The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

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principie, Whenee Comes a more perseet Order; Or by some inserior principie, Whence comes a more imperseet ordor. Con- cerning the persectiori of harmoni OUS COEStablistiment, See n. 602-606. This perfection in things successive coincides Withtho se transcendental goodnessV Of the ancients, Whieli, necord-

but that We ourselves are the cause of our imperfection.

617. The prior also can ewist without the posterior, but notthe posterior luithout the prior. I Speah not of things undetermined, Whicli are the subjects of the theoretical sciences, butof things determined, Whicli are subjects of the worid and of nature, in Whicli there is nothing Whatever that is undeterminod, because there is nothing Whicli is not either a series, Or in a series

n. 586). For the spirituous fluid exisis prior to the puror blood, and the purer blood prior to the red blood, in Which

Chaptor III., on the Formation of the Chicli in the Egg. Con- Sequently, What is prior can Sub Sist Withous What is posterior n. 67); and thus, after the decease of the body, the foui Willsurvive; sor Wheu the body peri8hes, nothing perishes but more

accidenis, and nothing recedeS DOm the SOul but mere acces-SOries, Or elements borroWed Dom the Lingdoms of the earth. VI.618. Such as are the substances, such likeWise are thoireSSenceS, attributes, accidenis, and qualities; or est their adjuncis. Os these also it may be predicated, that they are

Series, and are in a series; of the adjuncis, that Some are more Or Je88 Simple, prior, Superior, interior, uni VerSal and perfeci, compared With others; just as is the case With the substances in

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cated further, that the superior enter by influx into the inferior, and vice versa, according to the modo in Whicli the substancesare formed, and in Whicli they communicate by connecti ou Witheach other. But those Whicli Occiapy a superior place are incomprehensibie, and to the sensory of things inferior appear ascontinuous; Whilst those Whieli occupy an inferior place are comprehensibie, and appear to the sensory Os things superior aS contiguous. Yet sueti is the coestablished harmony of ali things in the Same series, that they mutuatly correspond to ench other, Without any disserenue but that os persection according to de-grees ; Wherelare the inferior regard the superior as their analogues and eminen COS.

619. Such as are the substances, such likewise are their Sence' attribules, accident' and qualities; or ali their adjuncis. For substances are the Subjects of accidenis and qualities. Istherelare We say, that matter joined to form is the substance;

that the nature by Whicli it determines itself according to the form, or the nature joined to the form, is the essenue of that substance; that the possibility of admitting modes is iis attribute ; that the modes themsolves are iis accidenis; and that the variety of modes is their quality; Wo may in such a case infertho sol lowing to bo the ordor of the Whole :-that essentialS pro- perly belong to the substance itself, attributes to essentiais, accidenis to attributes, and qualities to accidentS. ConSequently, Whateuer is predicated of a substance, is sueti as the substance itself is. 620. in these also it may be predicateg that they are Serte'

Iity cannot be predicated of them. Τhus a muscle iS R COm-pound Substance, and is a series of motive fibres, and is in a SerieS, ViZ., in the integral or common series of the hody: iis essenee consiSis in the form Or construction of the fibres in and

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AN INTRODUCTION TO RATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY.

is talion collectively, in the muscio: iis accidents are modes :iis modes, talion either successively Or simultaneouSty, Rre theaction, Os Whicli, according to the variety and relation of the modes, quality is predicated. Therelare, since a muscle is VieWed as a series, the forces and modes, With the action thencereSUlting, are alSo vlewed as series, Whicli receive their qualityaccording to the form and the nature of the action thenee re

621. in the adjuncis, that some are more Or D88 Simple, prior, Superior, interior, universal and perfeci, compared with others; just as is the case wilh the substances in which they are, and fromwhich they solo. Thus as the simple motive fibres in a museleare iis first anu supreme substances, ku.; as the White motiVefibres are iis posterior and inferior substances in respect to those Whicli are Supreme, but iis prior and superior in respect to the fleshy motive fibres made up of the vesseis of the red blood, Whichare iis posterior and inserior substances; so likeWise are theseposterior and inferior substances prior nud superior in respeet tothe entire muscle, Or to ali the muscies of the Same common Series, Whicli are the m Ost compound motive fibres, consequently the last or lowest in respect to nil those Whicli are prior and Superior. The ense is the fame With the forces, modes and actions resulting Dom them.

622. It may be predicated further, that the superior enter hyinsum into the inferior, and vice versu, accordino to the mode in which the substances are formed, and in which they communicate by connection with each other. For the larces and modes them

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one fleshy motive fibre may consist Of n myriad of White Or mediate motive fibros ; and one White or mediate motive fibre, of amyriad of simple motive fibres. The sensory, therefore, Whicli disceriis O ly the degrees nud moments of the entire muscies amongst each Other, cannot distinguisti the degrees anil moments of the motivo floshy fibros amongst Onch other, stili tess of the Simple fibres; Wherofore the forces and modes of the lalter ap-

624. Whilsi those which occupy an inferior place are comprehensibis, and appear to the sensory of things superior a8 contissuONS.For the sensory itself cannot judgo distinctly of the sensibie impressions of Whicli it is the subjeci, since it conceives only a generat notion Os them, that is, of the generat action of thelareeS and modes. Hence, to judge Os What belongs to an inferior poWer, a Superior poWer is required. For the superior distinguishos and discertis, in the inferior, the esSences, attributes, accidenis, and qualities, as compounded of their more simple principies, but entering into them in a generat manne consequently as distinguished into degrees and momenis; Whenee comes the perception of What is simultaneous and of What is

625. Vel such is the coestablished harmony of au thinos in the Same Series, that thm mutuatly correspond to each other, without ony di ferenoe but that os perfection accordino to deprees. Thus

the simple moving fibre acis precisely in the Same manner RS

626. Where fore the inferior resard the superior as their analvue8 and eminen es; because they are incomprehensibie

n. 623), and yet mutuatly corresponding to each other n. 625).Τherelare, the proximately superior may be called the anulosue of the proximaleb inferior; that whicli is stili Superior, may

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be called the eminent of the inserior; and that whicli is stillsuperior, may be called iis Supereminent; and SO On.

modes of acting of the muscular motive fibres, is to be under-stood also respecting Sensation S, regarded as forces and modes. For is the organs themselves be considered as series, and these Series as compOund Substanees, Whicli sustain accidents both intrinsic and extrinsic; or is they be considered as subjects of the sensation of the things Which besali them; in this caso thoorgans, according to their Lind, have sensation Os those things, and impari their sensations to the brain, according to tho Lindos connection intervening betWeen the tWO. Again, vice verSa, the brain, Whicli is the common sensory of the Organs of thebody, has sensation according to iis quality or Liud, and causes the Organs to Sensate according to the Lind or quality of the connection intervening betWeen them and itself n. 622). There- fore, hom the connection Of the Substanees, We may form njudgment concerning the influx of sensations. What is tho harmony coest lislied in the brain sor this purpose, Will beseen in n. 641-648. VII. 628. Aggregate entities of the fame degree and series have reseretice to their uniis, as to their most simple paris, With Which they are homogeneous. From the Drm, nature, and mode of acting of these aggregates, are discoverable the form, nature, and mode of acting of the paris. Consequently, a generat and particular experimental knowledge of the thingsWhicli at any time reach any sensory, Wili potnt out the essence of the most minute things of the fame degree, as also of the corresponding things of the stili more simple Or superior degrees. Wherelare Ue ure led into the inmost knowledge of naturalthings by the doctrine os series stud degrees conjoined With

629. Aggregate entities of the fame depree and series have reference to their uniis, as to their most simple paris, with which

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they are homoseneous. By uniis I do not mean the monads Os Morinus ; or the homoeomeriae Os Anaxagoras . Os ClaZOmene; Orthe atoms of Epicurus, Democritus, Leucippus the Elean, or OfΜochus the Phoenician; nor the primitive stud simple elements of other philosophers, considered ns incapable of being further resolved; but by uniis I mean the most minute constituenis ineach degree of any series. FOr in a series of three degreesthere are three distinct utilis, or three distinci quantities Ofuniis ; or, Should any one preser another mode of expressing is, in a series of three degrees, there are three substanees Or Simplelarces to be considered as uniis; one of Whicli is more Simplethan another, yet having a mutuat relation to euch other; thus the other things composed of them, are as numberS CompOSed of such uniis, pacti os Whicli is homogeneous to iis OWn unit n. 156). Thus in the animal Lingdom there are three Successive fluids to be considered as quantities, Vig., the red blood, the intermediate blood, and the spirituous suid, each of Whichlias referetice to iis oWn unit as the most simple particle os iis oWn degree n. 115, 156). The case is the fame in other instances : as in that of the bloOd-vesseis and fibriis of the nervos; in that of the motive fibres of the muscies, and of the simplepores and vesicles of the glands. It is the fame also in the vegetable and minerat Lingdoms, thus in every specieS of metal, minerat, Carth, Stone, Salt, Water, Oil, and Spirit, in every de-gree os composition of Whicli there are particles, whicli are theuntis of their quantities. So again in the circumfluent or atmospheric World; the nir, ether, and higher auras are nil composed of Such paris. Consequently, as this is the case With substances, AO is it the case With their essenees, attributes, Re

paris or elements of Such matter, With Which ali other things of the fame degree maintain a homogeneity. It is here to beob Served, that matter, paris, and elements are predicated of things considered ns abstracted Dom their substances, Or of the adjuncis of their sub Sintices: so that these uniis are the paris audelements of philosophicat matter. The degrees also and moments themselves, When considered differentialty in rogard to ench

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630. It is important to have a distinet idea os uniis or paris, and of the quantities and qualities thetice resulting, in Orderthat Ue may have a distinet idea os degrees in the progre8Sion of things; sor Dom theso ideas 1low a distinet notion of Series,itS Drm, nature, composition, chango, and divisibili ty. For

nggregate of things coordinate, admits of boing dividest tili 70uarrive at iis unit; beyond which you cannot proceed surther, and yet leave a unit, or a part of that degreo; for is this unitbe re8OlVed, there no longer remaius a unit os iis OWn degree, but os a superior degrest. For a uult itself is a series of SeVerat. other uniis, because it is itself in the series of the univerSe ; nox cari anything be conceived as not being a serius, except the sirst substance of ali n. 586). Consequently, a superior Huit, and the proximately inferior unit of the fame series, are to enebother in a triplicate ratio; that is, the one bears the Same ratioto the other as a root to iis cube: the casu is the fame Uith re-gard to the rest. Thus they are not homogeneous to ea liother; neither are the uniis of disserent series, uni ess they are contained under the fame genus. For to the production os allthe variety that exisis in the universe, it is requisito that therebe distinci series, vig., One Within another, One in juxtapositionWith another, and ono for the salie os another; yet nil nder- fully connected With each other, and ali having referetice to thesirst series of the universe. Uniis thus considerest are either ofa determined Or certain quantity Or quali ty, as in ali terreStriat things; or of one that is undeterminen or Varying, as in theauraS of the Worid, amongst the paris of Whicli theres ore thereis a harmonious variety n. 604-606); paris Whicli nevertheless, in respeet to their OWn ratios, are determinate. The Pythagorean philosophy seems to have aclinoWledged similar uniis, haVing their harmonios and concords, Whicli it compares With the

631. Urom the form, nature, and mode of acting of these aggressate8, are discoverable the form, nature, and mode of actino Uthe part8. FOr aggregates are nothing but a number of their unitS or paris, Which does not carry With it any peculiar nature of iis oWn, but merely that os iis uniis. Τhis may be illustraled by the instance of the uir or Ether, the greater volumes of Which

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Rre circumstanced, in ali their modes of acting, exactly liketheir tesser volumes, and thoir tesser like their least or theirparticles : for there is nothing in such a pure volume, Whicli is proper to it, but Whut it has received Dom iis paris; as elasti-

Whicli it is such as it is . So likeWisu in regard to the fluids of the animal Lingdom; each of Whicli, in iis largest volume, represenis iis least volume; consequently, any one part is thetype of the whole n. 105, 156, 159, 306). The case is the fame Willi everything else Whicli at any time becomes an object Of

unit; sor then, of What Was besore an undetermined aggregate of uniis, a determined single one is formed, Whicli acquires thename of a substance subsisting by itself n. 589). Froin theseremacts it solioWs as a consequence, That a generat and particular e erimental knowle e of the thius which at any timereach any sensory, wili potns out the essenoe of the most minute thinos of the fame deIree. 632. As also of the correspondino thinys of the stili more Simple or Superior deurees. For according to the theorem in n. 625, such is the coestablished harmony of ali things in the Same Series, that they mutuatly correspond to each Other, Without any disseretice but that os perfection; and the inferior regard the Superior as their analogues or eminences n. 626 and 252).Τhere is nothing in any series Which does not contain the causeos ali that is subsequent to it, and refer itself to ali that is antecedent. Thus the nature of the officient cause is mademanifest Dom a caremi examination of the effeci. Heiace byreflection alone On perceptibie phenomena, only adding to themthe degree of perfection whicli our rules direct, and investigatingthe origin Whicli is proper to their nature, We arriVe at thelinoWledge of things superior; but only of those Whicli are in Series of the fame species, in Whicli everything that occursillustrates and declares, in iis own Way and manner, What is thequality of each particular. N V, Dom these We may eVen RrriVeat the knowledge of What thoro is in the others, is the con-

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nection und relation betWeen them be given, and their specificand particular disserenoes. Where fore we are ted into the inmost knowle e of natural thinos by the doctrine of series and Gyreescon Dined with perience.. VIII. 633. The most simple and the only substance of the animal Lingdom is the spirituous fluid; Whicli is most persectly determined by the sirst aura of the world; Whetico it oblatris sueti a nature, as to be a Substance capable os formitig iis oWn body; and to havo in il life and consequently foui, Whicli is the principie of the things existing in the whole of that series. 634. The most simple and the only substance of the animal kinydom is the spirituous suid. This se have osten SheWn in Our precessing remariis. It is the ali in every pari, and the onlysubstance Whicli lives, nil the rest boing derived froni it, throughtho interjection os elements borroWed Dom the earth, Whieli are neceSSOries, by means of Whicli it passes into tho insorior fluids, through these in to the material hody, and thus into the ulti

635. Which is mosi perfect0 determined by the si si aura

the worid. This follows as a consequence, is the paris of this fluid are a series, and in the series of the universe; sincenothing is prior, superior, more univerSal, more perseet, thau the aura immediately formod froin the firsi substances, DomWhicli it possesses nil iis potency-a potency Whicli is Scareelymore expressible than is that of the parent substance iiself, o

Which, as their first principie, the principies of natural thingsare impressed by the Dei ty n. 59 I). For tho first aura is thevertest form of the forces of the created universe, to whicli thequalities of the inferior auras can be ascribed only by Way os eminence; such as determinability, modificability, fluidi ty, elasticity, With severat others; for this aura is the very and most perfeci force of nature in form. But whothor the individual particles of the spirituous suid are formed by tho determinationos that aura, so as to be tho firsi and most perfeci series of the animal kingdom, can only be concluded froni the linoWledge of D 2

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essecis, Or seen as it mere by reflection in a mirror; sor the

phenomena Whicli indicate in What manner the inferior aurassoW into the liso os an unimal;-as first, in What manner thenir soWs in, nexi, in What manner the ether, then in WhatmRnner the Superior aura, and Iastly, the supreme : for that there are laur in order is shewn in various paris of our WOAE

n. 53-58, 65-68, 584). With regard to the air, it expendsali the natural poten y and force it possessos in Sustaining the animal bOdy. It exercises, for instanee, the potency and force of pressure on iis sursace, that the paris may be held together in connection With the whole: iis potency and force of fluencyupon the lungs, that they may respire, and enable the paris Osthe body, in connection One With the other, to live : iis potencyand force of producing modifications iapon the Windpipe, la HX, and longue: iis potency and force of receiving modifications

upon the ear, the whole structure of Whicli most artificintly corresponds to iis modes Or modulations; nay, it also assisis in the

With regard to the ether, or more eminent uir, this QSO Employs iis potericies and forces in holding together in connection, and in giving animation to, the paris corresponding adequalelyto iis nature; as might be proved by numerous examples Whichit is not necessary here to adduce. I Will mention Only, that

this ether modifies iis OKn Organ, or the lye, When e ComeSvision as the analogiae of hearing : it produces also modifications in those animais that spontaneousty excite for them-selves light in dactness, ns cnis, dormice, kc.; beside Whicli it contributes to the existetice of the purer or middie blood n. 53-57). With regard to tho superior ether, that it supplies to the purer Organs similar uids for their activi ty and lise, is sufficiently evinced by the subordination of the organs and Sensations of the body to those of tho brain, a subordination, Whicli, on comparing the instincts of the higher With those of the more imperfeci or brute animais, Whose spirituous suid is determined by this ether, is seen to bo disserent in disserent species. With regard to the human spirituous suid, this is