Greek and Roman versification [microform], with an introduction on the development of ancient versification

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Horatian verSe dum flagrantia de 'orquet ad oscula, ut adsidens in i plumibus pullis avis, Parentibusque ab l ominatus Hannibal;

and in his frona Vergil:

magnanimi Iovis gratum adscendere cubile,

to releas the sirst syllabie rona the seconi par of the compound This in t os mesis occurs ver rarely in Vergil in the A neid, in Horace and Propertius, in Phaedrus III. 5, 6 V. 7, 19, ut o in Ovid and Tibullus.

SE VENTIAE SECTION.

ON THE TREAT MENT OF SUCCESSIUE VO VEL

poenis Thes Roman were On the whole much more SenSitive in his matter than the GreekS. Hiatus at the nil sis ord is the most unpleasant lessso in the naiddie os a compotin i, and Stili es S in simple ord Hiatus in Homer i osten oni apparent, Sthe digamma requently is to e Considerei a removincit; e. ζ. εκηβόλος, ρε ος, ροῖκος, ροῖνος, θεορείκελος, Ἀρίδm, ἀρεκων, 'Aτρε ιδγης. In Course of time the Greelis andRomans ecam graduali tes sensitive to hiatus, and there-sore cases of harsh synigesis and elision beCame rare. HOW-ever, greater reedom in the allowance of hiatus at the nil

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In Latin the rs long owel in combinations is regularly shortene I e g. schisciti proinde, praeacumS. In Latin os the Augustan age the penultimat vo et Sion in the en lings at, ei, ais, eis Dona nominative in I,

Circesis, XCepi rei, spei, fio the i is long inito and iis derivatives excepi here sollowed by er Ovid omnia antsens fieri quae posse nexalani), and common alway longin Phaedrus in genitives in ius excepi alius Contra ted frona anius). The rest vo vel in Diana and ohe is also

I the voweis, speciali when the have the Same quantity, are usuali Contracted into ne by the Attic riters. In Latin of the Augustan age the Combination a Z, c, os, are o Mund excepi in the Compound coorior butcoperio ; Some hat ostener se, uti, although unti the timeos Propertius, the genitive os substantives in ius, tum asIntroductory cmar S.

in vo et producet an uia Pleasant esseCt, a is hown by the frequent SynigesiS. To a void hiatus in the id die os a Cord, the Atticwriters implo Contraction very osten, Momer much 'essfrequently. This contraction, however, is no rare in Latin, speciallyin many ornas os perfeci in qu usuali in deciension and Conjugation; . . in the dative of the Murtii deciension uso ui in the genitive and dative os the fifth e sor ei, ut also elsewhere thus always csse errare, Sualty i, is, idem, isdem sor est, deis, eidem, Adcm.

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But it osten appear in the thesis Cases here the synigesis unite two hori vowel toforin the thesis, re also allowable, a in Βελεα Πηλεος. Homer and Archilochus empto synigesis speciali in Cases here ContraCtion occurs in the later riters Theiragedians ent stili farther, follo vin Pindar, not ni in Proper ames, ut also in the wor is thus synigesis OCCur in Πηλέ i, Θησέως, 'Pcd Κρεων, frequently in Θεός and

Synigesis appears speciali in the thesis os the rs and in the thiri Mot of the Trimeter A the Greelis id not

os compotin is, and we must alway read and rite eme S, Semanimus se homo no Semissus, etC. moid hi Synigesis the poets osten hortened the geri plura tum V um e .gmoderansum, sapientum isonaetimes the used in the MurthConjugation V am sor iebam, e .g. lenibant. The Gree woriis Aiax Graius Maia Troia, had the consonanta i rom earliest

sonanis and ence e read Goas iambus, Maue euang 1 n, and tways olus sor Hor. IV. 2, 2, i a Corru Pt ea ling. This synigesis, hicli ad atready appeared in Ennius occurs wenty-two times in Vergil, generali in ord whichwould ot therwis fit into Hexameter verse, as in derivative os aries, and paries, though Sometime in thers, assium ori mi a finis changet to et oni in tenet is, Irn la, on. In n. I. 2, Lapinaquae is to e read Horace has in his hexameter Nasi Veni, in Onjalor, sens, frugo, and sinis i twice For his toga indi verse, See bove. Synigesis occurs only twice in Ovid Metam VII. 3i; XV 18, 9elis: An n. XV. o does no belon in his category, a the antepenultimate in pronunturium is hori. In Propertius there are three cases os synizesis in aby Gnae, abegni), ut non in Tibullus.

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94 3 Palmeu of SucceSSiet cmoetoc Sonu S. Eor uirus and conu tam neve sui sere Synigesis, as i in the first ord and u in the second were Common. Etiam and quoniam have alivays vocali i. II. The secondoind of Synigesis Consist in the formation o a diphthong rom two vo eis. In the AuguStan Poet this CCur alway excepi in Proper ames in dis- syllabi or compound words. The diphthong thus produce ldo not CCur separalel else here in Latin In Prose of thebes period desin, deinde, deinceps, cuDr, cui, huic haVealway the diphthong on the ther and the Roman Pronounced nutiquam and a IIII re. Dehinc, hori ever, is generali dissyllabic, monosyllabicraret y in Vergil, and iace ni in Ovid and Propertius. In Hor Sat. II. 3, i quoad is a monosyllabie, and

Perhaps prout in II 6 67. eicere is trisyllabi in Verg. BuC. 3, 6 a cuius is monosyllabi in the Elegia ad Mer-Sallam, 35), and cicere in Hor Sat. I. 6, 39. Finalty the vocatives Hor. d. II. 7, 5 and ulmi Ep. I. 7, 31 lares dissyllabic, and probabi 'o te tronounCed

In ree word the diphthong ι remalias, a m arnia pals ευ, .g. Orpheus Ont in the Cule II7, 269, and in Phaedrus V. I, 1 do e finit Orpheus, Phalareus. Et in the genitive and Eclog. 4, 37; n. V. 84 in the dativeis diphthongat, and is o pronounced even in ProSe. This synigesis proper ames excepted is much more frequent in Plautus, ho Changes therei, word os three and more syllabies heia the are derived rom dissyllabies,

III. The third ind of Synigesis, borrowed rom the Greeks, occurs in the two las Syllabies of Gree propernames in υς, the Substantives Deus and aluus, and adJective in us ea, cum denotin materiai. It PPears

sirs in Catullus, and is employed ni in dactyli metres, especiali in the res and Sixth Mot of the Hexameter, an lalmost always in Such a Way that the las syllabi is long. Vergit is soni os employing this fori os synigesis S ellas the thers to expressoliat is hard or readsul, a 2En.

Diaeresis is the division o a diphthon into Ko syllabies. In mos of the cases in Homer here diaeresis aS formeri assumed i is no plain that the olde formos the word appears Thus patronymic in iram, like IIηλειδης, in hicli in Homer and Hesiod was alwaysSeParated romo, Conae frona εριδης so ui rom ἔσθ, o si Omἔσυ, Λυκόοργος rom Λυκόροργος, ἐδεδυῖα si Om ρε ιδυια. In Latin es fini sita re illi change of the u in Hor. d. I.

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a 3, 4; Ep. 3, a in the Satire and in Phaedrus suetus, suesco in Ovid and Γibullus soluo and Pollio, ut ni in Compo indSi in Propertius Veius.

To void hiatus, Elision of the finalbowe was employed. This is a false name, o the sinat vo et XCept in que, Pr, ne and the monOSyllabi PartiCle in , a τε, γε, δε, Wasneve Completet dropped, ut hen a long syllabi sollowedor a demanded by the metre, the final as combine tu illi the succeed in vo vel into a ind of diphthong. Isthe folio in vo vel as hori, the final a s weahened by rapid ulterance, that it a no considere lorona a metricalpoin os iew. his ast init os elision a regardei asthe arsher. In Greeli, the later riter usuali dropoliosesina voweis hicli are not colanted metrically, and marhthei omission by the POStroPhe, c. g. ουλομένη, η μυρι'Aχαιοῖς. his is sauit in s sar a it ahes no distinctionbet veen the w different in is os lision iis describe l.

In the discussion o Elision and latus, Gree and Latin sages must be harpi distinguished.

In Gree the combination os a long owe or ne that is not therwis elided, illi a solio in long owel, is f

and rro, speciali in the Atti poetS, Who emplo CraSis and aphaeresis usuali in dialogue. α, ε, , are ut ut of the verse Without hesitation, although thoe optative in ling Μιε. thes imperatives ἰδε, rand

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Compare sirs the genera re mark on Elision 33. The means hicli the Romans employed to void hiatus ereexacti the Same a those of the ireelis. The arsher haracter of the Latin angvage as hown by this DCt, that in genera no CCount a talien in the metre os asinalbowel occurrita in the hiatus, hether long or hori. Compare so Elision in Latin Cic. Orator, 44, 15O; 45, 15 a Quint. IX. 4, 33 As ould e expected the arshest ori os elision asthat os long oweis, particulari of the diphthon ae; essharsh a the elision os syllabies endita in ni, hicli ere pronounCed hori, ut in hicli the closin consonant stillheps sontes found eastes is ali Was the elision os hort

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V. , , peni ergo face inquit), and Cretic ord almost never of the Poet considered here, Horace alone in the Satire. alio v. thae elision os retic 'ord te fore solio vingstior syllabies. Dactylic o pyrrhic ord rendin in it, , , are treate lin the sanie way though Somewhat les strictiy. In the oldest Roman poets. Plautus, TerenCe, and Ome- times in Lucilius, there are many, and osten arsit Case oselision remarkably se in the Annal os Ennius in Vergila considerable number, ut raret os a harsh character In the satires morace has more in x harsher Case os elisionthan in the Episties; stili se er in the Odes and Epodes. In Propertius the cases elision are more numerou and harsher than in Tibullus. The mos polished of the poetsin his respect was Ovid, and the later riter so the ostpar followed his ixample T, illustrate 'his. in the si stbook of the metamorphoses, hich a epi Poetr ContainSan speciali large lumber os cases of elision long Sylla-bles are elided onlyra times syllabies endita in in a timeS; short syllabies, ciam times Ora the ther and the Correspondin number in the rest book of the neid re 83, ' n generat elision is mos frequent in the Pi heXam' eter an les frequent in the di lactic, bucolic, and elegia Cpen ameter and in thes loga edic and iambic verse os

monstrum horrendaιm insorine ingens. non me adsum qui seci; in me convertit serrum.

For Greelis and Roman alitie his ut hold good that elision ver seidoni occurs e re the res or aster the last, or the ex to the las syllabie of the verse. Elision aster the last syllabie occurs properi oni inverses ,hicli lare inited in Synapheta ac in anapaestic

quo super atra silex iam iam lapsura cadentique imminet adsimilis.

In Sophocles, ut not in schylus and Euripides, elision Sometimes occurs at thoe in i os the trimeter, generali ris

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Αιδης στεναγμοις καὶ γόοις πλουτιζεται.

Eligion e re the last syllabi os the verse occur in H e' Satires and pisues as et a in the ines everses os hicli an e united by Synapheia, ut no a the

os ille ille poei considere 1 here Vergi Mone Wice elides aque aster the fixit thesis AEn IX. 57; 44O). The Greelis no infrequently placet monosyllabies illi

contigit oppetere o Danaum sortissime gentis l

et nati natorum et qui nascentur ab illis.

βάλλ' ἰὼ δὲ πυραὶ νεκύων καλm ο θαμ ειαί. Orest. ἄλλ' - gisth. φηγοῖ r. σοὶ βαλστελν πάρος. aiuS.IO3 The eiter poets, hoWever, like Tibullus an Ovid, moideli ling, in generat, a long syllabi in the hir arsis orwhere there is a decidet Stop. The also elide ver rarely long syllabi at the aeSura. The reates freedom and requenc os elision in the Latin exameter is notice in the arsis os the rst, the thesis os the seconii, and also in the whole of the Murth Mot, excepi hen the Hephthemimera Caesura occurs. In the ther places elision is a les frequent, especialty in the arsis os the seconi and the thesis os thesiXth. In the Pentameter the elision o syllabies hicli are either long or nil in m is in the est poets osti restricte tothe rs arsis o the seconi thesis Elisio at the Caesurat Pause oes no occur in Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid; neve aster the caesura in Ovid, and almos neve in ro- pertius and Tibullus. In the seconi hal of the Pentameter Ouid neve elides long syllabies o thos endin in m. Horace allows elision no infrequently besore nil aster thecaesura of the lyri measures, excepi in the Sapphic Hendeca

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ἄνδρα μοι ἔννεπε, Μοῖσα, πολύτροπον.

Hiatus also occurs with shori voweis, speciali suci asare seldoin or neve elided, a With ando in the dative singular in the genitive οιο in , ςρ , 'ir' '. It is ver rare in the thesis, and ni admissibi in theregula Penthemimera and Hephthemimera Caesura, as l.

An ii pleagant effect is producet is the long owe os thearsis rem in long a sonaetimescis the case in the res and Murth Mot os the hexameter, and speciali With mono

τρίτον τροχαῖον, S g. r

with a consonant, have nothingo do illi hiatUS, S g. στ μματ ἔχων - χερσὶ ρεκηβόλου Ἀπόλλωνος.S g. et ις - satis. ἔδος - sedes. ἔξ sex, Ο Sequor, g suus s. g. d. XVII. Iox: δυνήσατο o ο ἄνακτος. Cases os hiatus in Homer and Hesiod, hicli are notcomprehended unde the rules atready mentioned resteither on a corrupi texi or are to e explained by oldsornis os the wor is no unknown, ut hicli removed the suppoSed hiatus. Homer a the mode os the later epic poets, hothrough misunderstandin introducet hiatus in places here in Homer' time non existed ecause of the digamma. But hiatus occurred in his epic poeir les frequently than in Momer and stili 'ess isten in the bucolic and di lacti poets. . In the fifth centur aster Christ Nonnus and his mutatorsrestricted hiatu to a se cases illi long na syllabie. Hiatus occurs more raret in the elegia hexameter, and stili more so in the pentameter, here it appear usuallyin the irs Mot and the sirst dactyl aster the caesura Atthe caesura it is oubisul. Cases of the hiatus os long syllabies illi hortentia in the arsis os anapaesti metres are O UnCommon. In the iambic trimeter and trochai tetrameter os trage lyhiatus ver seldom occurs in the thesis, and then es area stop here aliae sanae Mord is repeate J, Sch

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39. Hiatus in Latin.

Compare the genera re mark in 7. Hiatus occurs extremel Seldom in the Roman dactylic poets, Speciali in the arsis os the oot. In Vergit thelitatus os a stior fines syllabie occur Only Nice. Ecl. II. 53

in acti case besore a decidei stop. Long monosyllabic ord or hos en ling in m alio hiatus in the arsis is a stior syllabi solio S as iace in the Satires os Horaces

Si me amas inquit cocto num adest honor idem Z

te, amice, nequivi.

et longum sorinos vale vale inquit Iolla. insubi Ionio in magno.

et Esquilina alites. Glauco et Panopea et Inoo Melicertae.

In his verse in imitationis Euphorion the spondaic ordo the sirs Mot is preservet unShortened illi the hiatus. In the poets consideret here hiatus in the amis, excePlinior. p. 5 Ioo, an hiatus in the thesis, excepi in the dactylic tetrameter ossibus e capiti inhumam, Hor cles I. 28, occur ni in hexameter verse. The fines syllabi is always long excepi in three cases, Tibullus I 5, 33 rop. III. 15, 1 a 43, here the syllabie nil in m and this svllabi is alway the fines os a polysyllabic ori excepi Verg. Hi n. IV. 35

quid struit aut qua spe inimica in gente moratur.

Nereidum matri et Neptuno Aegaeo.

Vergil, however, in imitation os Ennius, gometimes allows hiatus at ther politis in the verse, at the nil os ortis havin an anapaesti endin or besore a top

evolat infelix et semineo ululatu. Si pereo, hominum manibus periisse juvabit.