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Trom the 'aralle vie, o the contenis i the versions os illa Naither ago the ollo viii conclusions a b dra via:-i Thai lis illesepisodes os the Saga re preserveri in illi threemithe tuli exis: the altharius o Memanni version the iniit reks-
Sago i id orse version; oguphali Chronicon or the dolis,
b. alther sietrothe with Hii legunde a the colari c. lighi os Walthe and Hildegunde; . Rursui os the fugitives
alitier anquishes his me in single conabat.
os Ethnica Elem Uni K. A. - Alemanni Verrion a Attila Lin iis themtans marches against Gibicho, in os
Frank Heriricus, Ring os the Burgundians an Alphere. ins of the Aquitanians
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Theiorcle lan belween saga an histor is stillin Chanted ground . The old historians e re fondi mala in forays into his magi realmi Suppi the missing Chapter of thei Chroni Cle S. Le fi lii UAlrOUS, though not less bol sonae adventurous Cholar of the PreSent generationi ave donne the vel ling-cloali an dragged the facts of historybac into the misis of sag An myth. It Seem time no in is ver totas the investigation of the saga and So sar a possibi the myth upon a firm historica foundation. Bythi pro Cedure alone ill it everi possibi e to separate the histori Calfrona the mythica element. Even his metho ma no enable UA Oarrive at well-establis hed identification os many mythica and histori CalperSonagesI; ut it,ill Clear the atmosphere an hanish many Og brewer froni the domain f Heroi Saga an malae possibi thescience of the Heroi Saga. The essentia germis the historica method was recogniZed by the great pione e investigator in his fiet , Jacob and wilhelm rimm . a Since the Jay of the Grininis and thei su CCessors, LRChmann AndMi illentio is, the mythica an poetica method of Saga interpretation have Seeme at times to vi in no nequa contest, illi the histori Cal. At present, however, the historica method is egi nning to tali firmhol upon the stud both of myth an sage. In determining the historica background of a saga two Considerations must be Opt
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transmission tradition whicli Constitutes the Chie Soui Ce of the sana an it is a much the clut of the investigator to kee in te the trendo tradition underlying the de vel opinent of saga ascit is his ut tohol fasi totis historical oorings. In hori, in the stud of Culture an belle in haleve forni, it i quite a important to now hat tradition say a to know What recorde hiStor reCounts of the great men an event of the paSt. ut in orde to Separate the historicaland mythica element of the saga, e must begin illi history. The Saga of Walther of Aquitaine Contain Clearly recognigabie historica elements. Besore proCeedin to the reatinent of the so-Calleclmythica elemenis, it ill e et to eliminate an examine the historical The followin character have a ell-authenticate historica record ErmanriC, Dietric Attila, Helche Erka), ibi co, Gunt harius. It wil be in place here t recal the essentia facts of
thei Caree a transmitte by history in Orde to secure a uitablepoliatis departiare. Armanrio. -Ammianus Marcellinus ErmanriC' Contemporary, gives the ollowin account of him Igitur Hunni pervalis Alanorum regionibus, quos Greuthungi Confines Tanaitas consuetudo nomiliavit, inter Ctisque multis et spoliatis, reliquos sibi concordandi fide acta iunxerunt eisque adiun Cti S, Confidentius Ermenrichi late potenses et uberes pagos repentino in Detu perruperunt, belli COSSimi regis, et per multa variaque sortiter facta vicinis nationibus formidati. Oui vi subitae proCellae perculSUS, quam vi manere fundatu et stabili diu conatus est, impendentium tamen diritatem augente vulgatius fama, magnorum clisCriminum metum Voluntaria morte Sedavit 3I, 3.)Jordanes account of Ermanrictis brieflyras follows Some time aster the cleati, o Geberi C, ho was the in of the unite Gothi peopte abolit 331 Ermanric Ermanaricus thenobles of the Amali, followe as in os the GothA. He subjugateum an northern eopte totis rute, o that the old historians fittinglycompare hi in to Alexander the reat. Aster havin conquere the Gothos, Scythias, lividos in Aunxis, asinabron Cas Merens, Mordensimnis, Caris, Rocas, ad Zan Athua Navego, Bullegentas, Col-das, he marched against the Heruli. Havin subjugate thes hevanquishe in turn the Veneti, Antes Entes), clavi SClaveni), the Aestes along the Coast of the German Ocean, so that he tale overat theseoples of Scythia an Germania a ove his own subjecis. The tragi en o Ermanrictis thus relate by him aifollows:
Quod genus expeditiSSimum multarumque nationum grRSSatorem Getae ut Viderunt, paviSCunt suoque Cum rege deliberant, qualiter tali se hoste subducant. Nam Ermanaricus, rex Gothorum, liCet, ut Superita retulimus, multarum gentium extiterat triumphator de Hunnorum tamen adventu dum Cogitat. ROSomonorum RASOmonorum
RoSomorum, Roxolanorum gens infida quae tunc inter alios illi famulatum exhibebat, tali eum nanciscitur occasione cleCipere. Dum enim quandam mulierem uni lda Sunihil, unielli nomine ex gente memorata pro mariti fraudulento discessu rex furore Commotus equis ferΟ- cibus inligatam incitatisque cursibus per diversa divelli praeciseisset,
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sratres eius arus et Ammius Iammius Aminus, Ammus Germanae obitum vindicantes Ermanarici latus ferro petierunt quo Vulnere Revius egram Corporis imbecillitate Contraxit. Uam ad Versam aptans Balamber Belamber Balamir Balamur rex Hunnorum in Ostrogothorum Arte mox it proCinCtum, a quorum SoCietate iam Vesegothae quadam inter se intentione seiuncti habebantur. Inter haec Ermanaricus tam vulneris dolore quam etiam Hunnorum incursionibus non ferens grandevias et plenus dierum Centesimo cleCimo anno Vitae Suae desunCtUS St. Cuius mortis occasio dedit Hunni praevalere, in
Gothis illis quos dixeramus orientali plaga sedere et Ostrogothas nUn- Cupari Cap. 24. It is evident at arars glance tha Jordanes has drawn his account, in par at east, Dona an at ready well-develope Ermanri saga, buta CompariSOn f hi account,ith that os Ammianus ili ho that certain rustworth historica facts are Common to both an constitutea fit in historica basis for the Ermatari saga cf. lis below). What the later Chroniciers-Flodoardus Hist. ECCles. Remensis, 4,5); Chronicon laedlinburgense Menken, ES. Rer Germ. , iii 17o); Echeli ardus Chronicon Urspergense, ' p. 85 ); Otto vota reisingen Chronicon V, in Saxo Grammaticu Stephan, L. iii, P. 54-I 57)have o An os ErmniariC, here not based pon Ammianus and Jordanes, musti regardei as histor highi tinge with the color of mediae val tradition an belong rathe to the Saga than to the historyos Ermarari C. Herminericus, ne os the two Roman Consul Acin the ear 465 mayhe mentione here asiaving ad sonae possibi influence pon thei aditiona account of the great Gothic in Ermanri os the fourthCentvry. 5 Thi Hermine riCus was the On of Aspar a Gothis Alan, an Aurvived Aspar, ho was assaSinate in 7I A. D. 6 Hermeric, ea de of the Suevi in II A. D. ma possibi have been confuse in the popular indoith the omewhat similarname of the Gothi ErmanriC Hermanaric). The recor os Hermerie 's Caree is brief. He appear ait eader of the Suevi II, A. D. , when they, illi the Asclinet Vandal unde Gunderi OCCupie Gallicia. Hermeri an his Suevi,ere attached by underi and the Asclin Vandals in 19 A. D. an Shut in among the Nervi an Ount alias for a ear. Hermeri te the Suevi into the territor abandone d by the Vandal to enseri C; ut Hermeri was de aled by ensericiaea Mericla and Compelle to flee, peris hed in the water of the
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the three brother rui in the Eas Goth then setile in Pannonia. When even ear old Theoderi was sent actiostageri the Courtis Constantinople, here e rematiae three earS HAVin returne clwith a comitatus o ten thousan men, he SurpriSed the Sarmatians
Cf. also Theoderi II ho ecam the in of the west Goths in 453 by the assassinationi his brother, Thorismund Allie with the
Signa victor ove the in of the Suevi nea the river Urbicus Aster the death of Avitus emas compelle to return home to defend his
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own land against Agiuis e allie himself,ith Genseri against Majori an, ut, as oblige a tengilio unite illi Morian against the Vandals Theoderi II was assassinate by his brother Euric in 466. Attila.-O at the character o Germani Saga, non has est acleeper an more distinc impres iapon tradition than Attila, the sonMundZuc, o Mundiu Chi, in of the HunS, SCOurge of Od. The Career of this meteor of histor is recorde with much de tali by Pris-
Attila' ai against the unite force of Aetius and the other Frankisti prince Attila CCOrdingi ad van Ced estward illi sive hundreclthous and 7 men, eigning to the Romans Valentiniani that he intende to attach the west ollis, an to Theoderic the west Goth that he wis hexto Dee aut froni the Roman Ohe. In the ear 45 IAttila' arm appeare in two main diviSion : One Oving long the rightiank of the Danube via Augsto the Uppe Rhine, the thercomin around the denwald Owar Maing. The outheria divisionprobabi passe via traSsburg to etZ, hile the ortheria erat via Trier through Belgium towar Paris, though it Seem noto have reache this City. 3 Attila was illi the forme division a MetZ Havin pluridere an burned Carpon an Rheims he marche onvia Clisilotas Troyes an Sen toward Orieans Aetius mean whilemadcrosse the Alps, unite with the orces of Gaul UFranci, Sarmatae, Armoriciani LitiCi Ani, BurgiandioneS, Saxones Ripuarioli, riones, quonclam milite Romani, tun vero jam innumero auxiliorum exquisiti, aliique nonnulli Celticae vel Germanicae
an secure through Avitus the CO-Operation Theoderic thera est Goth. Aetius illi his ast arm os unite Romans, Germans
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Venetian territory the lain f Ombard even to the o. oonaster his 453), Attila die of hemorrhagein the brida night with his
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IMico. Jordanes gives the followin account of ldico, Attila's ast is , and of the fata brida night
Oui Attila , ut Priscus historicus refert, Xtinctioni SURO Em- Dore Puellam, i dico nomine, decoram valde. Sibi in matrimoniRmPOS innumerabiles uxores, ut mos erat gentis illiu S, SOCianS, CiUS Uein nuptis nimia hilaritate resolutus in Somnoque grRURtUS reSUPinia jacebat redundansque sanguis, qui ei solite de naribu Sem Uebat, dum consuetis meatibus impeditur, itinere ferali fata Cibu Sill RPSU Cum extinxit Sequente Vero luce, quum magna par diei suiSSe exempta, ministri regii triste aliqui suspi CanteS, OSt ClamoreS maximo fores effringunt inveniuntque Attilae Sine vulnere CCem SRU Uini effusione peractam, puellamque demisso vultu sub Velamine
a uncticarius, in of the Burgundians, is mentione a a Contem POrar of Aetius an Attila. His compaci illi Aetius, fi liad OrSted hi in in a in the ear 435 A. D. is thus reCorde in the Chroniciem Prosperus Aquitania SQ Eodem tempore fabout 435 A. D. Gundicarium Burgundionum Regem intra Gallias habitantem Aetius bello obtinuit, pacemque ei
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1 64 IVA L THER OF AO VITA INE.
supplicanti dedit: qua non potitus est, siquidem illum Chun cum
populo Suo a stirpe deleverunt. 24
Gundicarius de a b Attila in the following ear 436 is mentione by Paulus Diaconus in his libello de Episcopis Mettensibus
as follows: Eo igitur tempore 436 A. D. , Cum reverendus his Praesul vitam Cunctis virtutilius cleCoratum duceret, Attila Rex Hunnorum omnibus belluis crudelior habens multas barbara nationes Suo SubjeCtas dominio, postquam Gundigarium Burgundionum Regem Sibi OCCurrentem protriverat ad universa deprimenda Gallias Suae saevitiae
The sanae event is referre t in the mistoria Miscella ' by Paulus
Attila itaque primo impetu, mox ut Gallias ingressus est undi-Carium regem Burgundiorum Sibi OCCurrentem protrivit, paCemque ei
Supplicanti dedit. In his account of Attila' subjugation of the Burgundians 436Τ,
there is dolabiles confusion of the overthrow of Gundicarius by the HUNS, Servin a Roman mercenaries 4363, illi the expedition os Attila 451).ὴβ anno the two division os Attila' arm in 45 have further confused the account ΘGuntiariuS.-Olympiodorus of hebes, states a that Guntiariu S Gree forin Guntiarios praefect φυλα χος of the Burgundians, and Goar, praefectis the Alans, proClaimed Jovinia Emperor at Maiia 41Ι, or 12. That this Guntiarius is the fame as undicarius mentionedabove, eem probabie. In the indS O later generations at an rate the would naturali have beCome identiCal. It is possible also that trace of the samoias CharaCter of the Same, Similar ames have been adde to sonae of the traditionalRCCOUnts of GundiCartu as for example, o Gundericus, the in os the andRlS. Gundericus, King of the Vandals Dona o6 428. The main faCt of Gundericus Caree are the followin: In the ear 419 at the ea of the Asclings, he attache Hermericus, the eader of the Suevi, and hel them hiat in forin ea among the Nerva MountainS. Havingunite the Alans totis ingdom, ne forme a hos superior to the Suevi, Goth an Romans. In the ear 2 his Vandals an Alans deseate Castinus, the Romanis Afer militum, together illi his WeS Gothi mercenaries, compelling them to flee, illi the os of twent thouSan men to Tarragona. In the ear a GunderiCus made Conques of the cities of Carthagena an Sevilla. About twoyearilater, da or 28 Gundericus perishe in batile, probabinwhile figlitin against the Suevi. Accordinito tradition, he was visite byGod' chastismen sor ptundering the chiarches in evilla. p.