The saga of Walther of Aquitaine

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3. LEGENDAR ELEMENTS. In addition to the historica elemenis, hicli are readit identified, the Walther Saga Contain a Clas O CharaCter whiCh, OubileSS, reflec actua history, ut hicli Canini be indistincti trace in the historica record han de down to S. To regar theSe CharaCter RSpurei legendar is to ignore the relationi histor to tradition andio miscon Ceive the processes by hicli the historica Saga is de vel oped. On the theriand to egin the interpretation of suci characters by tra in them in the Eddi Layiis to Omplicate the probleman vitiat the Conclusion beCauSe theS LayS, though in many RSOS Containing very early fornas of the agas, present these Character in combination illi distinctivel Northeria legendar an mythica ele

Thus the Characters hicli e designate a Legendar magen, Heriricus, Hildegunde Alphere, alther; and the nighis, hoattac Walther in single conabat at the wasgensteir, Camelo, Elaevi id, Eleuter Helmnod in GerwicuS, Hadawari, imo SCaramUn-duS), Patavrid, Randolf, an astus, Trogus, urit arduS-i notorRCe- able in historica record are at east the uigrowthis , historica pastandiso inventions pure an Simple This is lea froni the faint historica traces of the names, hicli a b brieli state here. Hagon. Heingela has made a skillim attempto identis Hagen with Aetius, and the coincidences between the two heraunis umbrieflyas followS: I. The nam Hagathia for Hagen 's ather in the waltharius a The repente s ourn of Aetius among the Huns, S OStage an fugitive, and the s ourn of his son there ASAEOStage 3. The historica positionis Aetius; rs as frienti, and then a Meo the Hunx consequently as friendis the Germani foes of the Huns, the BurgundianS 4. The Burgundians fighting on the fide of Aetius against Attila, in the ear 45I 5. The Germanigingi Aetius by his arriage illi a Gothi prin-

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Besides these the generallaCCOrd that both e re great warrior and Commanderes, and that in the Nibet ungent ted Hagen is charmeis-

weight than soni of the Coinciden es note ab ove Such are :I. Identification of Aldrian, Hagen 'A fallier, illi Alarices the west Gothica in g, at whos Cour Aetius live frona abo ut his tenti, o his foui te enth ear Alaric' affection o Aetius thus ivin ris to the popular tradition that he was Aetius sather. I. The possibi Confusion in Epic tradition of this Alaric with AlaricII, ho rule in aut an fellis Vota gle whil figlitin against the

thaer.

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4. Aigyna' position a proteCtor of the Aquitaini an horde might explain Hagen 's hein witnes at the betrotha of Walthe and Hildegetando. 3 5. Aigyna' Conques of the wasCon might have given riserio the conceptionis Hagen a the fallier of Hilde, o Portegat 356. The cruei Character of Aigyna ould serve as the parallel for thegrim-visage Hagen os the ibet ungent ted. 7. Aigyna a also a Contemporar of the furious Brunhilde whose character is reflecte in the ibet ungent ted Θ).36What, then, is the aliae of thi parallel between Aigyna the Saxon an Hagen a Compare with Heinget' identificationi Hagen and Aetius Zohe siluation a present,ith regar to theSe, a tomany the legendar CharaCterS, Soliis suCh identifications restupon to bare a baSi of etail to amount to positive proos. In thecas of unmistakable histori Cal Chara Cter like Ermanric Theoderic an Attila, hos deed belon to the politica histor of the worid an have come clown in ritten record, it is notitis ultri folio thesthrea of histor through mage of myth and Saga. ut in the caseis characters hos deediliave appeare in histor either in desultoryjottings, or here recorde more in delati, appea unde nam es different frona hos hande clown by legendar tradition historica identification is peculiari difficuli, and is long in findita genera accept-ance This is se en in the CaSe O the master attem Pisis Vigisson-Powell, Siegi ried -Arminiuos and Heinget Hagen-Aetius). The Hagen-Aetius identification o Heingelland the Hagen-Aigynaparallel salven a bove though in themSelve no ConClu Sive in every particular clo Aho this that he historical a Ck-grotin furnis hedample materia for the de velopinent festa Ch legendar CharaCters, and that there is a stron presumulion that the historica Saga has combine in such legendar perSonages, a weano it has in the case of historica personageS, the Di element of CharaCter widely Separate in potnt of time an even locality. Heiace there ould e noinconsistenc in SuppoSing that Certain traiis of the character of Aigyna serve to fortis the Conception O Hagen-Aetiu the Contemporar of Attila particulari inaSmuch a the groupingi event in the Walther Saga poliat to a perio considerabi later than the timeo Attila Heingelo himself concedes the possibilit of such anach

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1. The historica backgrotan containe the essentia elements found in the Character of Hagen a The geographica localigation Os the Character a Hagen on Troilege Troi e Troia is justified by the actua existenCe of rhonia, the modern Kircheim in Alsatia, the identit of whichias been Clearly shown bymeinget. 38 The forin Troia in the Mattharius ' might be explaine a poeticconfusion illi the ancient Troja of his mode Virgil oris followingop the tradition that the Frank were prunifrona Tr an origin, 39Or a Comin directi frona Nova Troja Kirchei m).3. The later appeara C O the nam Hagen in the documents of the eighth centur potiato the earlier exiSten C and localisation os the name, and thu to the early de Velopinent of the Saga. Heriricus. Gregorius Turonensis alve the follio in account of Kin Chararicus hicli is probabinthe Frankisti formi Heriricus: Posthac ad CharariCum regem dirigit ouando autem Cum Stagrio pugnavit, hi CharariCUS UOCatu ad Solatium ChlOdovechi uimus Stetit, eventum rei XueCtans, ut Cui eveniret victoria cum illo et hic amicitiam Colligaret. Ob han Causam Contra eum indignans Chlodo-veChu abiit, quem ii Cum ventum Oli Cepit Cum filio, vinctosque totondit et Chararicum quidem presbyterum, filium Ver ejus diaconem ordinari jubet. Cumque CharariCuid humilitate Sua Conquereretur et fleret, films ejus dixisse fertur In viridi, inquit, ligno hae

fronde SueCiSae Sunt, ne omnino HrOSCunt Sed Velociter emergent ut

CresCere queant utinam tam Vel OCiter qui hae fecit, intereat. Quod verbum sonuit in aures ChlocloueChi quod scilicet minarentur sibi Caesariem ad Crescendem laxare, ipsumque interficere. At ille jussit eos pariter Capite PleCti. Ouibu mortui regulam eorUm Cum thesauris et populo ACquisivit.

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Further, have mention in regorius Turonensis si os Chararicus king of the Suevi in panish Gallicia, an sather of Theodemirus. It was in the time of Theodemirus, ho wa madeain about 559, that the Suevi ere Converte to the Catholi Faith. 7 There manliave been sonae Confusion in the popular in belween Charari us king of the Morini an Chararicus hingis Gallicia The geographca positiono the alter ould Suggest Such Confusion. I seems no at ali improbable that Chararicus, as Frankisti ingrui in ove the Burgundian territor aster iis subjection to Frankishauthority, hould have Come tot regarde a King of the Burgun-dians. This A the more plausible, a the Confusion o Frankish and Burgundian relations is atready evident in the walther Saga, hereth Burgundian Gundicarius S repreSente a King of the Franks. Is then, e have SuCCeede in dentis ying the Heriricus of the sagawith the Charari Cus of GregoriuS Turonesis e hal have es tablis hedanotherion of the lose relations hipi ou Saga illi is historical backgroUnd. Hild unde. In the Case of Hildegunde, hom the Saga calis thedaughter of Heriricus, the actua historicalia Claground is not so Clear. The nam itself, howe Ver together illi the nam o Hilde Ather 'squeen, an preSumabl Walther' in Other, poliat uiam istahabi toBurgundi an-Frankisti origin The nam Hilde is an almos constant quantit in Burgundian-FrankiSh histor of the Merovingian period a inclee of the agas connected illi the period. e nee butrecat Some of the moSt prominent ChlotChil de Brunhil de Balthilde noto mention the nanae of men, Childeberi Chil cleriCh. So, too, the secon par of the nam e CCur in Fredegunde and the ethnicnam itfel Burghinde. The coincideiace of the rs par of the nam Hildegunde illi Hilde the presum able mollier os Walther, suggest the Close ethnicaland politica relationShimo Burgundiano an Aquitanians at the timewhen the Alemanni versionis the Saga developed. Compare the fac that Heriricus an Alphereia betrothe thei Child ren in earlychildhood. his may indicate also a famil relations hip existingbetween the two ingS. One ther poliat rem ain tot noted here that the fortia Hildegunde Contain the stem element of the nam Hildico Ildico Attila's ast spouse. t is no unlikel that this may have ive riserio the nam eo this roya hostage, Hildegunde, homel suCh a responsibi position at Attila's Court Then, too the last fata seas of Attilain thenight of his nuptials with Ildico, may have est iis traces in the east whicli alther an Hildegunde prepare-note in partiCula thepotion the long Sleese.

6 De Virtutibus ' S. artini, Lib. i. c. H. 47 De Reg. Gothorum. Cap. o. 8 The masculine form Corresponding to mil dico is horne by one of the wo Vandals, Praepositae Heldicus and Cubadus f. Datin, MUnige de Germanen I, 17, 232, 36.

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Themanae of Childec inda the aughter of Chilpericus I occurs in early Frankish history. 9 While his orna can carcet be identified with that o Hildegunde, it indicates togethe with thos mentione dabove, that the nam Hildegunde elong to Frankish-Burgundian soli an hence nee not be a poeti creation, pure an simple asHeinget would se em to suggest, in imitation os the fornis Hilde. Hildeburg, Hildes widii Helisant, in simila tales in den hiilichen Erghhiungen nacligebit det ); o ut like these is dolabiles trace ableto Burgundi an-Frankisti tradition of the Sixti Centvry. his, at least, is evident that the Hildegunde of the walther Saga harmoniges illithe historica element an conditions ut os,hi Ch the Saga grew,

nam Alphere is tot connecte with thetonabar heroi Cycle ofwhicli Alboin AElfwine Elfiuine is the centra figure A number f

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Malcharius. -In his par of the reatis are given the OCCurron Ce of the nam Waltharius in Lonabar an Franco-Galli histor bes ore IO , A. D. Perhaps the earlies Considerable a Count of the nam is thalai veni Paulus Dia Conus 59I, II. U Habuit autem WaCho Uxore treS, hoC St, primam RHntCUndam filiam regis Thuringorum. Deinde duxit Austrigosam filiam regis Gepidorum, de qua habuit filias duas. Nomen Uni WiSegarda, quam tradidit in matrimonium Theodeberto, regi ran Corum. SeCUndRautem dicta est Wal derada quae sociata est Usupaldo, alio regi FranCorum, quam ipse odio habens uni ex suis, qui dicebatur Gari-Dald in Conjunium tradidit. Tertiam vero actio uxorem habuit Herulorum regis filiam nomine Saligam. Ex ipsa Natus est filius, quem althari appellavit, quique WaChone mortuo Super LAngobur-

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WALTHER OF AO VITA INE. 73

dos jam Clavus regnavit. Hi Omnes Latingi fuerunt: Si enim apudeo quaedam nobilis proSapia VoCabatur. I, 22. Walthar ergo Cum Per Seselem anno regnum tenuisset, ab haesiuC SubtraCtu est. Post quem nonus Audwini regnum adeptu e St, qui non multo p OS tempore Langobardos in Pannoniam adduxit. ESSentiali the fame account is found also in the origo Gentis Langobardorum, 'do 'Chronicon Gothanum .' 6 The nam os althari occurs also in the introductionis the 'Edictus Rothari,' a heret, is calle the ninthining of the ombards instea of the eighth, as heris calle in the passage quo te Abo UC. Having thus trace the a me Mattharius V in Lonabar history, we finxit appearingi ex in Frankish-Gali record as Ollows T. Altharius mentione in V Diploma Pippini Regis pro undinis S. Dionysii, V Anno 753. a Waltharius is mentione asine of the signers in lippini Prae-Ceptum pro ConStru Ctione et dotatione Monasterii Priami ensis, ' Anno 76a August hirte enth of the nintli ear of Pippin's reten.)3. Waltharius Chorepiscopus, mentione d among those present at thesyno in eccleSi novismensi, Ann 8I4. 4. Waltharius vir nobilis uxor Suanahilda filia uxor clatrici circa anno 25, is attached by urchardus, ea de of the Alamanni ex Translatione Sanguinis Domini ).635. Waltharius abbas Augensis, Circa 85O. 6 6. altarius, Megi Lothario a secretis, ' Anno 866. 657. Waltarius is mentione in the document Ad Episcopus Regni Lotharii, Anno 867. 8. Waltharius togethe with austenus Fulco an Lautwinu e Xe-Cutes the capitularies sent by in Charies o Burgundy. 669. altharius alerias juveni epis Copus Senonensi S, OPOS WAltherii Aurelianensis epis C Opi 67 Io Walterus Aurelianiensium episcopus, sent by Hugo O ingLudovicus, Anno 879.63 o. alterius vir illustris in biturica Civitate, Anno Ι7. 12. alterius fidelis Ri Chardi, Anno 18. 70Ι3. Alterita praefectus Victuriaci castri, mentione 1 in Flocloardi

Ι5. Valteria ex Changes his possession in illa de Los for a partis S. Michaelis in illa Torratias, CirCa 959. 73

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Besides the nam Waltharius may be adde here them Iose IV resembling this in forni, butis apparenti ver different etymologica Iorigin Walcherius, algarius Waldgarius, Walde riCus, Walaricus Walericus), Walae rius. I. aICherius, vir illustris, recorde ' una cum fidelibus nostris id est Hagione Theodberto Remedio Gerehard Fulcario, Bovilone Wal Cherio, Rau Chingo, et Ermenaldo Comite palatii nostro. 762. algarius ather of ervoldus, EpiSCopia Ebroicensis abbatis

coenobii Fontanellensis, mentione anno 787. 773. Waldgarius, Episcopus Uerden Sis, mentione d in Vitari Aias karii, circa a. 848. 784. Aligarius Comes, nepos donis regis V mentione in the Me gionis Chronicon, ' anno 892. 795. aligarius Fresno, filius Guelfi, anno 898. 8 I. Waldericus Dux FrancuS i mentione by redegarius anno

Anno xiv regni Dagoberti, Cum WaSCOnes fortiter rebellarent, et multa praedas in regno Fran Corum, quod Charibertu tenuerat faCerent DagObertus de univerSO regno Burgundiae XerCitiam promovera jubet, statuens ei Caput Xercitus, nomine Chadoindum, Referendarium, qui tem Doribus TheuderiC quondam regi multis Proelii probatur StrenuUS: qui cum de Cena Ducibus cum exercitibus id est: Arimbertus, Amalgarius, Leu debertus, and almarus, Walderi CUS, ErmenuS, BarontUS, Chatra Ad US, O genere Francorum, ChrRmne le-ΠUS, X genere Romano Nili badu Patriciu ex genere Burgundionum, Aigyna ex genere a XOnum, XCepti ComitibUS plurimUS, qui DuCem suDer Se non habebant, in Nasconia Ciam e Xercitu pereXiSSent,

et tota asconiae patria ab exercitu Burgundiae fuisset repleta, aSpones de inter montium rupibus egressi ad bellum semperant. RII Walaricus Waleri CUS3 Dia FranCuS, anno II. Anno dccxi Walaricus duxit exercitum Francorum in Suavis. εω Ouand alaricus duxit exercitum Francorum in Suavis Contra Vitaris. 833. Walaricus Gua IariCus Leucona ensis abbas. 4. Wal neruiS, Ome Eurgundionum, mentione as ne of thesigner of the compa et with Gundebaldus, in of the Burgundians. 85Frona the CCurrenCes of themanae of Walther, here Cited it a bepOSSibi e to arrive a sonae conclusion a to the origin an nationalityo our hero horis tot discusse more at erigili toward the Close of this treatise. The facts are Collecte here illi the ther materialsettin forti the historica elements of the Saga. It is notheant thalal the occurrences of the appellation alther, a preSented have a connection illi that os uriero, but that this enumeration hali serve

86 Chron. CRP. 78.