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The fac that these genera ouiline areis Consistenti preserved in the rea majorit of the texis, an Mare contradi te by nothin in the fragmentar ACCOunt of the Saga, urnishes a Stron presumption that these episodes, the irst Our a least, elon to the origina forni romu hicli the extant version developed. It is to e noted however, that hile the general ketch of the Saga remalias essentiali the Same, the etails of the separate incident Var greatly in the Vera Sion for ex ample, CCording to therars epigode the foreig Cour is
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that o Attila in the waltharius, Novatician Chronicie, Ni beluia gen-lied Vienna Fragment, iterol und Dielleib Thidre kSaga and probably, in the waldere an Gra Fragmenis, hil in the Pol isti version it is the cour of the hin of the FrankS. Again the pursui and conabat in the waltharius talae placerat themand of Gunther an hismen ,hil in Thidrelisagacit is Attila' men ho pursu an attachwalthera an in the Pol isti version the Prin Ce of Alamannia Thus in the German verSion Os the Saga e have two Conabat mentioned: one illi themtans the the with the Franks' Burgundian ). The
helonge to the origina formit the Saga. The aCCount of the combat with the Huns occurs in the Vienna Fragment, iterol finditelleiband the hidrelisag ; hile the contest illi the Burgundians is mentione in the Walde re, Waltharius, NovaliCien Chronicie, Ni belun-gent ted on dem belen ibe. The ac that the notice of thebatile illi the Burgundians is fotan in the waldere an Waltharius shows that ilia a place in the agam early a the inti, Centvry. Is however, e allo time O the de Veloument of the essentia differ ences et ween the waldere And the waltharius and assume illi Symons, 9 that the waldere S a early a the id die of the eighthCentvry, O may reaSOnablue date the Separation of the waldere and Waltharius ornas a the egi nning of the eighth century, f this ecorrect it preClude the OSSibilit of the ver late developinent of the stor of this Conabat. I i no improbable that the origina formo the Saga froni hiCh the ore German an Alemanni versions Walde re and waltharius de vel oped Containe also the account of
of the batile incident in the verSions that the Stor of the Combat was containe in the original Orna rom hicli the extant textiliave de-velopeo. Thia S, the primitive Setting f the narrative Consiste notsimpi os an CCount of the SCape home ithout notice of ither
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theseirs Mur but it must e re membere that these exploiis, too, are implied, and in fac referre to in the lose of the waltharius a
Gmnibus et Carus post mortem obitumque parentis Ter denis populum reXit feliciter annis, Qualia bella dehinc vel quantos saepe triumphos Ceperit, ECC stilus renuit signare retusus.
Havin determine d approximate lytie essentia episodes of the formo the Saga hicli constitute the original f the extant versions it rem ain to sol low the de vel Opment of thi germ and thus trace ther elation os the various version to this Origina forna an to onea nother.
In orde torax a oint of departure it, ill be ne CeSSary first, toas certain hi Cli ext i the oldest. The analysi gi ven a bove has shown conclusive ly that the walther Sagaris base dipon uram ista kable historica evenis andri tot regarde ACCOrdirigi asin historical produci. Hen Ce e re u Stisie in applyin historica criteria in asceridining the age of the verSion os the Saga. MauhariuS.-Referring again to the analysis DContentS the following may be deduce as a thir generaligation in the series os conclu-
Os at the versions, Waltharius represent mos fatili fuit the historica evenis containe in the Saga, and S, there fore, apparently
1. Alemanni Version Attila King of the Huns, pus hes his conquest weStward, and allaCk the nation beyon the Rhine : Franks Burgundians, Aquitanians. AI of this is essentiali historical asrecorde by the early ChroniClerS.I. Ol Nors Version Attila Kin os the Huns illi his residen ceat Susat orius ain, ornas a league illi Ermanri C. Ana Chronism and
3. Pol isti Version Attila Ermanric the Burgundi an an Aquitanians are ali omitte σοῦ in thei place appe a Franks Alemania Ari-naldus an Polonia Wyslaus and ynga . Here e lose at thedetatis of the historical Aetling of the Saga an have a New ethnicelement the Pol isti to account sor. It is evident frona this summary thatini in the Latin poem Waltharius is a stricti Con Sistent groia pingit historica evenis an Character preserVessi the har Oulline of Attila' Conquest os estern Europe the partici Dation f Burgundi an S, FrankS, an Aquitanians in the struggle illi themians oti relation illi the Burgun-dians an Franks the ultimate victor ove themunx the historical
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Characters, Attila Gibicho, Guntharius Hagano is, accepi Hein gel 's identificationi Hagen illi Aetius); the unusuali faithm repreSentation of the geographica Siluation, a Attila's campaignwestwar heyon the Rhineri the position os Franks, Burgundians an Aquitanians 'he localities est of the Rhine : ornas, Ch stlons,
in the Latin poem. At the principi episodes of his activit are in ke eping with the tren of aCtua evenis underlying the Saga. Nor is the hero calle upon to play roles hicli lie without theraphere of his eskill a seem tote the Case in the contest,ith Theti eis in the Thid-rekSSaga. OreoUer in the Latin poena there is a Cleare discrimination in the reaiment of Saga CyClex a ConspiCuous absenC O that indiscriminate umbie hicli permits ErmanriC, Attila anil Theoderico Verona, O Appen a Contemporaries in the Thidrelassaga. Allthes potnt combine i Nout leamus o look to the Latin poem a the Cleares and earlies extant forna of the Sagaci an a an evidenCe of the great age, an excellent preservation of the origina elements
whichielon to the fifth Centvry. PSMaldere.-Them S. of the waldere Fragments dates rom the ninthCentvry, hiChisive this versior of the Saga the appearance flagreater age than that whicli ante Claime for the waltharius. The question then hicli is older, the waldere o the waltharius formo the agi Is wemo compare the waldere,ith the Corresponclingepisode of the waltharius, shal fin that, hile there is essentialagreement there are important differen es etween them Thesiluationis the waldere is apparenti this alther returning ithtreas ure frona themian is attacked by Gunther unjustly because Walther has made generous ternas of eaCe): ne aster another of Gunther' men a fallen in single Combat with Walther; at lengili Comes Hagen ' turn to glit illi alther. Here e egin toencolanter difficulties; two different Oints of vie regarding the Speake in , are presente d. The ne hicli has mos generalaCCeptan Ce is that Hildigunde addresses Walther. io I this easSumed the SpeeCh woul Seem to have referetice to the momen in the conabat hen Hagen has attache walther W. 128 ff. and shi vere the alter 's word W., 374-53 whereia pon Hildegunde inspires Walther illi Desii Courage, reminclin him that thechoices of gistilent in fortis an her id et remains, referring probabi to the word whicli Gunthe had refus ecl. A Cordin to the ther vie of the Siluation a represente byHeinget, the Speaker i a Companion arrior of Walther an notHildegunde since the referen Ces in the speech o Walther' formerconabat domo fittingi come rom a omen. the speaker is not
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The Waldere Fragment contain, howe ver beside theSe Variationso motive mentione above, sonae referen es no Mund in the
waltharius Gunther is calle Uwine Burgenda U B. 14 not in Ofthe FrankS, AS in W. an referenCe is made to Theoderici DeodriC B. ), hiCh ShOw a Connection at this early perio belween the Sagao Walthe and that o Theoderic hile in . no trace XiSi ofany SUCh ConneCtion. his reference to ianther as frien or lor of the Burgundian a Cord more losely with histor an would Seemto indicate a Clearer, an herice earlier, conceptionis ianther Thesam potnt of vie is found in Nidsty who represents Gifica a rutilanthe Burgends With his conception of Guntheris a Burgundian it Sno eaSy to locate Hildegunde. e are est to conjecture, that hema have represente Some province of Gothici Frankish Gaul. 308Ιf emo turn to the waltharius , shal find that there is at ready Clear recognition of the Saga se Velan in the referen eoo Wal tharius Coat of maillas Melandia fabrica 965), hicli is a parallelio Celandes gere ores ' in Walde re A, ). The question here Stwosold was the original given to kkehar I by his maSter Geraldus, λψ a different version frona that of the waldere; or, id Ekkehard I. an his successor change thei originali adaptiniit to Frankisti condition o a later time tentii centurytis The followingseem to e the mos likely The original of Ekkehar I. a an alliterative poena in German speech. The argument for thi Hre I. Trace of Such alliteration in the Latin Waltharius. Jacob Grimm Suggeste Such traces by translatin the Latin hac into German; S, for example, Mattharius scor ex Aquitanu Sumeeneratus 5973 Matthari ona Vascoma means SpinosuS Hagano
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Viram linquere vel long am gloriam
Amorin Iorem noviSSimam mercedem ESSE
2. The a Ctua existenC O suci alliterative fragment of the Saga si reserve in the Naidere 3. The furvivat of the Saga in the heroic formis them. H. G. epiC as, in the Gra an Vienna Fragmenis; 4. The in direct evidenc derive froni the association of this agawith other . H. G. PiCS. I seem probable that Ekkehar I chos for his Latin poena the Centra epis ocles of his original chie among which was the Combat), and omittet suchos di not harmonige illi his conception Os Pictreatinent This is Clearly indicate at the lose of the poena foreXHmple, here e sum uinal of Walther' subsequent exploit of thiri years in hal a clogen Erses. In like manner, e may RVeomitte suci reserences to the Theoderi and weland Saga a thewalde re Contains. ut that he essentiali changed, o inVented, episodes is the les likel a his main purpos seem to have been Shilli translation into epic form ather han literar Creation Thath should Cloth the Saga with the classica adornment of Virgil orΡrudentius a Petuer o has hown and ive it the colorin OsMonasti life of his time, as Geydero has presented an inVeSt twith the geographica an historica settingi a later period i What we ho ut naturali expect But when due allowance has been madem SUChlaCCretions an modifications , shalliave lest,hat a beregarde a the essentiat heriae of the origina German version fili Saga. his original a probabinthe Uppe German Alemannic)λrm, hile the waldere represent the Lo German Saxonyhform. HeingeUS05 objection that the primitive type of the Waltharius 'Cannot be of Alemanni originie ause the poet represent Attila SDaSSing the Arari an Rhodanusin his way rom Wornis to Chalonsis, a the Criti himself admits only one videlice of the author'SUnfamiliarit with the geograph os the region Thus we have in the Waltharius a tentii centur adaptation os an original GermanVerSion, ither contemporary illi that of the waldere, or lightly
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The Novaticia Chronicie in Lib. ii, writtentefore Io27, represenis the formis the agam found in the waltharius, ut connecis it illithe life or loca tradition, of an old warrior ho entere the Cloister in Novales e. The irs par of the Novatician account follows ClOSelythe St. Gali version, hici, ad migrate thither evidenti throughmonasti intercourse. The career of alther in the cloister os Novales has a parallel in the Legend of t. illiam, o in the ChanSon de GeSte of Guillaum at cour neg. The alter a likewalther an Aquitanian and like ina abducte a princes frona Aheathen lancl. Heinget 37 Suggesis that the germ os the CCOunt Osthe monks Walthe and william, is possibi tot fotan in the life of King or Dulae, Hunwald of Aquitain the son os Eudo Nais hari' slather, and in Pippin's opponent, ho abdicate in the ea 745 in favor of alfhari an entere a cloister: ut after the death of hisson, test the Cloister, as an ol man, an renewed his opposition to Pippin an finali flexio Italy and oughtin the si de of Desiderius againt Charies the Great This an other simila legend may have give Color an even epis odes to the account of altharius, the lonk; ut e dolabiles have in the secon par of the Novaticiari Saga the loca traditionis a mon Waltharius hos early iise asthat o a arrior, and which loca tradition as associate late by the ovalician Chroni cler illi the account os Waltharius manu fortis' of the St. Gali version. It is no impoSSibi e too that ehave in the Novaticiari Walther echoes, o associationS, O the ombard in Walthari; or even of a Lonabar variation of the walther Saga. Insuch be the Case it ould explain the Chronicier 'spresumahly Unjustifiable D excerpis frona the waltharius. e haveat ready referre to the possibie even probabie, ora nection O thenames Alpharius and waltharius illi the Lombard walthari. Gra an Vienna Frumenti. In these two M. H. G. FragmentS, we have dolabiless, the rem ain os a M. H. G. Epic o Walthe and Hildegunde. The siluation in F, ac ordin to Heinget' Order of the leaves whichris evidently the correctine), is his magen havingtaken leave o Elge an his ueen distributes gist to the Huns, andoverhear Hildegunde malain complain to Walther, hocis ora thepoliat os leavin her, an declarin her illingnesso follo him.
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nes of the siluation i Clearly Shown by Walther' hesitation 2. 16ito invite Elge an Hel Che to the wedding east. In the invitation to Elge an Helche we a sin an Cho of the reconciliation etween Attila an ErmanriC, after the Combat Th 244) an in the escor of Vollier, that et Aeen Ianther an Hagen and walther at thewasgenstein W, w5 f. i. Thias e have in the fragments epiSOdes of the earlier an laterparis of the epi in F, preliminarie to the ight froni themians in F, the re turn through Gunther' land O Lengers, and thereception by Alphere an Hilde reparator to Walther's ed lingan coronation Thu S, P Ouidie in Clined O regar these Fragmentsas paris os ne and the A me M. H. G. Oem. The ni argumentagainst this is the apparent differenCe in Strophi Stru Cture Thestrophic formS, Owe Uer of theSe two Fragment have o Close a resemblance to ne an Other that the Strophe of the Separate poenas differ carcet more than ingle Stroselie in eaCh fragment, en ce
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siluation to Ni BD DF, an RS an belongS, dolabiless, to the older forni of the Saga. It is Careel probable that them. H. G poena descende directi Dona the orna of the Saga a containe in the waltharius. The former ould ather Seem to e a more direct successor of the origina popular orni Os the Saga, of hich the Waldere poena a theio German Saxon verSion. Thi e uesa a. he old orse ThidrekSSaga elongs, Oubiless. to the firstials of the thirteenth century to the eign DKin Haakon Haakonson. The language an Style Clearly indicate that it cannothe later than his period .ia From the mode of reaiment an ordero the tales, it is evident that the old Norse narrator re frona different versions of the Saga. Nosarticular written fornacis mentionedas the ource of the old Norse version, ut it appear frona the prologiae, hichias been regarde a the work of the author of the old
Hispaniam. The hidrelassaga contains Rome peculiar and stri in diverge iaces Walther is the sonis Ermanri ' sister, an noti Alphere, as in KF, W, F. Hildegunde is the clauilliter of ar Ilias of Gree Ce ErmanriC, Attila an Theoderi are regarde a contemporaries Ali his harmoniges in the main illi the anachronignas of the Germati Theoderi epic of the hirteenti, Centvry. It w now ook so the relation of the hidrelassaga to the Waldere, w shali findi possibi connection in the refere Ces to the weland and Theoderi stories. The probabie relation a be State Somewhat assollow theio German version, the Saxon forna o whicli is mund