The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

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There is a communication from the inferiora to the furface. It isto be observed,V says Lancisi, that the orifices of the diverticula, Whicli are numerous in both auricles and Ventricles, are prO-

the margins of these litile mouilis by their alternate passage toand fro, as it urere by the chasing of a fine and delicate pumico' n. 388, p. 368). I Wish Ruysch had triud this passage With his injections. What DoW cati be pluinor thau that the bio deXpressed Dom the lacunae into the ducis, is forced into the

motive fibres, and prompis aud urges them to diastole or reciprocat action. For, I. Orifices that spread into ramifications, Visil,ly open in the lacunae, or under the columns. 2. The firstblood that comes is received under these coverings, and in theseCrysis, and When Once received, cannot be Wrung Out tuto the larger artery; sor When the hestri is constricted, it is compressed directly toWards these lacunae Whenovor it is compressed tOWard the intermediato septum. 3. Τho blood of the common Ventricle presses upon it, and the particular Walis Or columns, Whichare HSO muScular, likeWise press upon it. 4. By the continuat

Washing of the blood, tho mouilis, together With the ducis, aresInoothed doWn, as is by the chnfing of the finest pumice. 5.Τhe blood iiij octod into thoui, is diffused through the Substance

of the heari, in the samo maniter as any Other liquor, according

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409. But bufore Wo leave this subjeci, Whicli is of the great- est importance in the doctrine of the heari, let us, by induction

om What wo have stated, yet still With experietice at Our Side, ascertain hos tho blood is carried doWnWariis froin the lacunae, through thoso ducis into tho muscular substance of the beari, and hoW it is carriod doWnWards into the coronary Vesseis. Onething is evident, that there are ducis leading into the muscular substanco of the heari, and Which We shali cali Immissaries; that thoro are also ducis tending Dom the muscular substance into the coronary Vesseis, and Which We shali cali Emissaries;

and that there are ducis leading immediatoly hom the lacunae into the coronary vesseis, and DOm these bach into the lacunae, and which We may cali Commissaries. 1. With respect to the passages that impori the blood, or tho immissaries, that thereare Such, and that they are the identical fleshy ducis whicli Ioadfroin the ventricius to the substance of the heari, is clear DomWhat Wo have ni ready shewn n. 404, 406). 2. Τhat there are passages that expori the blood, or emissaries, is evident Dom the Same eXperimental facis; for since the bl od cannot be forcedback into the lacunae of the heari, namely, during Systole, it must necessarily be forced through the emissaries to the sursaco, Or into the superficiat vessetf. I have sometimes, in sollOWingus tho direction of the muscular planes With a caresul Cye, Seeulittio ducis Which universally, like the planes themselves, after lending toWard the base or middie septum Of the heari, have at

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Or When occasion requires n. 388, p. 367 . I have likeWisu Seen ducis Opening especialty Dom the upper lacunae of the right Ventricte, and in generat leading doWn dueply to the wali os a Single large coronary vesset, so that When a brisite Was inserted, iis progress terminated in the vesset iiseis. 410. Further; during the systole of the heart there is noothor Oxit for tho blood than through the large arteries, namely, the pulmonary artery and aorta, and at the fame time throughthese seshy ducis toWards the muscular substance of the beari, and ut the fame time Dom the muscular substance into the Superlicies vesseis; in a Word, through ali tho immissarios andemissaries, but nos through the commissaries. But Wheu thelieari retiarns to iis diastole or expansion, these ducis are clOSed, and the Others are Opened; namely, the communicatory Or Commissary ; so that by these means the blood can bo driven Deutysrom the coronary vesseis into the ventricles, and bach again. But lut us proceed to particularS. 411. During the systole of the heart there is uo Other exit for the blood than through the large arteries, namely, the Pul-mOHary Rrtery and aorta.-Τhis is an incontestibie and well-knOWn laci; for there are valves to prevent the blood Dompassing out of the ventricles into the auricles. 412. And ut the fame time through these fleshy ducis to-Wards the muscular substance of the heart. For these ducis are So many Smali and proper arteries of the heari, and have thoirOWn Smali and proper ventricles Or chambers, Which We have denominated lacunae. Some of them are supplied With valvos; to Some a fleShy column itself serves the Ossice of a valve; to

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the muscular substance of the hoari and Ruricles, ... We find

of the lossor and least arterius that a re distributed through, and buriod Within, one or Other of the muscular planeS, Wo S Valves Opposed, Whicli in faci preventod the regress of theblood froin the lossor arteries into the largor' n. 387, p. 364). So that these passages appear to bo constructed With such ingenuity and forothought, that the blood sent into tho proporariorios of the heari and auricles, Or into the immisSarieS, perpetuatly stimulates the motive fibre to receive it, and thus excitos the sentire muscio of the honrt to iis diastole and reciprocat systole; for otherWise the fibro of tho heari Would bedestituto Of iis active and expanding force. 413. And at the fame time Dom the muscular substance into the superficiat vessetf.-For the muscie, When emptiod Os iis

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slowly Dom certain littio mouilis in disserent paris of tho septum and iis vicinityV n. 388, p. 367). Hence We learn that thoblood is expressed into the commissaries, and determined in thodiroction in Whicli there is the least resistanee; that is to say, into the 11OW empsy Ventricie. Reason moreover leads to thesamo conclusion; for is ni the time of the hoart's systole, thennastomoses stOOd open so that the blood could bo derivod Domthe incutiae into the superficiat vesseis equalty as Woli as into the motive fibros, then the greatust pari, is not the whole of it, Would pass tho motive fibres by, and bo expolied with violenco; Whilo the crudor puris intermixod With the bl ood, as Wolt iis thurecent chyle, Which could not be convoyed into the suo motivo fibres, Nould clog the immissarios, and duli and extinguisti thomuscular sorcos. The texture of the heari, therelare, Seems tobe so framod, that ns the motive fibres constrici, they draWapart tho Walis of the vesseis leading to them, and pre8S upontho othors. This appears to coincide With the laci, of One species of vesseis passing through the texture of the fibros, and of tho other creeping along the Strata. 415. From the coronary vesself, either through two foramina into the aorta, or through one Drye foramen into the right auricle, or through several smali foramina into the fame. Since therofore

not floW in any other direction than through ali the bo rementioned orifices, cithor in the noria Or in the auricies. TO this cumulative experien e We may add, thnt besides the commonvalues, Or those that close the orifices of the norta, there aresomelimes particular valves, of Whicli Lancisi thus spualis : Τho coronary nrteries have no vnives at their immissaries; although

pears that Whorover these valves are to be mund, the fame laWobtains With rogard to the foramina of the norta us With regardio tho foramen in tho right nuricle; sor this foramen is some .

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times closed With a certain valve, and is somelimes Open. OH

Whicli subjeci Lancisi again says: Although it the valve WhichcOVers the larger orifice of the coronary vein is for the most pari single and solitary, and Ahields and defends otther One OrtWo together of the mouilis of the voins, yet it is somelimes Wanting entirely, the large orifice of the coronary vein lying

io the two orifices of the vein,V kc. n. 388, p. 366 . Thus there is a perfeci parallelism belWeen the orifices of the right auricle and those of the aorta, that is to say, One has iis valveSas Weli as the Other. Each of them may be destitute of Valves, inasmuch as the passage leading thither is oloson to cach at thotimo of systole n. 401. 3). This also folloWS RS a consequencesrom the faci, that the so-called arteries are silled at the fame time as the vetus; for they come hom a similar origin n. 401); they proceed in a similar manner along the sursace of the heari, and have no communication With each other; the right ventricloalso expanus and contracis at the fame time as the lest, &c. 416. But it may perhaps bo objected, that in this case experience is self-contradictory; that, for instance, the blood does not pass Dom the smaller branches of the so-called arteries immediately in to the larger, because litile sphineters Or rugae Seemto uel as valves to Obstruct the passage. e caresully noted the skill os nature,' says Lancisi, in placing at the mouilis of each of the larger coronary arteries, where they divided into the smaller, a Liud os circular margin or border, and as it Werea delicate sphincter n. 387, p. 364 . And in another placelie observes : We find that Wator injected into the coronaryarteries, and diffused through the substance of the heari, neVerruns bacti even When the heari is compressed' Ibid. Τhis Was the case not Only in regard to the arteries but to the veitis; sor he says : We soldom fiud valves in the larger trunks of the coronary Veius, but alWays in the sinalter branches, as We seundio be usual in the arteries n. 388, p. 367 . This hoWever in no Way invalidates or contradicis our position, for they are notValves, that are simply allocated, but litile sphincters that con- Strici, and litile rugae that sold together, as s0on as the blood attempis to pass from the smallor arteries and vetus into the

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thronds'' Ibid., p. 363, 364). Let iis nour main the Wonderfui Wisdom that nature has hero exhibited, in that in the place ofvnives Rhe has constructed delicate sphincters, and invested theseminute canals With a lax membrano, that readily runs into corrugations, and produces a certain reactive tendency. For lienee

sow from the smallest to the largor vesseis besore the largor arein a certain degreo Os eXpansion; and as Osten as they are in this state os expansion, the delicate Sphineters are draWΠ open; sor When the larger Vesseis are thus draWn open, the mouitis We have spolion Os stre naturalty Openest; and at the Same momentalso the littio rugae are AmoOthed Out, in Order that there maybo a transsux of tho blood from ono into the Other. 3. Consequently an equation of the superficiat blood of the heari, thus cxpanded and constricted as it is in disserent Ways, cannot boobtainod otherWise. 4. Whon the large and the smallest arteries are constricted, the passage through the sphincters and rugaeis closed; hunce the blood is determinud Dom the smaller into the smallest arteries. FOr this reason, during the diastole of thelieari, the sursace Whicli is composed of the smallest arteries,

reddens; but during the systole of the heari, it groWs pale; theblood sowing 1 reely froin the sinalter vesset into the largor. 5. Without this Wise provision, the heari itself Would performtoo great a diastole, and Would be expauded beyond iis just

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and to cause it to enter oesy into the smallest vesseis of theneshy sursace, but no further; sor Whicli reason the heari is here compressed, test the blood should potir sortii stili surther. Such then appears to be the reason Why, by the foregoing expedient, the communication belWeen the smali branches anu truulisis clOSed; namely, sto recapitulatu briossy What I have suid,) that the sursace of the heari, composed iis it is of the smallest ves- seis, may not be deprived of iis biood; and that tho communication botWeen the fleshy substance of the beari, and iis Sursaee, may not be intercepted; and that the proper cause may uot beWanting to prescribo the limits to iis expansion, und to incite itfrom diastole to systole. In the accomptishment of this objeci, the heari, like every other muscle, must redden during iis diastole, and groW pale during iis Systole; the contrary of Whichwould happen in case the bl ood met With no impediment, and flowed from the smallest into the larger vesseis. The laW, there- foro, Whicli obtutiis in the distribution Os blood upon the Sursace, is similar to that Whicli oblatus in the substance of the heartitself, Where there are sphineters and rugae n. 412). We may also observe, that the blood can niWays by meatis of a Syringebe pol ed Dom the larger branches into the smallor, and Domtho smaller into the larger; this is sussiciently testisiud by the

experieuce adduced in n. 408 : so that by this singular expedient, the communication is modified solet y for the salie of thouses and onds Wo have atready indicated. But as We cannothave a clear idea of these subjecis besore the diastole and systole of the coronary vesseis are explained, let us proceed to the consideration of this subjeci, aster Which we shali return to that of the present article. 417. Aut the supersuous blaod in the coronam vessela runs back into the lacunoe and ventricies. That there is a passage Domthe vesseis into the lacunae of the heari, and DOm the lacunae into the vesseis, is proved by the experiments recorded by Vn-

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equation or equilibrium sit. 227) : and is Dom disserent contina gent causos illo blood should not be expelled in duo proportionthrough tho Openings in the noria or the auricle; or is tho heurishould persorm tDO great a SpaSmic action, Or remain tu motionsor too long a time; or is the apex should be expanded morethan the base, kc., then in these or similar cases tho blood thrown into the coronaries Would have a plenti sui reflux; Without Whicli the heari s motion Would bo so suspended that theorgan Would be in n state os tetanus, the vesseis Would be ruptured, action Would be destitute of reaction, and the heari Would peristi prematurely, or besore the rest of the body. For this

utiless the liuari is in diastole n. 410, 414), When the sursace eois iis Wave either into the norin or into the auricle n. 415 . 418. Ali these vesseis depend entire on the action of the heart. The heari is the puru0yor of tho blood. Τhis I thinii iselear Dom the statemenis preceding Our induction. It is evident also from this circumstance, that whon it expelf the blood received, it sirst os ali urges it into iis lacunae and diverticula, and this, bosore it seuds even the smallest part os it into the large arterieS, the pulmonary and the aorta. Τhus, in case it is

in Want of blood, it appropriatus to itself tho blood destiuod sorthe lungs, nnd also that destiued for the body in general; fortite lise of the other paris of the bo ny depends upon the lise of

tho heart. Hunce it is, that in the right ventricle there are somany particular chambers, sor the blood soWs into the right ventricio besore it sows into the lest, and this, tuo, With greater certain ty; so that the hoari must be provided With iis ownblood, besore tho lungs and test ventricle are provided Withtheirs, and should duo provision fuit, the quantity required tosupply the desciency comes Dom the lest ventricie, Where thereare Only a se columns, laeunae, and sanguiducis. The hearthas also so disposed these chambers near iis septum, that While it compresses itself, it acis iapon ali of them; sor the fides of tho ventricle are res it Were brought into collision 11ear the septum :and this is the reason Why the heari is the sirst organ that lives, and tho last that dies. 419. The heart also is the motor Os iis OWn proper blood, Orthe generat motion Of the heart,-iis expansion aud constriction,

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-is the cause of tho motion, Or expansion and constriction, ofati the superficiat vesseis : for these vesseis not only Occupy, buteonStitute, the Sursaee, since their ramifications pervade the minutest potui; and lience tho heari is tho cause of the expan Sion and constriction of the sursace, and also of the vesseis that cOΠ-Stitute the sursace, and this, too, especialty for this reason, thatthey do not arisu Dom the noria, but Dom tho heari, and iis in- sinitely numerous potnis. There are likeWise continuations notonly of iis motive fibres, but of the sanguiducis Of iis muscular Substanee; and When these ducis are opuned and constricted by the heari, like the noria and the pulmonary artery On a great

Sente, these Vesseis are also continuations of the fame Stream Os motion. There is no suci, thing, therelare, RS a particular motion Os any one of these vesseis, sor they have ali a common Orgenerat motion, as also a perpetuat intercommunication. Thisis confirmed by the faci, that the itinermost membrane Os every Vesset is rugoso, and thus dilatable according to the state of tho expansion and constriction Of the whole. The case is otherWise With regarn to the arteries and veitis of the bOdy. MoreOVer, the SO-called arteries cannot continue their motion into the So-callest vetus, lar the tWo do nos communicate. We may thus conclude that the heari acis iapon iis OWΠ proper VeSSelS imme

420. In the stream of whose motion both they, and the motivesbres, and feshy ducis, as weli as the lacuniae of the veniricles and auricles, are sel and disposed. This Wili most eastly be shewn bya Survey of the paris respectively. For instance, that the lacunae of the ventricles are in this struam os motion, Me have ab ove potia ted olat, for they open about the septum of the ventricles, toWards Whicli the compression Of the parietes tend8. Henco the heari When grasped in the haud, seems to sold iis Winding caverns One into the other, and the impacted Waveseems to be delained among iis munitions and in iis narroW in-leis : but When relaxed, it in a similar manner is evolved and exfasciated. That the feshy ducis are in this stream Of motion, is evident; for they open for tho most pari ut the bottom of the lacunae, and immediately enter the muscular substance, irrigat-ing and stimulating every motive fibre. It is through these