Archilochus, Atthis, Damophilia. Doricha, Mais, MyrtiS, Rhodopis, Sappho). Similarly groups of names after related characters in mythology or places in the ancient world have come to be associaled with different types of hird the characters in the Picus myth for woodpeckers: Attic place names and persons forswallows). With regre tably lam but notabie, exceptions including the paradise king-fishers Lanysipienti nympha galatea, and daniae, classical eponynis have been used in an arbitrary fashion since the naiddie of the nineleenth century In the texi I have gi ven the barest delatis of the person or character commemoruted,
modern languages, including Nepale se, Malay Tupi, Arabic, Zulu, Japane Se RUSSi an, and Italian. I also include classical epitheis such as Aquilia, Asis, Gyps and oenantheta n or modi fled directly froni Latin and ancient Greek The principat classical and late classical solarces Aristolle, Pli ny Aristophanes, Dionysius, Cyranides, Hesychius) arereferred to by name only. Their wores may be found in the Bibliography p. 4l ). The identification os many birds mentione d in the classics has never been fully resolve dbecause the delatis gi ven in the original passages are osten obscured by fantasy or myth or are insufficient for accurate identification. Even such obviousty common hircis asmiga and tum insS cannot be satisfactori ly identi fled, and mediaeval and later writers allotted names in a haphagard way to the birds they knew. The Use of triccus, thrai PiS, thlypis, illas, Ciris, and i X, ait based on obscure classical names, for tyrant nycatchers tanagers, parulid warblers, bulbutS nowerpeckers, and lapwings respectively is now well
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INTRODUCTIONestablislied in ornithology. The origin os fonte names, tost or unrecordest is undoubtedlyindigenous hecause authors like Thomas Horsfiet d. Andrew Smith. William Sykes and Brian Hodgson frequently made use of such names without supplying an etymology. Early Linnaean authors reaped ricli harve sis of autochthonynis froni the wores of Marcgrave, de Bureon, Levaillant and de AZara, and although names such as Aria tinga Cheri Gy, chimango, Bhringa and Bhuchanga were deplored as barbarisms by classici sis they have weli served their purpose as me labeis of nomenclature 4. I ponym Gr. topos place: suurna name). These have proVed more popular as specificnames than generic names, there being er i l00 specific toponyms or geographical epitheis. In the eighteenth and early nineleenth centuries much use was made of classicalnames for those paris of the old World known to the Greeks and Romans Buphagus
africanus, Sittia europaea, Mianellus indicus). As exploration and collecting proceedest aspate os new toponymS was created to reflect the origins of the new avi faunas and discoveri es. Some were created imaginatively Clepisrnis); but most osten the addition ofadjectival suffixe S such as - ensis -anus, or -icus, to the type locali ty sufficed DendrocmsS hima layen Sis, Syrrhaptes ti etiam S. Letrasgallus Cauca Sicus3. Certain epitheis were used in the broadest sense, designating a continent or part os a continent forspecies of otherwise then unknown provenance. Specificatly Cayennensis was used forthe Neotropic s. americanus for both of the Americas, ludovicianus for the interior of North America; Capensis for the solitherii Afrotropics, Se regalensis for Senegambia orthe western Afrotropics, abyssinicus for the eastern and north-eastern Afrotropics, Orientalis for Asia se specialty India and the East Indi es), and novae tollandiae for Australia
auxinulis cloes not always refer to the istand continent). These aside, the most numerous and accurate toponynis refer to the countries of Mexico forty-six specific and subspecific names) Nepai twenty-six names) and Madagascar twenty names). Sometoponynis allude to the type locali ty without direct reference to the actuat place or habitat Lianius meridionalis, Nescisis, Pter droma externa). One cotinus Chile, and one region, Patagonia, are stili commemorated in current generic names . Geographicat epitheis prove more Usesul and memorabie as descriptive tags than eponynis, although the early years of scientific ornithology succeeded in littering nomenclature with unsultable and erroneous toponymS Turniagra Capensis), and suffered froni printers mi frending an author's original manuscript notes or shorthand menius madagascariensis). Suchnames, ho-Ver, are not invalidaled merely because they are geographicatly incorrect S. Taxonym Gr. taxis arrangement: Onuma name). A variety of names is included here
aenigma). The use of the Greek combining forins -sides resembling, pseuds- false, and OPSiS appearance, and Latin sub near to, are e specialty common. Epitheis such as aherrans, ininis, and Similis, imply a comparative or relative degree i. e. the species sodesignated are considered different froni or similar to another species or group of species). Where such names are held by numerous species, it has not always been
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INTRODUCTIONpossibie to list ali of the allied or different birds referred to, and the reader should try toconsuli original descriptions at an ornithology library for specific delatis 6. Bionym GL Diss lila: snuma name). Birds, heing the most mobile of animais, occur in every type of habitat and emironmental condition. The populari ty of habitat nantes reflects
9. Ρhον Onym GL plisne Volce, found . snuma name). Despite the faci that the songs and calis of hircis have elicited admiration. imitation and comment throughout the ages, theyliave yiel ded few names in nomenclature, although autochthonynas tend to be based ononomatopoeia. Many epitheis describe the found of the voice or cali itself upa Coc gus), whilst others are more general or obscure in nature fatis molitGr. Lm tmeris
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doubiful, uni denti able tentative text omitted hom originalquotation
square bracisis enclose presentauthor's clarification orremares within originalquotations male
e Unis, modern equivalent. standard illustration os usage or furtheodifferent usage
hased on based mainly on asan illustration of usnge refersto names hased on substanti vesgi ven hy non hi nominat authors in
derived froni in philologyand etymology this symbolcomentionalty signifies give V, but for familiari tyense of use and clari ty it is used here in a reverse rote)
corrections whether Warrantedor not, subsequent spei lingS printers' errors and erroneous
communicated in personat Conversation Latin Communicavit heCommunicaled)
International Code of Oological Nomenclature
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STANDARD ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
Late L. Late Latin sapprox. l80 to
Modern Latin sapprox. i500 AD to the present)MS I ins
mythology mythological mythicul
gi ven by the author in theoriginal citation or description
pp. Page numbers pl. plate number
Royal Australasianornithologi sis' Union I Bird Australia
Type locali ty appenrs RS His , Hahitat or Hiahitatio in theolder literatum)uni dent uni dentisi te indeterminable
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To a id repetition and to save space in the main texi, me following suffixes and grammatical standams referring to dedication, location, comparison, inception relation and possessioninould be tinen as read where ne CSSur
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Over 20.000 names are uented in the Dictionary and for clari ty and consistency, Dee use hasbeen made of standami sed phraseology and abbreviations see also Standard abbreviations and SymbolS pp. l l , Conmentions p. l8 and Glossary on pp. 26-283. To assi St the reader avoid confusion and render the texi more accessi ble, many entries incorporating derivations hom an existing or synonymous generic in specific name are preceded by 'Frona'. Elsewhere this may be tinen as reast ali other entries heing derived in modi fled froni theetymologies given, with bracisis and the symbol being Deely used to indicate origins and earlier solarces. Many Greek and Latin w ds have a variety of shades of me atting. Forexample, the Greek wom lepisS can mean narro thin, stender, fine, delicate, light, subile sit glit, refinest insignificant, Smali, meagre or Cleansed, according to context. ObViouslysuch a catalogue could not be repented after ench enus The etymology gi Ven therefore, identi fies only the stiade of meaning relevant to each name, and readers should consult
amendments listed following the abbreviation Amend.' under the appropriate genus, thearrangement of entries is alphabetical with generic and specific names in one sequence. Most of the entries fali into a number of well-defined categories, and their interpretation is best made using the following examples see also Paris of scientific names on
illustrated in the examples belo showing current names with their derivations. Ali arebased on classical words the abbreviations Gr. α Greek, and L. α Latin, are the most commonly used). No subsequent, SynonymouS Or atypical us ages are noted in these entries.
In the filast pnir of examples below the specific name celli is an eponym; named after se Francesco Cetti, and the species currently resides in the genus Cettia sgi ven in parentheses at the end of the entry). The generic name Cettia was coined later, and was basedon the specific name cotti sq. v.). Note that Teniminck originalty described the species in the genus Symia
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Occasionalis identicat words may be used generi catly and specificalty in different
contexis. In the example below the genus Motacilloides is currently regarded as a synonym of the genus Pericro stus. The specific epithet motacilloides occurs in the currently recogni sed Species Hemsitschmus mota illsides, and as Leucocirca mstacilloides notnecessari ly the original binomen), a Synonym of Leucscima leucophrys. The name wnScoined to indicate resemblance to a waglail. These are not tautonymS
In the examples belo the non-current genus naptuS is a synonym of the genus Gnorimopsiar shown in parentheses, preceded by the abbreviation 'syn '), and the noncurrent genus Rallites derived frona the genus Rallus) is a synonym of the genus Porriana. In the texi synonym is used in iis broadest sense including errors, mi SSpellings, nomina
nuda, nomina oblita, uni dentisi able names, Varianis, purisnis and corrections