The economy of the animal kingdom, considered anatomically, physically, and philosophically

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Systolo; hunce, uiale88 they Were in the Stream Os motion, nosibro could bo animaled by the ingress of blood. Consequently, the molive Fbres are also in this stream Of motion, being collectod and divided into fascicles, into particular and generali ors; so that ali the larger and smulier cavities are Opened Orsolded, according to the nature of their arrangement. Hencethe supersciat vesseis, commonly called coronary, are also in the

as to be bronder, and at the fame time Shortened, SO as to malleroom for the blood, and vice versa. The veru trutilis that runright and test, and croWn the base, ure nil in the fame mannersituated in the struam os the motion os the base. The same Observation applies to the triantis and branches that run along the

division of the septum, for they pass to the right ventricie ; SOthat Whilo tho latior is expanded, the formor are draWn MarthreadthWise, nud at the fame time relaxed; for the productionos Khicli effeci, they are frequently attached by a tendon os a peculiar Lind. The other vesseis, Whicli proceld from theseperpendicular branches, as Woli as froni the trutilis, direct thoir

and these Wind ab ut in disserent directions. The manner in Whicli these vesseis solioW the stream Os motion, cannot beshown botter thau by Ruysoli's two figures, reserred to in n. 393. It is there seen that Dom each of the trutilis, Shortly after their origin, a considerable branch is reflected, Whicli runs Over against the root Or commencement of the noria, boloW like a Subtense, and gives Oss another branch, Whicli descend s nearlyalong the septum on the lest fide of the heari, and divides into

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ventriolos and auricles into the muscular substance of the henrt, ure no Other than the arteries of these vetiis; they are so many diminutive nortas, Or ns it Were pulmonary arteries, inasmuchas they are distinguished by their oWn Ventricles, Septa, and occasionalty valves; they arise immediately Dom the generalcavity of the hostri; they observe the fame systole; While their nature and their integuments are altogether disserent Dom those of the vesseis that occupy the sursace. Τhey gradu atly decreaSein Sige, and are divided in their coursu Dom largor branches Orducis into sinulter, tili ut longili they bucome extremely minute

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vesseis, Whicli constitute the Severat motive fibros in tho famomanner as do the arteries in QVery other muscle of the body. Henco these ducis are the proper arteries of the heart. Theso arteries Occupy the interiors, sor the heart Ieads them intolis recesses, and forms iis substance of them; so that in ali respecis it is a muscle, and the strength and lise of iis body

that the supersciat veraeis, common called coronary, persermtheir diastole when the heari per fornis systole: and in like manner that the supersciat vesseis of the auricles perform their diastolewhen the auricles perform systole; and vice versa. For this is a linii in the chain os causes, and another element of the Sume series. For is nil the vesseis depend entirely on the action of the

undergo diastole While the Other arteries of the body are per- forming systoler But although this, as I have statest it, appears

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to be the case at sirst si glit, yet perhaps On closor con Sideratiouit Will scarcely seem probabie, that in a mniter of Such grent moment, SO creat a variety should Oxist in disseront individualsV

424. A similar action prevatis in the vesseis of the Ruricles, ali of whicli depend on the motion of their proper auricle, asthe others depend oti that of their proper ventricle; helice thelalter perform their diastole When the vesseis of the auricle perform their systole. But the disseretice belWoen the motion ofiliose that pertain to the ventriclos and those that pertain to the Ruricles, is not eastly understood, unless We are Weli acquainted With the reciprocation of the motions, and tho influx of blood DOm the auricles into the ventricles, to Whicli the coronarieSaccommodate themselves. of this motion Wo shali sponti in the

present case, just What we have described, obtains; for Wheu the heari is emptied of blood, and the immissaries and emissa- Saries are likeWise empty, the coronary blood necessarily 1loWsbach into the open emissaries, and the blood Whicli is in themotive fibros is expressed into the immissaries; hunce When theducis are distended a contrary effect is producen to that whichtines place Wheu they are emptied. It is for this reason that the coronary arteries and vetus are seen to be so large in theslaccid heari, Whicli is as it were in a state os diastole; for thereis no sWelling of the ventricle When empti est Of blood, or collapsed : hence room is rather assorded for the superficiat Vesseis

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giving a generat expanSion to the Ventricles, and to the motivo fibros of iis substance in every particular. 426. It is Worthy of Observation, that the cardiae nerves that penetrate into the muscular fibre, are not the Same as thosethat beset the coronary vesseis, but are perfectly distinct in thoirorigin and progress. Those that beset the coronaries of the . heari, and those that beset the coronaries of the auricles, come immediately Dom the trunks or ganglia, and enter into the heari by a disserent passage. But those that bind the motive fibres, come Dom the great and smali cardiac plexus, and pass doWusrom tho bulis or bands that surround the orifices of the vetus and heart. Τhis subject Will be explained in the nexi chaptor, When We spein os the Motion os the Heart. In order that Whenthe nervolas fibre constricis the motive or muscular fibro os thelieari, the coronary vesseis may not be subjected to a similarconstriction, in Whicli case the systole of the coronaries Would coincide With the systole of the heari, the nervos introduced arederived ut once Dom a disserent origin n. 501 . 427. Hunce it follows, I. That nil the arteries and Veins, hoth thoso common to the bOdy, and those proper to the Ventricles, namely, the norta, the pulmonary arte , the tWo auriclos, and tho fleshy ducis or immissaries and emissaries, RAWeli as ali the coronary vesseis, perform their diastolo at thetimo When the heari or the tWo ventricies undergo their systole. 2. All the arteries and vetus, both thOSe Whicli are common, and those Whicli are proper to the heari, together With the communicating VeSSeis Or commissaries, perform their systole ut thetimo When the heari itself, namely the tWO VentricleS, Rre per- forming their diastole. 3. At the time of systole, nil the Out-leis froin the fleshy ducis to the coronary vesseis, and DOm thecoronary Vesseis to the noria and right auricle, are closed; and those Only ure open that lead to the motive fibres, such as tho immissaries and emissaries. A similar Rrrangement commonlytakes place in the other muscies of the body, of Whicli the great cardine muscle, or the heari itSelf, is the type and exemplar. When these muscies are constricted, no blood passes throughthem into the vetus, excepi by communicatory branches, Such

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428. Aut as many anomalles occur in the auricles, and in theright auricle particular , so, in order that the auricular blood may snd an ovilet in ali cases and wider every circumStance, α number of orisces are provide throuyh which this blaod can bethrown oui, sultably lo ali diversilies of state. There are both generat and particular anomalles and varieties in the motion Osthe heari, as is very evident Dom the pulsu. Thus this motion, of diastole and systole, is more or less equat Or unequat, qui CL

vit ality than iis associate. Τhis is particularly the case Withregard to the right auricie, Whicli receives and commingles theblood on iis first arrivia, and whicli is so constructed, that it caubeat und palpitate tWice or thrice in generat alid in particular Without iis associate ventricies. Το say nothing Os the universalvariety in hearis, and especialty in human hearis, no tWO OfWhicli are ever exactly alike, either at the beginning or through

os the nest-like valve, Sometimes half above it; sometimes theyhave a disserent relation to eacti Other; somelimes there are tWO of them, somelimes three, and at Other times there is Only one . SO, toO, the coronary Opening in the right auricle, or ruther in the venous Sinus, is Sometimes single, Sometimes double, Seldom triple, and is esther covered With a valve os disserent shapes indisserent persons, or else is test exposed. Nature is so variable

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and inconstant,' says Lancisi, in locating tho mouilis of thocoronary arteries, that a seW dissections only, especialty is mado in tho human subjeci, are Suffcient to present us With many varioties sit. 387, p. 365). We found nature osten variable and inconstant With respect to the immissaries of the coronary arteries ; We have ΠOW to Observe that the fame may be said of thoemissaries of the coronary veitis, Whicli in faci open in the heari Without folioWing any ascertainest laW. Thus although theygeneralty open Within the sinus of the right auriclo, neur thecaVa, by tWO mouilis, one Superior, and the other inferior, yet Sometimes they open only by one orifice, and this os large Sige, Whicli immediately after separates into tWo; and not seldomthey open by three orifices, Whicli are alWays found proportioΠ- Hly someWhat AmalterV n. 388, p. 366).429. And uot only in the generes mouilis nOW Spolien O but also in the other oscilla that exist in the nuricles, there is Very frequently great variety. Τhus in tho right auriclo thoroare severat oscilla Or litile mouitis; there are tWO Or three, forinstance, of large sige, and Whicli divide among thum tho bio dabout to soW out, and dispense it to fuit the state. Besides these there are innumerable Others 11Ot so eastly Seen; there areothers again in the vena cava, Whicli is continuous With the sinus of the auricle; there are othors in the lest auriete, and whichmay be best seen by a referetice to Verheyen, COrp. Hum. Anai., tab. XX., fig. 2. And these vesseis, Whether Ventricular Or auricular, after their diverse and ambiguous course, discliargethemselves Sometimes through One Orifice, Sometimes throughanother, and so distribute the streams among them, that Whenthe blood cannot escapo by one orifice, it escapes by the Other,

on Dom it to the right auricle, and as it begius to approach theauricle, is again enlarged by the accession os Desii tWigs, tantilat longili it divides into branchos, Whicli aster distributing tWigsthrough the substance of the auricle, open . . . by a Vari ely Oforifices into iis cavlty n. 397, p. 376 . Besides the great orifice I also found tWo other venous orifices in the cavlty of the

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Same auricle : these Were the orifices os os eis of the aliove Vein, but Whicli ossseis I could not weli seu on account of the sulcated character of tho auricle,V ko. Ibid., p. 375). The reader may See in Verheyen's plates . Cit., t . xxi., fg. 3.), that litilesnSSageS Open into the vena cava; sor it is Dom this voin thattho motion of the auricio begius: in Whicli motion many re- markable anomalles may be detected, as Will be Shewn by experimentat evidetice in the nexi chapter. 430. Since therelare there are so many oscula Or litile mouilis, tuto Whicli the sanguineous fluid potars in Order to dis-charge itself, so many muniatus in the ventricles and auricles, and 8o many causes u. 428) that obstruct and alter thum, it isno Wonder that the coronary veSSeis themSel Ves, as they proceed from their origins to their terminations, should be liablu to a similar and more eXtensive Variety; for the intermediates necessarily accommodate themselves to the condition and direction offlio extremes n. 227), and this to such a degree, that the corO- nary blood is never conveyed by the fame channeis in one heartas in another; so great indoed is the variety, that more the anatomist to attempt to exhaust it, he must enumerate every individual heart. The membranous furface of the heari is itsolscomposed Os innumerable minute vesseis, Whicli are expandedwhen a sufficient cause demands : and as the motion is determinen to One or the Other quarter, so the Sanguineolas stream is directed thither, and passages and ouileis are constructed. This

another examining a disserent heari Will doubi or deny it. The cause of these variations it is ΠOt impossibie to explore, lar sinceati the superficiat vesseis, nil the motive fibres, seshy ducis and lacunae of the ventricles and auricles, are disposed in the stream of tho hoari's motion n. 420), and varieties frequently arisesrom the causes We have enumerated sit. 428), it follows, that istho series of visibio essecis be Weli examin ed and considered, thecauses und reasous Will be seen involved in the series, and bocap te os being easily evolved, is a person of Sound judgmen culti valed by experience, enter usOn the eXamination. 43I. IV we compare the orioins of the coronary ve88ela wilh

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the ouileis of the fame, it wiu be evident that the blood of the right fide of the heari is transferred immediately lato the aorta, and the blood of the lest fide of the heari into the right auriele: much as tuas the case in foetal life by means of the foramen ovaleand ductus arteriosus; 8hewing that the coronata veraeis and theirmouths, relative to the determinations of the quantity of blaodrunmtu through them, are substituted in place of the foramenovale and ductus arteriosus; the channei and mode os circulationon beino changed. To See to advantage the amaging hydraulicskill of nature, as exhibited on the sursace of the heari, Memust trace the cOurse of these rivuleis, One by one, in Such amanner that the miud may Lees close to the object os investigation, OtherWise the eye, as it labors in following out thodotalis, Will find itself obscured as it were by cataract. But since in these respecis there is so great a diversi ty in hearis, itis bottor sor tho mind to keos fixen in iis universat notion, thanto Waste itself among a variety of particulars. We cannot do bel- ter than study Ruysoli's tWo plates n. 393), Where this corona circuit is graphicatly represented; and frequently read those authors Who have potnted Out by the process of injection theouileis and Origina Os these vesseis. But since it is generallysupposed that the so-called arteries terminate in the substance of the heari, Wheu nevertheless this is their beginning and nos their termination, it is necessary, in considering the facts ascertained by experiment, and Which We have so frequentlycited, that the reader represent to his mind the statemetits of authors in an inverse order; that is to say, he must contemplatetho heads of the vesseis as in their smallest branches, and theends as in the largest, or Where the various large Orifices OfWhich We have spolien, open into the noria Or into the auricle. 432. But besore We compare the circulation of the blood through the coronary vesseis With iis circulation through thesoramen OVale and ductus arteriosus, it Will be necessary tooxamine ali the generat varieties Os circulation Whicli the coronary blood observes in iis passage Dom the auricles Or ventriclesto iis mouilis or diversised ouileis. For the blood is imbibod immediately hom the right auricle, and is immediately refunded

om this auricle through one or other of these orifices; or elseit is imbibod Dom the right ventricio, aud sent bacti into tho

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right auricle, in ordor to flos through somo foramen belongingto this auricle; or olso it is conveyed froin the right auricle tothe lest, or froin the right vo triclo to the lest auricle, in orderibat it may there sud a passage through some foramen; Or elSethat boing derived into tho so-called arteries, it may eSensethrough tho mouilis of the aorta; or olso that When receiVed Dom the lest auricle, it may be conveyed by shorter pa8Sages into the norta, or be carriod bach into the right auricle; or et se bedri ven Dom the lest ventriclo into the lest auricle; Or elSe alongiliis passage into the vorta, or agnin into the right auricie. But inorder to have a distinct idea os ali these varietios, it Will be requisite to distributo theso vesseis into the folloWing claSSeS: namely, refundent, retorquent, anticipant, tranUerent, and retroferent. 433. The refundent vesseis are those Whose blood, received froin the svshy ducis or arteries of the right auricle, circulateSthrough the auriete, and in a stiori timo astor is refunded into the auricle. Ali these vesseis are called vetus, and their blood performes the shortest circuit of any, and immediately soWs through Some large foramen belonging to iis auricle, into the commoncavity, in order to be passed through the lungs. of these Ves-Seis Lancisi says : Those coronary veitis that come DOm thesibres of the auricles, are shorter than those that come Domlhe museular texture Of the ventricles, so that by the fame laWby Whicli tho blood runs through the coronary arteries into the parietes of the auricles, sOoner than into the parietes of the Ventricles, it returus through the vetus Dom the aurietes soOner than

DOm the ventricies' n. 388, p. 366, 367) There are refundent vesseis belongino also to the lest auricle, and whicli arisu froin the fleshy ducis, and empty themselves

perhaps in to the fame auricie. In this auricle there are certain Smali foramina, and Verheyen has noticed one of someWhat large Sige, Corp. Hum. Anai., tab. XX., fg. 2:) although I con- Sider this appearance to be rare, bucause this biood is derived for the most pari into tho so-called arteries, and into the norin. The moment it is refunded into the auricle, it is transported

through the lungs, and again mixes With the bl ood about to flo vinio the lest ventriclo, in ordor that, With the rest of the blood, it