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species develop in horse droppings. Since these eastly identisiatile species have not been found even after thorough investigations DUDA, RICHARDS, HACK- ΜΑΝ) in any other Europe an country, it may be inferred that they reacti thewestertim ost limit of their distribution in IIungary, and this irresistitity pro-vOkes the thought that they may have arrived in the Carpathian Basin ut theage of the great migrations of by SO me later human introduction. Among the flies collected in various paris of the Palae arctic Region, the SepsidS are, as atre ady stat ed ab ove, the mOSt important members of the alpine cow-pat fauna Table 43. Ι have not identisied yet the collected imagos thus I cannot give any det alled account of the SpecieS constituting the alpine fauna. MOst species Or the Afghanistati Sepsids Τabie 5) are distributed in the
a number of genera that their species are related not to Europe an hut toΝe arctic taxa. Materia is collected On the excrement Os large domestic mamma S
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the retreat of the later re-entrance of the tropical elements. In the easternpart of the Palae arctic Region, there Was a possitile Se condary centre of Specificevolution in Inner Asia sat the time of the Obik sea or the glaciation of the Urat area) hich Would explain the extraordinary disserenoes between theeastern and western Palae arctio Sphaerocerid salinas. This assumption Ahould naturally be substantiated by surther investigations. It can be stated in generat that in the interaction of the droppings and the fly fauna, the determining factor is not the quality of the droppings butthe fauna of the given area. In the case, ser in Stance, of the horSe drOPPingS, Whicli are essentialty the fame everywhere and whicli differ primarily in theirwater content Only accOrding to drier and wetter region S, the fly communityobservabie On them in the various geographicat areas gathers DOm the compo- Dents of the locat faunas, that is, the droppings have no uniform fauna inde pendent of the geographicat locality, even within the Palae arctic Region. DiScNSSion. Το Sum 119, the primary fly larvae play an essentiat role in the decomposition of the droppings. My data compei the recognition that theprimary fly larvae have a key position: they decompose the liquid cementingmaterial of the droppings berare it could dry out and , thereby cementing the largor and undigested plant paris of the excrement, they tranSform a notinconsiderable part of this substance into their own hody substances and leave the rest more Suit able for the subsequent microbial de composition. Ι have established that in Hungary the productivity of the primary fly larvae cari beextrem ely high in summer. In my opinion it were miste ad ing to POS e the Problem Whether the beelles Or the siles are the more important in the decOmPOSition of the droppings, be cause their activity essentialty differs. It is the Se condary sty larvae whose function agroes in essence with that Of the COPTOPha-gous beelles. The study of the dispersion of the coprophagous larvat populations in the actuat pieces of droppings and the investigation os the habits of the species indicated that the evolvenient of the larvat populations is not strictly regulated, hence the dispersion belween the severat droppings is uneven to the extreme. In the decomposition Of the droppings there are many ParallelWays of une quat Value, one of whicli is based on the primary fly larvae. Theseroutes, determined by the phylogeneSis of the ecosystemS, are giVen RS inter-
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connected systemS, hut whether the actuat interconnected system in the inves
tigat ed dropping is constituted by this Or that Semaphoroni population Os
these Or tho se specie S, dependS On the ecological and faunal enviro timent of the dropping, and to no Smali extent On chance the Zoogeographical stud y of the coprophago iis flies alSO Submitted corroborative data in this respect). In ali this , I cannot hut se e a fine example of the dialectic inter action os chanc e
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Aeta MoIogica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 22, I976
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Acta MOIoglea Academiae Seientiarum Hungaricae 22, 2976