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The Lis of Caius Iulius Caesar
Caius ullus Casesar mas boni ui 12th, 00 B. C.' o Bisthwas thus si years ounge than Cicero, the orator, and than Pompey, his rival in politios and war. His famil was notii, mitsoni oris of the oldest ut also ones of the mos rospo ted of tho patrician families o Romo On his ather' fide, it tradod iis origin to Iulus, son o Aeneas, the ounder of the Roman lino, and on his mother' fide, it latinod res anancestor, Aneu Martius, ne of the early kings. Litti is nown o Cassar' fallior Xo0D that ho holi a Geδαν
torig0d by cloit ambition an a firm bolio in tho nobis
destin of her son, as entrustod tho dirootion o his ducation. What the Gracchi Wod to thei mollior Cornelia, Caesar owed to Aurelia Mothor undison Ahowod mutuia reverenee, and undoubtedi Caesar' future lite a largolyassocio by his mollior' influenoe.
Roman citige had regulari three ames itis praenomen inius aris ering o ou Christia name, marking the individual the nomen Iulius , designatin the clan or gens coynomen Caesar telling the family. Sometinae another costnomen as adde for honorar distinctionas Africanus to Publius Cornelius Scipio. Mommsen argues that Caesar was bor 102 B C. His main reason forassigning this date is that the eae annalis, toti prescribe the minimum age at whicti a citi eten coul hol certain meos was observe in Caesar'scase By this la j one could hol the mee o quaestor eiore he was 3I, of edile eior 37, of praetor elore 40, o consul efore 43. Byreferrinito the chronolog of Causar' life tho plausibility of tho argum0nt appears But 1 the law was osten broken ascit a bes in tho cas of Pompen; 2 Suetonius says that Caesar as 16 hon his altior clied: 3 Plutarch, Suetonius, and Appian a tha Caesar Was 54 When he was
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His auiit Julia a marriod o Caius Marius, ho saued Ital in tho war against tho Cimbri anil Teutones, and was the sturii supporter of the populariari against the narroWsonatorial faction led by Cornelius Sulla Though aristocratio by birili, Caesar a no doub Ied through the influone olMarius to sido illi the popula sarty. At tho age i 14 Caesar a appotia ted ries o Jupiter sumen Dialis), and by virtuo of this mos e scamo amombur of the sacroi college and received a haradsonae income. In 83 B. C., at the age i 17 ho married Cornelia, daughter o L. Cornotius Cinna, the qader of the popularpari and the avowed opponent i Sulla. oon alterWariis Sulla roturnod froni Asia and proscribsed Marius and alliis adherent s. A tho nephew o Marius and tho usban OiCornelia, Caesar was spocialty an objec o disploasuro. ewas ordore i to divorco Cornelia, ut eiused to obey. Acoordingi a prico as et upon his life and is as Onlythrough the earnes intorcession o his trisnd that he was
In consequenoeso havinithwartod tho willi tho imporious Sulla, Caesar ound it urisaiori remain a Rome. II Wentio Asia, horo h survo with distinction ut the log of Mitylon and in tho war against tho Ciliciari piratos. On theropor of Sulla' death, 78 B. C., he roturnod o Rome toresume his studies.
Orator and militar Akill ore in Romo the wo great
RVenues o Sueeess. To improve his Ahil in oratory, Caesar
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In 65 B C. , he was locised to tho ossico of curule αedile hich urule had hargo i public uil lings and the versight oi ublio e B. . festival undiam ses. Whilo old in this stilo hocinoroassed his popularit anil also his debis by th costi gladiatorials hows hieli ho gavo. also moro than ver id sentisi dhinisseti illi the opular pars by his devotion to thomomor o Marius. II causod tho trophios o that groat commandor, hiuli ad been ostroysed by Sulla, o bo
In 63 B. C., a year memorabio for tho conspirauno Catiline, Ponti Det Caesar ac lectod ponti eae αaeimus againSt the Strong es B. . oppositioni the optimates. his meo though no a civilossice, conferret great o ver and dignit on Cassar. In 62B. C., he n eleuted praetor, an ossico chio' o a judicia Praetor Dature On resigning this ossice, he wen to patia, a Pro praetor, When he managed to gain money enough to a ossitis enormous debiS. On his return ironi Spain, o unito 1 ith ompo and Firat Crassus to form tho First riumvirale Pompe may be Salii si os to have been thes representativo i tho aristo ratio class; 60 BCaesar, of the democrati, while Crassus represente themonied intereStS. Ini B. C. Caesar bouam consul. o further ement the Consul union, ompe married Julia, Caesar' daughter. Duringiliis ear, Caesar passed an Agraria la for tho division oflanda among the psorii Italy. Tho objootii tho bill,as torestore to the sensant ii solioldor land of hioli ho hadbeen dispossessed by tho rich. II also causod o b pass0d a Lαμ pu88ed hod of laws callod Leyes Iuliae, the objoc o which was toguari tho right o individuales, o securo justico in theco uris, o improve public and private morality, and to obtain generalty good goVertiment for the stato. Besor layingdown his consul Alii Ρ, e procure the passage of re bili by
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Th Romans ad 00n Visa toti a tho Alia in 390 B. C., and tho ity ad 0on plurid01 sed and burned by this aue. Again, in the ab co Marius, it was saved ni by the skillos that generat at Vercellae 10 B. C. Romo ad succesedes in gaining dominion ver at the
sivel go into her power Sicily, Sardinia, patri, Africa, Greeee, Si a Minor, Syria, gypt. The oni nation uround
Gallia Cisalpina Gallia Transalpina and Illyricum ereth three proviriuos givon to Caesar by the Senate Gallia Cisalpina comprisod that par of tui nori of the Rubicon αnd the Macrας Illyricum included a par o Croatia, thewhole o Dalmatia, Osuiu, and par o Albania Gallia Transalpina include the whole o France, Belgium, und
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s authern pari a the Provincia around the outhern parto the Rhono. his as acquired by tho Roman in 121 B. C., and Narbo Martius no Narbonne was ad thecapital of the Provincia, a Word hicli stili survivos in thoword Provence Tho est o Gallia Transalpina a divido i Divisi0Hε
Justaeior tho dayio Capsar two lautions existed in the Parties in country one headed by tho Haedui, who w0ro in longus with se Vithe Romans, and the thor headed by tho Arverni and tho Sequatit Themaedui, proudii tho alliano with Rome hadb0011 lordiniit ovor the thors, and as a colanterbalance fortite supportii the Romans tho Aruserni and the Sequani had invitod tho a id of the neighboring GermanS.
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During the prinio tho hird ea in Gaul, Caesarisam cloarly that his or ther could nos o completo a thooxpiratior of the sive eurs, Whicli ould en in December, 54 B C. II did not wish to ruri tho ris of havin his poticyroversed by the Sonate as Pompey' had been in the waragainst Mithridatos, nor dissilio destro to leave his vetorans unprovidedior, o to avo the laws passe in his consul shi ignoredor repented There ere no sigiis of the coministruggle. Cicero ad atroad assailsed the acts of the triumvir auddissensiones mere arising betWeen Pompe and Crassus. The influence of Pompe and the optimates a graduali belligoclipsed by th brilliant successes o Caesar in Gaul. At Luca, Caesar held a conferenue illi Ompe an Crassus, at whicli it was agrosed that ompse an Crassus hould econsulcior thebour 55 B. C., that Pompe Ahould receive thecommand of the two patias Hispania citerior et ulterior forsius y0ars ut tho endii 53 B. C., and Crassus the govern mento Syria for the samo period, and that Caesar Ahould remain in Gaul tilliseoombor 3l 49 B. C., and thatio Ahoul standior tho consul shi of tho ollowin year 48 B. C. Caesar would thus landown his consul Ahima ear efore Crassus or