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cunae and fleshy ducis of the right ventricte, and having gainedihe sursace, conduci the blood bach into the right auriclo, in
os apud by the orifice of the dividen vena cava . . . . It CSC Odso largely Dom the orifices oti the inside of the ventricte, that
the foramen Ovale and the cicatrix thereo ) is almost entirelyspent in branches that run to the apex of the heari, sor is Womay So Speah, iS constituted of branches proceeding Doui tho
435. Whether or nos there are also retorquent veraeis belony-ino to the lest ventricte, or vesseis that arise Dom this ventricte, and thon turn back to the lost auricle, in Order there to dis-charge themselves, is a matter of doubi, for they ali empty them-Selves into some coronary vesset that leniis ei ther into the aorta or into the right auriclo. See n. 433. The retorquent Vesseis therofore of the lest ventricte, ure sueti as issue from the lacunae of this ventricio, und after crossing the Surface, empty them- solves into the aorta. They are commonly called arteries, undare found by injection to open into so me of the SO-called coronary arteries, hom Whieli Some of these run through vesseis of
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. . . made Other injections With the samo tincture, at one timoin to the right, at another time into the lest coronary artery, and he saW the liquid pass respectivoly into the right or test Ventricle, not Omitting also the right auricleV sn. 396 . Lancisi
436. The anticipant vesseis are more particularly the Vesseis
of the lest auricle; those, I mean, Whicli arise DOm iis muscular substance, and immediately pour the blood through the two foramina into the aorta, and preoccupy this vesset, inasmuch asthis biood is not si si carried into the lest ventricie. R schcalis these vesseis, the auricular arteries of the heart. He SVs that no one has delinented tho arteries that spread their innumerable tWigs throuo the auricles: although these arteries, termed by me the auricular arteries of the heari, proceed Domthe coronary artery On both sides, and are distributed throughthe auricles in ali directionsV. n. 392 . The vast number Ofthese vesseis, and the manner in Which they soW into a certain subtense si1. 393), and indoed into the coronary trunk itfel and so into the aorta, cannot be seen to beller ad vantage than in Ruysciss plates. On this subject Verheyen Observes, that Vietissens injected tincture os sa1rron . . . into the lest coronary artery. A portion Os this tincture Was Without violencesOOn made to pass through the branches of the coronary arteryinto the entire substance of the lest auricle, as Ahewn by iis inflation, tension, and yelloW color: and Dom the substance of
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is evident, that more arteries arise Dom the Sources On the
in through one of the trutilis of the coronary vetus' n. 388,
438. There are likewiso transferent vesseis of the right auricie, Whicli carry the blood into the noria by a Shorter pas- Sage, as is clear Dom RHysoli's plate; sor severat arteries ruusrom the right auricle into the coronary subtense and trunk
439. The retroferent vesseis are those that carry bach theblood Dom the lest ventricle into the right auricle, and are commonly called vetus, deriving this name Dom their ouilet in theauricle; neverthel ess they arise Dom both sinuses of the heari: but We are here speining of those only that arisu Dom tho test sinus. The open diverticula of the vetiis,' says Lancisi, econspicuous Within the cavities of the heari, and the attentive anatomist Will easily detect thum, is, through the different mouilis Or emissaries of the coronary voins that open into theright auricle and into the top of the vena cava, he gently thro in either air or colored Water, for the triantis of the coronaryveius have no valves): When he Will soon perceive the injectionnot only ooging into the right and test carities, in the form ofbubblos and litile drops, as it Were Os sWeat, but Sometimes
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Occup sing the externat and posterior part of the hestri, We immediately observed the columns in the lest ventricle tremulous and vibrating, and bubbles rising in disserent paris . . . . SO that
orifices out of Whicli Oithor issuod'' n. 397). Tho blood of the VeinS runs more readily indoed into the right ventricle in WhichcnSe there ure retorquent vesseis bringing the blood back ii 434),-both beeause there are more lacunae and springs in this ventrictu than in tho lust, a d bocause there is a densely muSeu-lar Wall, Whicli has to be crossed frequently by severat Windings, and whicli in a succin heari are very complicateil. 440. There are uiso retroferent vesseis, bringing bacti the blood from the lest auricle into the right. Τhis Verheyen proves by experiment, in opposition to the Opinion Of Vieussens, and concludes that the auricles of the heari are certainly not destitute of veins,'' and that a vast number of vesseis Open directly into
the cavities of the ventricles and auricles, . . . and indeed many
more into the right ventricle and auriclo than into the lost n. 397 . Τhis translation os the blood is shorter thau that Domthe lest ventricte, and tali es place by a Lind of anticipation. 44I. From these statements We may learn the gyres that theproper blood of the heari persorms. I. There is a gyre in ultichtho blood visits the right auriclo tWice, and the right ventricle tWice, belare it passes through the lungs. Τhis gyre is made by tho blood carried through the refundent vesseis of the right auricle n. 433 , and the retorquent vesseis n. 434). 2. Therois a gyre in Whicli the bl ood is conveyed immediately into thonorta, Without sirst passing through the lungs, as in the case of the vesseis leading 1 rom the right ventricle n. 437), Whicli are called transferent, and in those leading Dom the right auricle n. 438). 3. There is a gyre in Whicli the blood passes tWice through the lungs, and tWice e ters the lest auricle and lost ventriete, as in the case of the retroferent vesseis n. 439, 440).
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lungs, dous nos sirst run to the lest ventricte, but is conveyed immediately tuto the aorta, by the Vesseis called anticipant, n. 436). 5. Thero is a gyre in Whicli the blood is conveyed fromtho test ventriclo into the aorta by the coronary channet, throughtho vesseis called the retorquetits of the lest ventricle n. 435 .
Wo may DOW then See What Vessel S, Or What Orifices of vesself, succeed to the office of the foramen ovate, the direction and modo of the circulation alone being changed. 442. There are DO Other vesseis biit those above denominated
transferent n. 437, 438), that transfer the blood cither Domthe right auricle, or Dom tho right ventricte, immediately into the uorta, Without passing through the lungs. All those vesseisnre Commonly called arteries, and are severat in number. Theynre Open and pervious, so that When Water Or air is injected intothem, although in the opposite direction to that talion by their
naries. The foramen Ovale Of embryos thus appears to be as it Were open in SOme mensure in every adult, although a precaH-tion is observed, test the stream that is immediately determine lby this passage into the norta, sliould intermix With the stream that is turn ed bach again into the right auricle; for Whicli rea-SOn the coronary artery noWhere communicates With the Vein,
but is closed by a valvo that prevenis the ingress of blood om the auricie, While the foramen ovale is in the contrary Way
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443. It is evident, moreover, that by means Of the coronaryVeSSeis, there is a communication of the lest auricle or ventricle
sinus into the right, and are in generat termed vetus; and in those cases in Which We find a great abundance of them, Wemay infer, that this passage for the reflux of tho blood is substitutost in tho place of that through the foramen Ovale, Wheu the valve is closed so as to Stop the passage. Were this paSSage, hoWever, entirely intercepted, and any of those causes vere iunction, Os Which We spolie above n. 356-358), then it seems that a force could bo exerci sed against the barrier of the foramenovale, and a Way Os regreSS Opened. 444. Again it is evident that the coronary vesseis called transferent, not Only Succeed in place of the foramen Ovale, butalso in that of the ductus arteriosus; for the blood conveyed om the right ventricle into the storia through the sO-called arteries, Rims at an immediate transflux Dom the pulmonaryartery into the vorta; for this reason the relation belWeen thetWo, that is, betWeen the foramen ovale and ductus arteri OSUS,
445. FrOm the coronary vesseis then We must derive thereasou Why the foramen Ovale is closed after birth; for When notransit ean be effected along one passage, it must be effectedalong another, or along the One that presenis the least resistance. In natural history We frequently sind mention of those Whose hodies, after being sor some time under Water, have been
upon a table have manifested only a Deble pulsation in the cer-Vical artery, yet When submitted to Uarm trepiment, and made
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aster their sepulchral life are as Osten resuscitated at the returnos the vernal or summer beam. NON, in these cases the paS- Sages being closed that lead Dom the right ventrictu of the hoartio the lungs, the lives of these various beings could Dever thus be restored, Without producing a ruptured State Os the praecordia, UnleSS a Way Were Open, through the foramen Ovale, DOm theright to the lost fide of the heari, and so into the norta, OrunteSs there Were a passage open instead through the coronaryVein s. This remain is more especialty true, WheneVer fromthe urgency of the case, beside the passages Whicli are Open, others Which had been obliteraten are again restored, and ne Ones are formed. Nothing indoed is more common than this in the Shin, the membranes and viscera, in the uterus and genitalmembers, and in ali lituus os tumors and inflammations.
446. And this, in order that the super quous quantity of arteriai, or the super motis quantity of venous blood, in this place of
con Ourae, may not in iure or destroy the natural state of the kiny-dom, subjeci as it is to such frequent mutations. Since the transferent Coronary Vesseis perform in Some measure the part of the foramen Ovale and ductus arteriosus, both of Whicli are noW
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in time, by the fame causes as the foramen Ovale and ductus arteriosus n. 355 . It is a generat object here to prevent thenatural state of the Lingdom Dom going to ruin Or deStruction ; for no member of the body sustains more severe ShOASthan the heari; oti the one fide from ali the venous blood, Whichurges, and On the other Dom nil the arterial blood, Whicli re- urges. The heari is thus placed belWeen tWo forces, actiVe and Teneti Ve, and is adapten to equipoiso tho tWo. This it could not do, uniess iis superficiat vesseis took some part in producing the equilibration; and since these vesseis are proper to the heari, their performatice of this office is the samo With iis performance by the heari itself. The causes of the superfluous quantity Ofnrterint Or venous blood, Or What is the Same thing, the causes of the change of the generat equilibrium os pressure, are either internat Or externat. The internal causes ure nil those that aut upon the fibres Dom Within, suci, as nil the affections and changes of state of the bratus, of Which Wo have frequently Spolien above su. 355-358), and these are called the assections
brain, and urges the blood either into the vetus, or into the arteries, as is Woll known in cases of anger, daring, se . The external causes are ali those that aut upon tho fibres of the Vesseis DOm Withoiit, such as those of the blood iiself, iis heu and visci disy; acrid, pungent, Styptic SerOSity; fibrOUs concretion, calculus, polypus, and severat other things, Whicli are dis- eases of the hody, and which We have spolien of in those paris of the Work to Which Wo have just alluded. The equilibrium os generat preSSUre, there re, undergoes a change arising Dom boththeSe Causos. This danger, hoWever, is obviated by the transflux of the blood through the coronary vesseis, Without Whicli, both SyStems Would tali to ruin, si nee there Would be no possibility os balancing the fluctuations, and restoring the declining equilibrium. Neither is the quantity smali that passes through these VeSSeis, as is evident Dom their orifices; for the great cardiacmUSele grOWs pale, and projecis the blood, ut every stroke of the
447. But the casu is disserent in Ombryos, Whicli lie 80stly in
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State, bosore they are excluded in to the atmospheric Wortu; theyare pro und ly ignorant of What it is for the in tornat causo tonet in opposition to the externat, and the externat to excito thea8sent of the internat; they are profoundly ignorant of What itis for the rational mind to aut in opposition to the animal mind, or the lalter in opposition to the formur; or for the fibre in the body to aut in opposition to the blood, or the blood in opposition to the fibre : for ali things gros With the ulmost con-Cord, Dor does One interrupi or molest another. The brains and heari live and move in unanimi ty, and lience ut this period the foramen Ovale lies Open, sor receiving the entire stream of blood
that ascends Dom the body through the cava; this biood thelest ventriete transfers to the brains, and the bratus, in their
brain and the body bogin to aci each as iis own distinct undproper cause; Wheu the muscular fibro begitis to bo excited against the blood, and the blood against the muscular fibre; nay, When it begius to exercise a controi over the first begin- nings of the fibres; in fine, Whenever the internat cause is in conflict With the externat. Then a superfluous quantity of arterial or of venous blood may beset both sides of the heari, and may Oppress it to sucti a degree as to effect the destruction both of the heari and of the whole animal economy;-dangers Whichare provided against by the diversified modes of transflux
448. Hence it is clear, that neither the motion of the hear nor the circulation of the blood, can subsist for any lenoth of time, uniess the peculiar vesseis of the heari that dischatae theblood into the aorta, and those that discharoe it into the right auricle, pur8ue a perfect0 di8tinct course, and have no communicationwith each other. mere they con Dined, the fame effect would ensueas is the septum belween the ventricles were perforated. We haveshewn above that the coronary arterieS and Veius, So called, have no communication vitii each other 401. 7.; 442 , and that ali the arteries are so mutuatly continuous, that a fluid in-
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jected into one distends ali the rest. Honco it is evident that there are Only tWo generat determinations of the blood, that isto SV, either into the aorta, or into the right sinus; and that the particular determinations of which Wo have spolien 43244I), are not so distinctly discriminaled Dom stach other. Butour proposition is, that is the two generat directions met byanaStomoses, ei thor in the substance of the hestri, Or On itS SUr- face, the motion of the heart could not long continue; nor COH- Sequently the circulation of the blood; sor the of ct Would bo the Same as is the septum os the ventricies Were per rateil, Record- ing to the opinion Os the ancients. In this casu the blood properto the heari Would instantly precipitato itself, cither ali in to theright auricle, or nil into the norta, according to the 1irst impetus it received, and in the direction in Whicli it mot with tholeast degree of resistanee. Thus When the commissaries Were expanded, the muscular fibre Would be deprivod of iis biood, and the passages being dilated, the pulmonary artery, or thelungs, Would also be deprived of their blo d. Thero Would bono reacting force On the sursace of the heari to proscribe limitsto iis extension, nor any OutWard cause to compei the heari toreciprocate iis motion. In sine, this Organ WOuid posseSS nodistinet and determinate action, although in such action iis life consists n. 310, 31 l).449. Meanlime, whoever attentive eoeamines and considerathe origin, proserenion and ouileis of these Messeis, will see in them, and consequently in the heari, an image and representation of the state of the bo and animal mind. This folloWs as a Consequenee om articles n. 446, 447 of our induction, and Dom those relating to the foramen ovale n. 355 358), betWeen Whicli and the vesseis of the hestri a comparison is instituted in n. 442, 443, 445. For is the generat equilibrium Os pressure pertaining to the arteries and vetus dependes upon internat causes, Such as theassections of the miud, or upon externat causes, Such aS the RDfections of the body, and is the ab ovomentioned equilibrium berepresented by the distinct determination Os the coronary Ve8Seis, it folioWs, that there is thus a representation in the heartof the state both of tho body and animal mind; and that according to this state, the generat equilibrium, and conSe-