Matriculation Caesar : Bell, Gall., b. IV, chapters 20-38 and Bell. Gall., b. V, chapters 1-23

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spirit of the nation a nos rohen, and ni lache an

opportunit to ris againSt the conquerorS. The neWAin the German frontior callest ut Caesar earlier Murththan usual cluring the spring of this year Tho Usipotos and Psbo '

consequence of his reacherous aut toWard the ambassadorso tho Usipetos and the enoteri.

and the sea withlearis. ere, thereiore, as a richield for Invasion os Roman senterpriso. Accordingi he wiShed to complete the M B. o. conquest he had egui in the reviolas summor. Again he V started irom Por Itius ithraus logion and lando a thosam place a in the revious year The Britons ad ut in supreme command Cassivellaunus, chielii the Trinobantes, whos state a norit of the Phames Caesar advanoednorth, rosae the hames, probabi abovo London, siseated the Britons, and advanced aliar a St. Albans. Aitor ahinghostage an determining the amount of tributo Britainshould pay yearly Caesar returne to the Continent. Caesar sabserico iro Gaul ad son attended illi ange to tho Roman cause, foris rebellion a maturin in Gaul. This

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IΝTRODUCTIONCaesar helped to fosteri arrangin his logion a consider, abi distancos rom,ach other a polio h was compolle topursu in Consequence of the cardit o corn in Gaul. Accordirigly the Eburones, a Gallio tribo, attacked tho amp risino in i Sabinus and Cotta and ut to piocos thoi command Theynex besiogod Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator, ho vas stationed among the Nervii Cicero was retioved by thotimoly uid of aeSar. 'τt Tho si alii Sabinus and Cotta had inspiro Milio nationii

Surrendered.

Elyhth he laSt campalgi Wa Spent by Caesar in roducing severat, ite ψ' of the minor states, and in employing himsoli illi tho dotalis B. VIII. of tho pacification o Gaul. mis potio towariis themauis Was conciliatory, and affer Eo many years of fghting, Caesarisit tho provino of Gaul loyal to the Roman cause, and patienti submissive to the Roman yohe.

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INTRODUCTION

Lis o Caesar aster the Conquest os Gaul

militar power since ali aut ad been subdued. Cato,

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tho uncompromisinito os Caesar, also declared that in caso Caesar hould appea in Rome, he ould bring imis fortria fortis acts in Gaul. The quarre Was evidently begunby tho Sonat and of by Caesar. It would have been invain or Caesar o iv u his command an retire into privato lito hil Pompe was invested illi ho imperium and at the oad o his legion a Rome Tho tribune Curio lati bolor the Senato the proposa o Caesar, thattho latior ould disband his legion ii Pompo would do the sanie. The proposa was ad on anuar ist 49B. C. When the De ConSul S, L. Cornelius Lentulus, and C. Claudius Marcellus, took office. With dimouit Maro Antony after variis the triumvir , and L. CaSsius Longinus, at that timo tribunos i the plebs, obtainod a earing ortho proposui o Caesar. At erigili, alter a torm debato, b/ἴh. '' in motion a passed that Caesar hould isbani his Senrete soldier by a certain day, and ii he id not ho hould bo declaro a publio enemy. V his meant a declarationis War. Fivo days alter the consula ero invested illi dictatorial Ρower, and Pompey a appotnte to carr on the war incas Caesar did not obey. Caesar was a Ravenna When tho newio tho actioni tho Senato ronched hi m. II Wasio long in maturin his plans. uesα At mi inight hedei Ravenna,ith one legion and crossod thoesudbbu Rubicon, n mali Stream that divi ted his provinco romItal proper To do so without thetermissionis the Sotiato was equivalent to a declaration Oi War. Town after town succumbo to hini, and by the eginninio Februar hohad Umbria and Picenum at his ieet To ali opponent hegi anted amnesty. In his respect the conductis Caesar in carryinion the war against his ellow-oitigens was in stristingoontrast illi his polio in his Gallio campaign. y themiddi os obruar ho was rei niorced by two ther legioris froni Gaul. bis . POD PQ nnd the hi et o the aristocracy on saring tho

fleecto actionis Caesar, wore thrown into consternation, and abruptlylei Rome Pompe hastenedo Brundusium and iter-wariis crossedive to Epirus Caesar With his troops, whichno numbere si legions followed Pompent Brundusium,

but lac o fhips provented his fui ther advunc ut that time.

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INTRODUCTION

Ηavinia quired possessioni Spain, Gaul, and taly, Caesarem barhed in tho eginninio 48 B. C. a Brundusium, and finalty the two armies me at Pharsalia When Caesar, in Spitet ea of

to hower honor on him. me a styled ather of his Caesar Country pαter αtriae in statues of him ero erected in thotemples, his emgy a place Mon coins, the monili Quinctilis Was changed to Iulius. in his office of Imporator for litohe was the supremo uter of the Roman worid. me asconsul for en ears, ictator an praefectus morum formiis and practicali ali the office of tho stato ero contre in

him.

proscription tollowed his assumption o absoluto power ωρεαr His mirid was bent ori scheme to the enofilii tho Roman

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INTRODUCTION

Worid. II propossed to codii the Roman laws, o stabiisti publio librarios, o onlarge tho arbor of Ostia, ruin the Pomptine marshes, and ut a cana through tho Isthmus os Corinth. No oub Cassar ishe to perpetuat his power in hiso via family. avin no legitimate hildren, o ad his Sister' grandSon Oetavius, his successor. e wished also tollavo tho titi us weli a the power of Ling, and accordiriglyit was agrosed that a tho Lupercalia, aro Anton Ahould offer Cassar a diadem in public ut Caesar feein that thopeople were opposed to this refusexto accepi the offer. Meanwhilo a conspirae Mas aioot. It was probablystartodi C. Cassius, a persona foe, an include uΡwariis o fixi persons, many of Whom had alien active par in thowar against Caesar Among the mos prominent of the conspirator Was, Junius Brutus, Wh had iough against hi mat Pharsalia, ut Was pardone Mand had since been raiso tolli praetorship. It was arranget to assassinate Caesar 15thΜarch-th Ides o March. his lan was carrie ovi, and Casesar fel a tho bas of ompey' statue ieroe with

Character o Caesar

Caesar' death was a loss, no morolyrio Romo, ut to tho civiligo i,orid. ad his master genius executed the plans helia in minit, tho holo i future histor would have been changed. illi his deuth wore renewed thos civit Wars that brought carnagis and disorde to the Roman worid. Equat lygiited a a jurist statesmaia, historian and generat, his Versatilit o genius acremarhable. Hi SueCeSSe a n generalwero ali achieuod alter his fortiethboar Accordinito Cicero h might have been a great orator hi Commentaries provethat he was a great historian. His tria greatnes is hown by the nitro absenue o vanity. Power e love above allthings, and in employing the means to attain this, he probablyma no orse or no ette than the ther Roman politicalleadors of his dar.

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l Eaetant; a Commentarii de Bello Gallico, in even books. This mor contain an account of the Conquesti Gaul, iromi B. C. to 52 B. C. In thologinninio thoirst bookw have the Conques of the Helvetii mentioned while the pening of the se venti rofers to tho doathis Clodius a latet talain place. An ighth book was addod by Aulus Hirtius, ne i Caesar' ossicors, o completo the

b Commentarii de Bello Civili, in three books Thisgive an account of the civit Wars down to tho timo of tho Alexandrine War. The history of the Alexandrine, Africanani Spanisli campaign was alterWariis addo in throe books. Hirtius probabimWrote the account of the Alexandrine campaigri Oppiu8 that of the African the account of tho panis War as,ritte probabini, a Ceuturiono Caesar's ariny accordinito Niebutir, Who discovercachange in Atyle and expression rom that o the otherrimo

αὶ Anticato A reply to Cicero' panegyric o Cato Uticensis, Who fellist Thapsus, 46 B. C. b De Analogiα oris Cicero calis it De Ratione Latine Loquendi, dedicate trio Cicero, and written hilo Caesar Was crOAsing the Alps. o Libri Auspiciorum o Austurαlia, ritten 6 B. C. When Caesar was Ponti eae maSimu8. d De Astris, writte ais 63 B. C. e Apotheymat o Dicta Collectanea, a collectio osmitticism made a disserent times. f Poematα, early ali ritiei in his outh. Tothes belon indipus, Laudes Herculis, and ter describ- inihi goinito patu in 46 B. C. in .

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCΤΙΟΝ

The artiller of tho Romans tormentα consiste os largo Artiti.ryengines tormedin the principiet the oroAA-bo . These Were catapulta , ballistae, and corpiones. The colapultae uri sed largo arrows and dari. the ballistae throw large stones, whileth scorpiones,er smallor than tho catapultae and had n lossrange. Hi siegus the baltering-ram aries Was osten used.

The officer of the Army