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cach other in time and in ordor. Tho sirst is the minorat Ling-dom, or the earth itself, the parent of the rest. The veget te Lingdom derives iis existence froin the minerais of the earth, in Which also, as in a matrix and Womb, it deposits iis seed as ostenas it proceods to reneW iis birth. Aster this follows tho third generat series, or the animal kingdom; sor an animal requires for iis existetice and subsistence both the whole os nature and the Whole of the worid previ usty existing. Tho last of the series in the animul Lingdom is the most perfeci animal, Orman, Who is the complement of est things and of the whole,
and the microcosm of the macrocosm. In these siX SerieS nature seems to have rested; sor there is no sexenth.
585. Each of which contains under it severat series proper anil sentiat lo itself while each of these again contains series of iis own. Τhis is the case, not only in the genera, but also in the species, and in the individuals of every species; and, Since theanimal Lingdom is more immediately the subject of Our presentattention, We shali seleut for our example the human body, as anatomicatly and physicalty examined, in pari, in Our preceding chapters. Every individual animal is a series of severat
Other series that are essenties and proper to the generat One. Iis essentiai and proper series are tho viscera: of Whicli thehigher series are the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata und spinalis: the loWer, or those of the body, are the lungs, Stomach, liver, panereas, Spleen, WOmb, kidneys, and Severat Others: for these, talion together, are constituent of the form. Erech of these series contains Other subjeci series Whicli areessentiai and proper to it. The latior may be called partialSeries, and the former integral, Or the former single and thelalter common, nil belonging to the whole series. Thus theliver, Whicli is a large gland, includes in it a conglomeration OsSeVerat glands, as do these again a conglomeration of their OWnmOst minute glands. The case is the fame in the rest of the viscera Which have reserenue to their integral series, in the Same manner as the integrat has reseretice to iis common series, and so sortii. A similar law prevatis in the other Lingdoms; as forinstance, in the vegetabie kingdom, in Whicli a tree is one series comprising branches, Whicli are iis proper and essentiat series ;Whilsi, in lilio mauiter, to these branches bolong le88er OneS,
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tWigs and leavos; then finalty fruits and seods, Whicli correSpondio the generative members in an animal, only With this disser-DΠce, that in the treu fhey are reneWed every year, Whereas in
586. So that there is nothino in the visuble worid, which is
not a Series, and in a series. The srsi substance of the Woridis the only one Which doos not sali under the notice of the Understanding ns sonio Lind of series: Dom this, as Dom thesrst determining substance, or the substantia prima, proceed allthe reSt, as series, and betatio thomselves Within the sphere os nature. Thus, Whithersoever We turn our attention, ait thingsthat We meet are merely series, originating in the sirst, and terminating in the first. Mere series, and series of Seri ES, COD Stitute arithmetic, geomet , physios, physiology, nay, ali phil0S0phy. EVen gOVernmenis, both public and private, have respectio their forms and their subordinations; and are conSequently series of things. Dy series it is that Ue Speati, reason, RHd Ret.
587. Consequently, the science of natural thinos deperiri on adistinct notion os series and deprees, and of their subordinationand coordination. The betier a person kDOWs hoW to arrange into order things Whicli are to be determined into action, so that there may exist a series of essecis soWing 1 rom their genuine causes, the more persect is his genius. And inasmuch us auarrangement of this kiud is prevalent throughout nature, So the faculty of arranging is perfected by observation and reflectiorion the objects of nature, by natural abilities, and by the assistance of those instructors Whose minds are nos too artifici allymoulded, or under the influence of prepossessions, but Who claim to themselves a Deedom in contemplating the objects of nature Mith a vieW to hecomo instructod by things themSel Ves, as theysoπ forth in their ordor.
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tho subjects of accidenis and qualities. These substances arem auisold; nevertheless, of ali that are in the universe, there is Only one Dom Whicli the rest soW, and On Which, as their si stprincipie, the principies of natural things are impressed by tho Deity. Each series has iis firsi and proper substance, Whicli substance nevertheless depends for iis existence oti the first substance of the WOrid. 589. To the intent that we may adi ance from the primary80urces of Gistence, we shali bessin with substances, which are thesubjects of accidenis and qualities. A subject is that, in Which aro ad things that can bo predicaten os it. Accidents are the thingsthus included; such as form, figure, magnitude, determinationin agreement With the form, active force, vis agendi &c. Qualities are predicated os substances considered ns the subjecis of accidenis; as the quality of form, figure, magnitude, intrinsic determination, force, ke.: Hi these things are sustatuod by the Substance, as the subjeci. For is it be inquired, inhat is there in a substance 3 The reply is, accident s. Is again, What sori ofthinos are accidenis The reply is, Τhey are determinabie qualities. Is again, What is their quantity, or How much The replyis, They are quantities, Which are also degrees of qualities. Aris
derives the name os substanee. For CXample : CVery COmpound Si Stanee, or one Series, is the things containest in it were notproper to it, Would not be a Substance per Se, consequently there Would be no substance Or universe. Nevertheless, there is nconnexion Os ali things, in respect to exiStence, as also in respectio subsistence, SO far as SubsiStence denotes perpetunt existeuce.
Wolss observes, that substance is the subjeet Os intrinsic, constant and variabie determinations,'' and se is that in Whicli dWollitie Same essentials and attributes, While modes successiVely
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Vary.V ΠΟ, there1 re, supposes that substanee, Without active
379 ) But there are also inert sub StanCOS. 590. These substances are manifolii; nevertheless, of ali thalare in the universe, there is only one from which the rest solo. The reason is, that there is a connexion botWeen est things in the Worid, and a mutuat dependence on their first principies, since there is nothing Whicli is not a series, Or in a Series n. 586.)This transcendental truth is manifested only by contemplationos the various objecis in the World; and is conSequently notacknowledged excepi by a rationes vlew of the facts presented by generat experietice. Nevertheless, that the truth is such, both reason and experienee abundantly testisy.
591. And on which, as their Frst principis, the principies of natural thinys are impressed by the Deity. Consequently, the
ove-mentioned substance is the sirsi substance Os nature, and tho 1irst of the mundine system. ΤO this firsi substance are
propriated and attributed the things whicli aro in it; thus it may bo said to subsist by itfel : but nos to susiain accidenis;
for When We reflect on it abstractedly, We perceive that tho idonos accidenis, resulting Dom the forms and essenues of finitethings, is not in any Wise adequale to it; since nothing cau becategoricatly predicated of those things Whicli are above nature, as are those Whicli are in the 1irsi subtaneo. Where re onlyhalf of the philosopher 's desinition Os a substanee, namely, thatit is an cutity Whicli subsists by itself, and sustaliis accidenis, applius to this sirsi substance of the universe ; but the whole tonit Other substances. The ancients there re sald With Ρlato, that the materia prima is a thing of abstruse and ObScure ConSideration, and that it is impossibio in the nature of things that any kn0Wledgo fhould bo obtatuod of it, excepi such as is indirect ; or, as Aristolle affirmed, excepi by Way os analogy audsimilitudo; and that it is to bo considered as Without form and accidents, ke. But so sar as it contains the cause of the exist- ence of ali Other substandos, it is to bu understood as their sirst
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dom, the sirst of the vegetabie, and the first of the animul; or the srst os every species, that is, of every individual of tho
respective Lingdoms. These first und proper Substances are What are called by sOme elemenis, monads, primitive and simple substances; nos that they are absolutely primitive and simple, but that they are so in respect to the compo und substances Ostheir series; for is they Were absolutely such, they Would ali
Whicli the ancient philosophy involved only in a seW. I Would
nilow the srsi substance of any series to bo absolutely primitive and simple, is any thing in nature Would be thereby renderedcapable of explanation; but since nothing Whatever ean be Soexplained, I thinti that I ought not to malle the admission. Stili tess can I do so, is that substance is to be conceived assimple according to the usual description Os a Simple entity, Vig. as destitute os paris, magnitude, fgure, internat motion, divisibility ; by Whicli adjunci, substance Would be deprived of the
notion essentiat to it; as is done When a negative is associatod
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III. 593. Tho firsi substance of every series is iis most simpleand Only Substance, Whicli reigias through the wholo individual Series. From it, and according to iis nature, soW ali thingsWhich have a visibio determination in the entire series. Forsrom it, by order of succession, and by connecting media, ure derived substances more compOunded, Whicli are iis vice- gerenis in the ultimates of the series, and thus give determination to the things existing in that series. By the determination of these substances are formed Others more Compounded, which may bo called mediating and subdetermining Substances; by Which the essentiai and proper series, Whicli constitute theentire Series, are compacted and connected together. By determining substances, through the medium Os sueti as ure sub- determining, one thing is so perpetuatly connected Uith another, that an unconnected part is not proper to the Same series; COΠ- Sequently, there is a coestablished harmony. The ostablishment of this harmony is the more perfeci, in proportion us the more Simple Substances are more distinctly discriminated Dom the
594. The si si substance of every series is iis most simple an lon0 substance, which reions thro h the whole individual series. Thus the spiritu iis suid in every individunt of the animal Ling-dom, is the only living substantiat fluid, and the ali in overy pari; by the operation of Whicli, ovorything in that limitoduniverse is continued, Supplied Mith mOiSture, nouriShed, TCHO-
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595. From it, and accordino to iis nature, solo ali thinos which have a visibie determination in the entire series. This Ithiuli is confirmed in Chapter III, On the Formation of the Chioli in the Egg. 596. For from it, by order of succession, and by connectivmedia, are derived substances more compotin led, which aretis viceserenis in the ultimates of the series. Thus there is thopiarer Or White blood consisting of plano-Oval spheriales; nexi tothis follows the red blood, Whicli is the third in Order Whon the spirituous suid is considered res the first. Wheresore the red
The nature of the composition Os ench species of blood fromiis oWn spirituous fluid is explained in n. 9I, 92, 95, 96, 108, 37I. This composition is effected by Saline connecting corpuscules tukeu from the family of such as are inert n. 4345, 50-57, 9I, 92). Τhese corpuscules aci RS Concurrent nudaeeeSSOry cnHSeS; and being accessory, although they are sueti by Viriue os an express provision, they are called contingent 11. 263). Thus the minerat and vegetable Lingdonis concurto the existence of the animal kingdom, Since Without those Lingdoms, the connecting, compo unding, and persecting elements Would be Wanting; and the spirituous fluid, being destitute os iis auxiliaries, Would in vain attempt to carry On iis Work of formation.
597. And thus pine determination to the thinys existino in that series. To the intent that they may give this determination, itis requisito, I. That they be fluids; sor suids, especialty tho
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atmosphoric suids of tho mundano system, and the livingssuids of the animul Lingdom, represent most persectly the forces of active and passive nature in their form : since in these forcesis containod the cause of tho co-existence of things. It is requisite, 2. That they flow Within their tunios Or membranES, by Whicli they receive their determination. Thus the spirituOus fluid is detorminod by iis tunius or membranes, Whenee RriSesibros; and both Linds of blood aro dotormined by their tunius Rud membranes, Whenue nrise vesseis n. 130 . For a fluid un- circumscribed is only an indeterminate suor. It is requisite, 3. That tho fluid and iis tunic aci conjointly as One and the Same determining cause; thus mill the one be in consormity to
598. By the determination of these substance8 are formedothers more compotinde whιch may be called mediatino and sub determinino substances. Such, for inStanee, Rre mOVing Ormuscular fibres, Whicli are produced by the determination ofthoir fluids in thoir fibros and vesseis n. 503, 510). For that suids may put anything in motion, the litile vesseis containing
them must be SO arran ged, as to possess the ability of moving, Whicli is a consequence of determinations, or os subordinations and coordinations. Where re no part of the body is destitutuos iis motive fibre; and Whateuer part becomes destitute, lives not in iis entire series, in an active, but a pa88iVe character, Ortives nos in the particular, but in the general; Such as bones, Cartilages, tendons, Which yet originalty Were formed by the coalescence of moving fibres sti. 536). But motive fibres are noldetermining substances, bocause they are the fibres and vesseis of thoso fluids whicli determino them; notther are they, in respect to the members Whicli are put in motion, SubStanees determined, for they exercise a moving force; Wherefore theymay properly be callod subdetermining aud mediating sub Stanees. To the subdetermining substances of the body correspond the Subdetermining substances in the brain, Whicli areitS Organte Substanees, spherules and cortices tori n. 287, 505,
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stitute the entire series, are compacted and connected tosether. Such are ali the viscera a d members, and also the organ S, Whicli construct a series, and causo it to aut according to iis strueture Or form. There re the viscera and members them-Selves, as being Substances determined, consist merely Os mus-cles and glands; the muscies and gland s consist merely Os diminutive vesseis, these diminutive vesseis of mere fibres, and tho fibres of a more spiritu us fluid, Whicli is the ali in every pari. ConSequently, the viscern and members consist Os the Same spirituous fluid, sor Whicli reason they are iis essentiai and proper Series n. 585).
as are Sub determining, one thino is so perpetuatly connected withanother, that an unconnected part is not proper to the fame Series: consequently, there is a coestablished harmony. This floWs us a consequence Dom What has been said above, and Dom What remaliis to be said, Without any further comment. In the mean
time, the subjeci here principalty treated of is the connectionof the animal series, Which being tho most perfeci os ali in thosystem of the wOrid, may be considered as the exemplar of therest. For a Similar Order every Where prevatis; that is to Say, there are determining Substanees, sub determining SubStaneeS, and things determined, Where descent Or ascent is made by three degrees; but in cases Where there are Only tWO degrees, thereis no complete determination. For to every perseet determination there is required a three id progression; since to the existence of an agent and a patient, there is requisite an intermediate having reserenoe to both.
proportion as the more simple substances are more distinct0 discriminaled from the more compound. Τhis is the case moreespecialty in the brains, although it is verissed likeWiso in thebody. For in the bratus the spirituous fluid, With iis fibres,
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Secretes and separatos itsulf most distinetly froni tho blood or iis VeSSeis, inasmuch as the red blood, ut the instant of iis arrivalat tho cortical substance of the brain, ceases to be red, andenters into it as White bl od, and huncc again tuto the littius bres as pure blood, or spirituous suid, yet stili it is in perpetuat continuity, and suffers no part of itself to bo excluded Dom that continuity. The moro distinctly there re the suid of one degree seceriis itself from the fluid of another, Whilst the continuity stili remaius unbroken, the more perseet is the harmonyestablishod. So likewisu in tho body; the more persectly the vesseis of the rest blood distinguisti themsolves Dom the vesseis of the white blood, and thoso of the whito blood Dom the fibres, Whilst the continui ty stili remnitis utibroken, the more persect is
557). Henco the circulation of the blood is subtriplicate n. 148). Thus otio fluid in iis place may aci aS a cause, and another in iis placo as another cause, and also nil together conjointly asone CauSe n. 147, 150 . 603. And substances of the fame defree, si om their a88Ociales, their essen e and attributes remaining the fame. For throughout the wholo hody there is not a single artery, Vein, Or dros Ofblood, Which, as to ali iis accidenis and qualities, is exactly similar to another, there being a diversity in ali n. 97-99). Thus Deither is there a single fibre altogether similar to another,us to iis essetice and attributes; consequently Deither is there any suid pervading them altogether similar to another: hencendither is there any fibre biit has iis o vn proper litile heari pre
formen and elicitost out of their oWn fluid, by the privation ius me degree of iis forces and fluidity, it follows, that no individual thing can possibly be the subject os an exactly similaraecidentality. Neverthel ess, in cach and ait, there may be the Same tendency conspiring to produce essecis, of Whicli theessenee may be rendered the more perfeci, in proportion as the substances from Whicli they result, are distinguished from eachother, and in proportion as the more simple are distinctly se